mirror of https://github.com/k3s-io/k3s
321 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
321 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
# godirwalk
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`godirwalk` is a library for traversing a directory tree on a file
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system.
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[](https://godoc.org/github.com/karrick/godirwalk) [](https://dev.azure.com/microsoft0235/microsoft/_build/latest?definitionId=1&branchName=master)
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In short, why do I use this library?
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1. It's faster than `filepath.Walk`.
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1. It's more correct on Windows than `filepath.Walk`.
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1. It's more easy to use than `filepath.Walk`.
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1. It's more flexible than `filepath.Walk`.
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## Usage Example
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Additional examples are provided in the `examples/` subdirectory.
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This library will normalize the provided top level directory name
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based on the os-specific path separator by calling `filepath.Clean` on
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its first argument. However it always provides the pathname created by
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using the correct os-specific path separator when invoking the
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provided callback function.
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```Go
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dirname := "some/directory/root"
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err := godirwalk.Walk(dirname, &godirwalk.Options{
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Callback: func(osPathname string, de *godirwalk.Dirent) error {
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// Following string operation is not most performant way
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// of doing this, but common enough to warrant a simple
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// example here:
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if strings.Contains(osPathname, ".git") {
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return godirwalk.SkipThis
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}
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fmt.Printf("%s %s\n", de.ModeType(), osPathname)
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return nil
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},
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Unsorted: true, // (optional) set true for faster yet non-deterministic enumeration (see godoc)
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})
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```
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This library not only provides functions for traversing a file system
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directory tree, but also for obtaining a list of immediate descendants
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of a particular directory, typically much more quickly than using
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`os.ReadDir` or `os.ReadDirnames`.
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## Description
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Here's why I use `godirwalk` in preference to `filepath.Walk`,
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`os.ReadDir`, and `os.ReadDirnames`.
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### It's faster than `filepath.Walk`
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When compared against `filepath.Walk` in benchmarks, it has been
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observed to run between five and ten times the speed on darwin, at
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speeds comparable to the that of the unix `find` utility; and about
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twice the speed on linux; and about four times the speed on Windows.
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How does it obtain this performance boost? It does less work to give
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you nearly the same output. This library calls the same `syscall`
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functions to do the work, but it makes fewer calls, does not throw
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away information that it might need, and creates less memory churn
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along the way by reusing the same scratch buffer for reading from a
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directory rather than reallocating a new buffer every time it reads
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file system entry data from the operating system.
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While traversing a file system directory tree, `filepath.Walk` obtains
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the list of immediate descendants of a directory, and throws away the
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node type information for the file system entry that is provided by
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the operating system that comes with the node's name. Then,
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immediately prior to invoking the callback function, `filepath.Walk`
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invokes `os.Stat` for each node, and passes the returned `os.FileInfo`
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information to the callback.
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While the `os.FileInfo` information provided by `os.Stat` is extremely
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helpful--and even includes the `os.FileMode` data--providing it
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requires an additional system call for each node.
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Because most callbacks only care about what the node type is, this
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library does not throw the type information away, but rather provides
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that information to the callback function in the form of a
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`os.FileMode` value. Note that the provided `os.FileMode` value that
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this library provides only has the node type information, and does not
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have the permission bits, sticky bits, or other information from the
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file's mode. If the callback does care about a particular node's
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entire `os.FileInfo` data structure, the callback can easiy invoke
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`os.Stat` when needed, and only when needed.
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#### Benchmarks
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##### macOS
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```Bash
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$ go test -bench=. -benchmem
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goos: darwin
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goarch: amd64
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pkg: github.com/karrick/godirwalk
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BenchmarkReadDirnamesStandardLibrary-12 50000 26250 ns/op 10360 B/op 16 allocs/op
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BenchmarkReadDirnamesThisLibrary-12 50000 24372 ns/op 5064 B/op 20 allocs/op
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BenchmarkFilepathWalk-12 1 1099524875 ns/op 228415912 B/op 416952 allocs/op
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BenchmarkGodirwalk-12 2 526754589 ns/op 103110464 B/op 451442 allocs/op
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BenchmarkGodirwalkUnsorted-12 3 509219296 ns/op 100751400 B/op 378800 allocs/op
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BenchmarkFlameGraphFilepathWalk-12 1 7478618820 ns/op 2284138176 B/op 4169453 allocs/op
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BenchmarkFlameGraphGodirwalk-12 1 4977264058 ns/op 1031105328 B/op 4514423 allocs/op
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PASS
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ok github.com/karrick/godirwalk 21.219s
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```
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##### Linux
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```Bash
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$ go test -bench=. -benchmem
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goos: linux
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goarch: amd64
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pkg: github.com/karrick/godirwalk
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BenchmarkReadDirnamesStandardLibrary-12 100000 15458 ns/op 10360 B/op 16 allocs/op
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BenchmarkReadDirnamesThisLibrary-12 100000 14646 ns/op 5064 B/op 20 allocs/op
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BenchmarkFilepathWalk-12 2 631034745 ns/op 228210216 B/op 416939 allocs/op
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BenchmarkGodirwalk-12 3 358714883 ns/op 102988664 B/op 451437 allocs/op
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BenchmarkGodirwalkUnsorted-12 3 355363915 ns/op 100629234 B/op 378796 allocs/op
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BenchmarkFlameGraphFilepathWalk-12 1 6086913991 ns/op 2282104720 B/op 4169417 allocs/op
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BenchmarkFlameGraphGodirwalk-12 1 3456398824 ns/op 1029886400 B/op 4514373 allocs/op
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PASS
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ok github.com/karrick/godirwalk 19.179s
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```
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### It's more correct on Windows than `filepath.Walk`
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I did not previously care about this either, but humor me. We all love
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how we can write once and run everywhere. It is essential for the
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language's adoption, growth, and success, that the software we create
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can run unmodified on all architectures and operating systems
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supported by Go.
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When the traversed file system has a logical loop caused by symbolic
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links to directories, on unix `filepath.Walk` ignores symbolic links
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and traverses the entire directory tree without error. On Windows
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however, `filepath.Walk` will continue following directory symbolic
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links, even though it is not supposed to, eventually causing
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`filepath.Walk` to terminate early and return an error when the
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pathname gets too long from concatenating endless loops of symbolic
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links onto the pathname. This error comes from Windows, passes through
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`filepath.Walk`, and to the upstream client running `filepath.Walk`.
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The takeaway is that behavior is different based on which platform
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`filepath.Walk` is running. While this is clearly not intentional,
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until it is fixed in the standard library, it presents a compatibility
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problem.
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This library fixes the above problem such that it will never follow
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logical file sytem loops on either unix or Windows. Furthermore, it
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will only follow symbolic links when `FollowSymbolicLinks` is set to
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true. Behavior on Windows and other operating systems is identical.
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### It's more easy to use than `filepath.Walk`
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While this library strives to mimic the behavior of the incredibly
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well-written `filepath.Walk` standard library, there are places where
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it deviates a bit in order to provide a more easy or intuitive caller
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interface.
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#### Callback interface does not send you an error to check
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Since this library does not invoke `os.Stat` on every file system node
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it encounters, there is no possible error event for the callback
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function to filter on. The third argument in the `filepath.WalkFunc`
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function signature to pass the error from `os.Stat` to the callback
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function is no longer necessary, and thus eliminated from signature of
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the callback function from this library.
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Furthermore, this slight interface difference between
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`filepath.WalkFunc` and this library's `WalkFunc` eliminates the
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boilerplate code that callback handlers must write when they use
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`filepath.Walk`. Rather than every callback function needing to check
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the error value passed into it and branch accordingly, users of this
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library do not even have an error value to check immediately upon
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entry into the callback function. This is an improvement both in
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runtime performance and code clarity.
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#### Callback function is invoked with OS specific file system path separator
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On every OS platform `filepath.Walk` invokes the callback function
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with a solidus (`/`) delimited pathname. By contrast this library
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invokes the callback with the os-specific pathname separator,
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obviating a call to `filepath.Clean` in the callback function for each
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node prior to actually using the provided pathname.
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In other words, even on Windows, `filepath.Walk` will invoke the
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callback with `some/path/to/foo.txt`, requiring well written clients
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to perform pathname normalization for every file prior to working with
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the specified file. This is a hidden boilerplate requirement to create
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truly os agnostic callback functions. In truth, many clients developed
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on unix and not tested on Windows neglect this subtlety, and will
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result in software bugs when someone tries to run that software on
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Windows.
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This library invokes the callback function with `some\path\to\foo.txt`
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for the same file when running on Windows, eliminating the need to
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normalize the pathname by the client, and lessen the likelyhood that a
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client will work on unix but not on Windows.
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This enhancement eliminates necessity for some more boilerplate code
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in callback functions while improving the runtime performance of this
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library.
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#### `godirwalk.SkipThis` is more intuitive to use than `filepath.SkipDir`
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One arguably confusing aspect of the `filepath.WalkFunc` interface
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that this library must emulate is how a caller tells the `Walk`
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function to skip file system entries. With both `filepath.Walk` and
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this library's `Walk`, when a callback function wants to skip a
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directory and not descend into its children, it returns
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`filepath.SkipDir`. If the callback function returns
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`filepath.SkipDir` for a non-directory, `filepath.Walk` and this
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library will stop processing any more entries in the current
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directory. This is not necessarily what most developers want or
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expect. If you want to simply skip a particular non-directory entry
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but continue processing entries in the directory, the callback
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function must return nil.
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The implications of this interface design is when you want to walk a
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file system hierarchy and skip an entry, you have to return a
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different value based on what type of file system entry that node
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is. To skip an entry, if the entry is a directory, you must return
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`filepath.SkipDir`, and if entry is not a directory, you must return
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`nil`. This is an unfortunate hurdle I have observed many developers
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struggling with, simply because it is not an intuitive interface.
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Here is an example callback function that adheres to
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`filepath.WalkFunc` interface to have it skip any file system entry
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whose full pathname includes a particular substring, `optSkip`. Note
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that this library still supports identical behavior of `filepath.Walk`
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when the callback function returns `filepath.SkipDir`.
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```Go
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func callback1(osPathname string, de *godirwalk.Dirent) error {
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if optSkip != "" && strings.Contains(osPathname, optSkip) {
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if b, err := de.IsDirOrSymlinkToDir(); b == true && err == nil {
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return filepath.SkipDir
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}
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return nil
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}
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// Process file like normal...
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return nil
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}
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```
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This library attempts to eliminate some of that logic boilerplate
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required in callback functions by providing a new token error value,
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`SkipThis`, which a callback function may return to skip the current
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file system entry regardless of what type of entry it is. If the
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current entry is a directory, its children will not be enumerated,
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exactly as if the callback had returned `filepath.SkipDir`. If the
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current entry is a non-directory, the next file system entry in the
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current directory will be enumerated, exactly as if the callback
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returned `nil`. The following example callback function has identical
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behavior as the previous, but has less boilerplate, and admittedly
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logic that I find more simple to follow.
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```Go
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func callback2(osPathname string, de *godirwalk.Dirent) error {
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if optSkip != "" && strings.Contains(osPathname, optSkip) {
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return godirwalk.SkipThis
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}
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// Process file like normal...
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return nil
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}
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```
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### It's more flexible than `filepath.Walk`
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#### Configurable Handling of Symbolic Links
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The default behavior of this library is to ignore symbolic links to
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directories when walking a directory tree, just like `filepath.Walk`
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does. However, it does invoke the callback function with each node it
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finds, including symbolic links. If a particular use case exists to
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follow symbolic links when traversing a directory tree, this library
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can be invoked in manner to do so, by setting the
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`FollowSymbolicLinks` config parameter to `true`.
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#### Configurable Sorting of Directory Children
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The default behavior of this library is to always sort the immediate
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descendants of a directory prior to visiting each node, just like
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`filepath.Walk` does. This is usually the desired behavior. However,
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this does come at slight performance and memory penalties required to
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sort the names when a directory node has many entries. Additionally if
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caller specifies `Unsorted` enumeration in the configuration
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parameter, reading directories is lazily performed as the caller
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consumes entries. If a particular use case exists that does not
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require sorting the directory's immediate descendants prior to
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visiting its nodes, this library will skip the sorting step when the
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`Unsorted` parameter is set to `true`.
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Here's an interesting read of the potential hazzards of traversing a
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file system hierarchy in a non-deterministic order. If you know the
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problem you are solving is not affected by the order files are
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visited, then I encourage you to use `Unsorted`. Otherwise skip
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setting this option.
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[Researchers find bug in Python script may have affected hundreds of studies](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/10/chemists-discover-cross-platform-python-scripts-not-so-cross-platform/)
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#### Configurable Post Children Callback
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This library provides upstream code with the ability to specify a
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callback function to be invoked for each directory after its children
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are processed. This has been used to recursively delete empty
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directories after traversing the file system in a more efficient
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manner. See the `examples/clean-empties` directory for an example of
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this usage.
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#### Configurable Error Callback
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This library provides upstream code with the ability to specify a
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callback to be invoked for errors that the operating system returns,
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allowing the upstream code to determine the next course of action to
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take, whether to halt walking the hierarchy, as it would do were no
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error callback provided, or skip the node that caused the error. See
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the `examples/walk-fast` directory for an example of this usage.
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