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## Tips for Linux ## Tips for Linux
This is a selection of command-line tips that I've found useful over the years when working on Linux. It's organized as a journey, from command-line novice to expert. Some tips are elementary, and some sophisticated enough very few people know them. This is a selection of command-line tips that I've found useful over the years when working on Linux. It's organized a bit like a journey, from command-line novice to expert. Some tips are elementary, and some sophisticated enough very few people know them.
The goal is broad coverage of important tips that a technical user will find useful or time-saving. It's a bit long, and users certainly don't need to know all of them, but I've done my best to review that each item is worth reading in terms of projected time savings, if you use Linux heavily. It's written for Linux, but many items apply equally to MacOS. The items are intentionally brief. For more information on a command, try `man`, `apt-get`/`yum`, or Google. The goals are brevity and broad coverage of important tips that a technical user will find useful or time-saving. It's a bit long, and users certainly don't need to know all of them, but I've done my best to review that each item is worth reading in terms of projected time savings, if you use Linux heavily. It's written for Linux, but many items apply equally to MacOS. Items are intentionally minimal, with the expectation you can use `man`, `apt-get`/`yum`, or Google for more background.
I originally wrote much of this as an answer [on Quora](http://www.quora.com/What-are-some-time-saving-tips-that-every-Linux-user-should-know), but given the interest there, it seems it's worth moving the list to Github, where people more talented than I can readily suggest improvements. If you see an error or something that could be better, please submit a PR! I originally wrote much of this as an answer [on Quora](http://www.quora.com/What-are-some-time-saving-tips-that-every-Linux-user-should-know), but given the interest there, it seems it's worth moving the list to Github, where people more talented than I can readily suggest improvements. If you see an error or something that could be better, please submit a PR!
@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ I originally wrote much of this as an answer [on Quora](http://www.quora.com/Wha
stat -c '%A %a %n' /etc/timezone stat -c '%A %a %n' /etc/timezone
``` ```
## Data processing ## Data processing
- To convert HTML to text: `lynx -dump -stdin` - To convert HTML to text: `lynx -dump -stdin`
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## Obscure but useful ## Obscure but useful
- expr: perform arithmetic or boolean operations or evaluate regular expressions - `expr`: perform arithmetic or boolean operations or evaluate regular expressions
- m4: simple macro processor - `m4`: simple macro processor
- screen: powerful terminal multiplexing and session persistence - `screen`: powerful terminal multiplexing and session persistence
- yes: print a string a lot - `yes`: print a string a lot
- cal: nice calendar - `cal`: nice calendar
- env: run a command (useful in scripts) - `env`: run a command (useful in scripts)
- look: find English words (or lines in a file) beginning with a string - `look`: find English words (or lines in a file) beginning with a string
- cut and paste and join: data manipulation - `cut `and paste and join: data manipulation
- fmt: format text paragraphs - `fmt`: format text paragraphs
- pr: format text into pages/columns - `pr`: format text into pages/columns
- fold: wrap lines of text - `fold`: wrap lines of text
- column: format text into columns or tables - `column`: format text into columns or tables
- expand and unexpand: convert between tabs and spaces - `expand `and unexpand: convert between tabs and spaces
- nl: add line numbers - `nl`: add line numbers
- seq: print numbers - `seq`: print numbers
- bc: calculator - `bc`: calculator
- factor: factor integers - `factor`: factor integers
- nc: network debugging and data transfer - `nc`: network debugging and data transfer
- dd: moving data between files or devices - `dd`: moving data between files or devices
- file: identify type of a file - `file`: identify type of a file
- stat: file info - `stat`: file info
- tac: print files in reverse - `tac`: print files in reverse
- shuf: random selection of lines from a file - `shuf`: random selection of lines from a file
- comm: compare sorted files line by line - `comm`: compare sorted files line by line
- hd and bvi: dump or edit binary files - `hd` and `bvi`: dump or edit binary files
- strings: extract text from binary files - `strings`: extract text from binary files
- tr: character translation or manipulation - `tr`: character translation or manipulation
- iconv or uconv: conversion for text encodings - `iconv `or uconv: conversion for text encodings
- split and csplit: splitting files - `split `and csplit: splitting files
- 7z: high-ratio file compression - `7z`: high-ratio file compression
- ldd: dynamic library info - `ldd`: dynamic library info
- nm: symbols from object files - `nm`: symbols from object files
- ab: benchrmarking web servers - `ab`: benchrmarking web servers
- strace: system call debugging - `strace`: system call debugging
- mtr: better traceroute for network debugging - `mtr`: better traceroute for network debugging
- cssh: visual concurrent shell - `cssh`: visual concurrent shell
- wireshark and tshark: packet capture and network debugging - `wireshark `and tshark: packet capture and network debugging
- host and dig: DNS lookups - `host `and dig: DNS lookups
- lsof: process file descriptor and socket info - `lsof`: process file descriptor and socket info
- dstat: useful system stats - `dstat`: useful system stats
- iostat: CPU and disk usage stats - `iostat`: CPU and disk usage stats
- htop: improved version of top - `htop`: improved version of top
- last: login history - `last`: login history
- w: who's logged on - `w`: who's logged on
- id: user/group identity info - `id`: user/group identity info
- sar: historic system stats - `sar`: historic system stats
- iftop or nethogs: network utilization by socket or process - `iftop `or nethogs: network utilization by socket or process
- ss: socket statistics - `ss`: socket statistics
- dmesg: boot and system error messages - `dmesg`: boot and system error messages
- hdparm: SATA/ATA disk manipulation/performance - `hdparm`: SATA/ATA disk manipulation/performance
- lsb_release: Linux distribution info - `lsb_release`: Linux distribution info
- lshw: hardware information - `lshw`: hardware information
- fortune, ddate, and sl: um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful" - `fortune`, `ddate`, and `sl`: um, well, it depends on whether you consider steam locomotives and Zippy quotations "useful"
## Disclaimer ## Disclaimer