The Prometheus monitoring system and time series database.
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// Copyright 2013 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package promql
import (
"container/heap"
"context"
"fmt"
"math"
"runtime"
"sort"
"strconv"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log"
"github.com/go-kit/kit/log/level"
opentracing "github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go"
"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/pkg/labels"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/pkg/timestamp"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/pkg/value"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/stats"
)
const (
namespace = "prometheus"
subsystem = "engine"
queryTag = "query"
// The largest SampleValue that can be converted to an int64 without overflow.
maxInt64 = 9223372036854774784
// The smallest SampleValue that can be converted to an int64 without underflow.
minInt64 = -9223372036854775808
)
type engineMetrics struct {
currentQueries prometheus.Gauge
maxConcurrentQueries prometheus.Gauge
queryPrepareTime prometheus.Summary
queryInnerEval prometheus.Summary
queryResultAppend prometheus.Summary
queryResultSort prometheus.Summary
}
// convertibleToInt64 returns true if v does not over-/underflow an int64.
func convertibleToInt64(v float64) bool {
return v <= maxInt64 && v >= minInt64
}
type (
// ErrQueryTimeout is returned if a query timed out during processing.
ErrQueryTimeout string
// ErrQueryCanceled is returned if a query was canceled during processing.
ErrQueryCanceled string
// ErrStorage is returned if an error was encountered in the storage layer
// during query handling.
ErrStorage error
)
func (e ErrQueryTimeout) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("query timed out in %s", string(e)) }
func (e ErrQueryCanceled) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("query was canceled in %s", string(e)) }
// A Query is derived from an a raw query string and can be run against an engine
// it is associated with.
type Query interface {
// Exec processes the query and
Exec(ctx context.Context) *Result
// Statement returns the parsed statement of the query.
Statement() Statement
// Stats returns statistics about the lifetime of the query.
Stats() *stats.TimerGroup
// Cancel signals that a running query execution should be aborted.
Cancel()
}
// query implements the Query interface.
type query struct {
// Underlying data provider.
queryable storage.Queryable
// The original query string.
q string
// Statement of the parsed query.
stmt Statement
// Timer stats for the query execution.
stats *stats.TimerGroup
// Cancellation function for the query.
cancel func()
// The engine against which the query is executed.
ng *Engine
}
// Statement implements the Query interface.
func (q *query) Statement() Statement {
return q.stmt
}
// Stats implements the Query interface.
func (q *query) Stats() *stats.TimerGroup {
return q.stats
}
// Cancel implements the Query interface.
func (q *query) Cancel() {
if q.cancel != nil {
q.cancel()
}
}
// Exec implements the Query interface.
func (q *query) Exec(ctx context.Context) *Result {
if span := opentracing.SpanFromContext(ctx); span != nil {
span.SetTag(queryTag, q.stmt.String())
}
res, err := q.ng.exec(ctx, q)
return &Result{Err: err, Value: res}
}
// contextDone returns an error if the context was canceled or timed out.
func contextDone(ctx context.Context, env string) error {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
err := ctx.Err()
switch err {
case context.Canceled:
return ErrQueryCanceled(env)
case context.DeadlineExceeded:
return ErrQueryTimeout(env)
default:
return err
}
default:
return nil
}
}
// Engine handles the lifetime of queries from beginning to end.
// It is connected to a querier.
type Engine struct {
logger log.Logger
metrics *engineMetrics
timeout time.Duration
gate *queryGate
}
// NewEngine returns a new engine.
func NewEngine(logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer, maxConcurrent int, timeout time.Duration) *Engine {
if logger == nil {
logger = log.NewNopLogger()
}
metrics := &engineMetrics{
currentQueries: prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
Namespace: namespace,
Subsystem: subsystem,
Name: "queries",
Help: "The current number of queries being executed or waiting.",
}),
maxConcurrentQueries: prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
Namespace: namespace,
Subsystem: subsystem,
Name: "queries_concurrent_max",
Help: "The max number of concurrent queries.",
}),
queryPrepareTime: prometheus.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
Namespace: namespace,
Subsystem: subsystem,
Name: "query_duration_seconds",
Help: "Query timings",
ConstLabels: prometheus.Labels{"slice": "prepare_time"},
}),
queryInnerEval: prometheus.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
Namespace: namespace,
Subsystem: subsystem,
Name: "query_duration_seconds",
Help: "Query timings",
ConstLabels: prometheus.Labels{"slice": "inner_eval"},
}),
queryResultAppend: prometheus.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
Namespace: namespace,
Subsystem: subsystem,
Name: "query_duration_seconds",
Help: "Query timings",
ConstLabels: prometheus.Labels{"slice": "result_append"},
}),
queryResultSort: prometheus.NewSummary(prometheus.SummaryOpts{
Namespace: namespace,
Subsystem: subsystem,
Name: "query_duration_seconds",
Help: "Query timings",
ConstLabels: prometheus.Labels{"slice": "result_sort"},
}),
}
metrics.maxConcurrentQueries.Set(float64(maxConcurrent))
if reg != nil {
reg.MustRegister(
metrics.currentQueries,
metrics.maxConcurrentQueries,
metrics.queryInnerEval,
metrics.queryPrepareTime,
metrics.queryResultAppend,
metrics.queryResultSort,
)
}
return &Engine{
gate: newQueryGate(maxConcurrent),
timeout: timeout,
logger: logger,
metrics: metrics,
}
}
// NewInstantQuery returns an evaluation query for the given expression at the given time.
func (ng *Engine) NewInstantQuery(q storage.Queryable, qs string, ts time.Time) (Query, error) {
expr, err := ParseExpr(qs)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
qry := ng.newQuery(q, expr, ts, ts, 0)
qry.q = qs
return qry, nil
}
// NewRangeQuery returns an evaluation query for the given time range and with
// the resolution set by the interval.
func (ng *Engine) NewRangeQuery(q storage.Queryable, qs string, start, end time.Time, interval time.Duration) (Query, error) {
expr, err := ParseExpr(qs)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if expr.Type() != ValueTypeVector && expr.Type() != ValueTypeScalar {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid expression type %q for range query, must be Scalar or instant Vector", documentedType(expr.Type()))
}
qry := ng.newQuery(q, expr, start, end, interval)
qry.q = qs
return qry, nil
}
func (ng *Engine) newQuery(q storage.Queryable, expr Expr, start, end time.Time, interval time.Duration) *query {
es := &EvalStmt{
Expr: expr,
Start: start,
End: end,
Interval: interval,
}
qry := &query{
stmt: es,
ng: ng,
stats: stats.NewTimerGroup(),
queryable: q,
}
return qry
}
// testStmt is an internal helper statement that allows execution
// of an arbitrary function during handling. It is used to test the Engine.
type testStmt func(context.Context) error
func (testStmt) String() string { return "test statement" }
func (testStmt) stmt() {}
func (ng *Engine) newTestQuery(f func(context.Context) error) Query {
qry := &query{
q: "test statement",
stmt: testStmt(f),
ng: ng,
stats: stats.NewTimerGroup(),
}
return qry
}
// exec executes the query.
//
// At this point per query only one EvalStmt is evaluated. Alert and record
// statements are not handled by the Engine.
func (ng *Engine) exec(ctx context.Context, q *query) (Value, error) {
ng.metrics.currentQueries.Inc()
defer ng.metrics.currentQueries.Dec()
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, ng.timeout)
q.cancel = cancel
execTimer := q.stats.GetTimer(stats.ExecTotalTime).Start()
defer execTimer.Stop()
queueTimer := q.stats.GetTimer(stats.ExecQueueTime).Start()
if err := ng.gate.Start(ctx); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer ng.gate.Done()
queueTimer.Stop()
// Cancel when execution is done or an error was raised.
defer q.cancel()
const env = "query execution"
evalTimer := q.stats.GetTimer(stats.EvalTotalTime).Start()
defer evalTimer.Stop()
// The base context might already be canceled on the first iteration (e.g. during shutdown).
if err := contextDone(ctx, env); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch s := q.Statement().(type) {
case *EvalStmt:
return ng.execEvalStmt(ctx, q, s)
case testStmt:
return nil, s(ctx)
}
panic(fmt.Errorf("promql.Engine.exec: unhandled statement of type %T", q.Statement()))
}
func timeMilliseconds(t time.Time) int64 {
return t.UnixNano() / int64(time.Millisecond/time.Nanosecond)
}
func durationMilliseconds(d time.Duration) int64 {
return int64(d / (time.Millisecond / time.Nanosecond))
}
// execEvalStmt evaluates the expression of an evaluation statement for the given time range.
func (ng *Engine) execEvalStmt(ctx context.Context, query *query, s *EvalStmt) (Value, error) {
prepareTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.QueryPreparationTime).Start()
querier, err := ng.populateIterators(ctx, query.queryable, s)
prepareTimer.Stop()
ng.metrics.queryPrepareTime.Observe(prepareTimer.ElapsedTime().Seconds())
// XXX(fabxc): the querier returned by populateIterators might be instantiated
// we must not return without closing irrespective of the error.
// TODO: make this semantically saner.
if querier != nil {
defer querier.Close()
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
evalTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.InnerEvalTime).Start()
// Instant evaluation.
if s.Start == s.End && s.Interval == 0 {
start := timeMilliseconds(s.Start)
evaluator := &evaluator{
Timestamp: start,
ctx: ctx,
logger: ng.logger,
}
val, err := evaluator.Eval(s.Expr)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
evalTimer.Stop()
ng.metrics.queryInnerEval.Observe(evalTimer.ElapsedTime().Seconds())
// Point might have a different timestamp, force it to the evaluation
// timestamp as that is when we ran the evaluation.
switch v := val.(type) {
case Scalar:
v.T = start
case Vector:
for i := range v {
v[i].Point.T = start
}
}
return val, nil
}
numSteps := int(s.End.Sub(s.Start) / s.Interval)
// Range evaluation.
Seriess := map[uint64]Series{}
for ts := s.Start; !ts.After(s.End); ts = ts.Add(s.Interval) {
if err := contextDone(ctx, "range evaluation"); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
t := timeMilliseconds(ts)
evaluator := &evaluator{
Timestamp: t,
ctx: ctx,
logger: ng.logger,
}
val, err := evaluator.Eval(s.Expr)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
switch v := val.(type) {
case Scalar:
// As the expression type does not change we can safely default to 0
// as the fingerprint for Scalar expressions.
ss, ok := Seriess[0]
if !ok {
ss = Series{Points: make([]Point, 0, numSteps)}
Seriess[0] = ss
}
ss.Points = append(ss.Points, Point{V: v.V, T: t})
Seriess[0] = ss
case Vector:
for _, sample := range v {
h := sample.Metric.Hash()
ss, ok := Seriess[h]
if !ok {
ss = Series{
Metric: sample.Metric,
Points: make([]Point, 0, numSteps),
}
Seriess[h] = ss
}
sample.Point.T = t
ss.Points = append(ss.Points, sample.Point)
Seriess[h] = ss
}
default:
panic(fmt.Errorf("promql.Engine.exec: invalid expression type %q", val.Type()))
}
}
evalTimer.Stop()
ng.metrics.queryInnerEval.Observe(evalTimer.ElapsedTime().Seconds())
if err := contextDone(ctx, "expression evaluation"); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
appendTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.ResultAppendTime).Start()
mat := Matrix{}
for _, ss := range Seriess {
mat = append(mat, ss)
}
appendTimer.Stop()
ng.metrics.queryResultAppend.Observe(appendTimer.ElapsedTime().Seconds())
if err := contextDone(ctx, "expression evaluation"); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// TODO(fabxc): order ensured by storage?
// TODO(fabxc): where to ensure metric labels are a copy from the storage internals.
sortTimer := query.stats.GetTimer(stats.ResultSortTime).Start()
sort.Sort(mat)
sortTimer.Stop()
ng.metrics.queryResultSort.Observe(sortTimer.ElapsedTime().Seconds())
return mat, nil
}
func (ng *Engine) populateIterators(ctx context.Context, q storage.Queryable, s *EvalStmt) (storage.Querier, error) {
var maxOffset time.Duration
Inspect(s.Expr, func(node Node, _ []Node) bool {
switch n := node.(type) {
case *VectorSelector:
if maxOffset < LookbackDelta {
maxOffset = LookbackDelta
}
if n.Offset+LookbackDelta > maxOffset {
maxOffset = n.Offset + LookbackDelta
}
case *MatrixSelector:
if maxOffset < n.Range {
maxOffset = n.Range
}
if n.Offset+n.Range > maxOffset {
maxOffset = n.Offset + n.Range
}
}
return true
})
mint := s.Start.Add(-maxOffset)
querier, err := q.Querier(ctx, timestamp.FromTime(mint), timestamp.FromTime(s.End))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
Inspect(s.Expr, func(node Node, path []Node) bool {
var set storage.SeriesSet
params := &storage.SelectParams{
Step: int64(s.Interval / time.Millisecond),
}
switch n := node.(type) {
case *VectorSelector:
params.Func = extractFuncFromPath(path)
set, err = querier.Select(params, n.LabelMatchers...)
if err != nil {
level.Error(ng.logger).Log("msg", "error selecting series set", "err", err)
return false
}
n.series, err = expandSeriesSet(set)
if err != nil {
// TODO(fabxc): use multi-error.
level.Error(ng.logger).Log("msg", "error expanding series set", "err", err)
return false
}
for _, s := range n.series {
it := storage.NewBuffer(s.Iterator(), durationMilliseconds(LookbackDelta))
n.iterators = append(n.iterators, it)
}
case *MatrixSelector:
params.Func = extractFuncFromPath(path)
set, err = querier.Select(params, n.LabelMatchers...)
if err != nil {
level.Error(ng.logger).Log("msg", "error selecting series set", "err", err)
return false
}
n.series, err = expandSeriesSet(set)
if err != nil {
level.Error(ng.logger).Log("msg", "error expanding series set", "err", err)
return false
}
for _, s := range n.series {
it := storage.NewBuffer(s.Iterator(), durationMilliseconds(n.Range))
n.iterators = append(n.iterators, it)
}
}
return true
})
return querier, err
}
// extractFuncFromPath walks up the path and searches for the first instance of
// a function or aggregation.
func extractFuncFromPath(p []Node) string {
if len(p) == 0 {
return ""
}
switch n := p[len(p)-1].(type) {
case *AggregateExpr:
return n.Op.String()
case *Call:
return n.Func.Name
case *BinaryExpr:
// If we hit a binary expression we terminate since we only care about functions
// or aggregations over a single metric.
return ""
}
return extractFuncFromPath(p[:len(p)-1])
}
func expandSeriesSet(it storage.SeriesSet) (res []storage.Series, err error) {
for it.Next() {
res = append(res, it.At())
}
return res, it.Err()
}
// An evaluator evaluates given expressions at a fixed timestamp. It is attached to an
// engine through which it connects to a querier and reports errors. On timeout or
// cancellation of its context it terminates.
type evaluator struct {
ctx context.Context
Timestamp int64 // time in milliseconds
finalizers []func()
logger log.Logger
}
func (ev *evaluator) close() {
for _, f := range ev.finalizers {
f()
}
}
// fatalf causes a panic with the input formatted into an error.
func (ev *evaluator) errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
ev.error(fmt.Errorf(format, args...))
}
// fatal causes a panic with the given error.
func (ev *evaluator) error(err error) {
panic(err)
}
// recover is the handler that turns panics into returns from the top level of evaluation.
func (ev *evaluator) recover(errp *error) {
e := recover()
if e == nil {
return
}
if _, ok := e.(runtime.Error); ok {
// Print the stack trace but do not inhibit the running application.
buf := make([]byte, 64<<10)
buf = buf[:runtime.Stack(buf, false)]
level.Error(ev.logger).Log("msg", "runtime panic in parser", "err", e, "stacktrace", string(buf))
*errp = fmt.Errorf("unexpected error")
} else {
*errp = e.(error)
}
}
// evalScalar attempts to evaluate e to a Scalar value and errors otherwise.
func (ev *evaluator) evalScalar(e Expr) Scalar {
val := ev.eval(e)
sv, ok := val.(Scalar)
if !ok {
ev.errorf("expected Scalar but got %s", documentedType(val.Type()))
}
return sv
}
// evalVector attempts to evaluate e to a Vector value and errors otherwise.
func (ev *evaluator) evalVector(e Expr) Vector {
val := ev.eval(e)
vec, ok := val.(Vector)
if !ok {
ev.errorf("expected instant Vector but got %s", documentedType(val.Type()))
}
return vec
}
// evalInt attempts to evaluate e into an integer and errors otherwise.
func (ev *evaluator) evalInt(e Expr) int64 {
sc := ev.evalScalar(e)
if !convertibleToInt64(sc.V) {
ev.errorf("Scalar value %v overflows int64", sc.V)
}
return int64(sc.V)
}
// evalFloat attempts to evaluate e into a float and errors otherwise.
func (ev *evaluator) evalFloat(e Expr) float64 {
sc := ev.evalScalar(e)
return float64(sc.V)
}
// evalMatrix attempts to evaluate e into a Matrix and errors otherwise.
// The error message uses the term "range Vector" to match the user facing
// documentation.
func (ev *evaluator) evalMatrix(e Expr) Matrix {
val := ev.eval(e)
mat, ok := val.(Matrix)
if !ok {
ev.errorf("expected range Vector but got %s", documentedType(val.Type()))
}
return mat
}
// evalString attempts to evaluate e to a string value and errors otherwise.
func (ev *evaluator) evalString(e Expr) String {
val := ev.eval(e)
sv, ok := val.(String)
if !ok {
ev.errorf("expected string but got %s", documentedType(val.Type()))
}
return sv
}
// evalOneOf evaluates e and errors unless the result is of one of the given types.
func (ev *evaluator) evalOneOf(e Expr, t1, t2 ValueType) Value {
val := ev.eval(e)
if val.Type() != t1 && val.Type() != t2 {
ev.errorf("expected %s or %s but got %s", documentedType(t1), documentedType(t2), documentedType(val.Type()))
}
return val
}
func (ev *evaluator) Eval(expr Expr) (v Value, err error) {
defer ev.recover(&err)
defer ev.close()
return ev.eval(expr), nil
}
// eval evaluates the given expression as the given AST expression node requires.
func (ev *evaluator) eval(expr Expr) Value {
// This is the top-level evaluation method.
// Thus, we check for timeout/cancellation here.
if err := contextDone(ev.ctx, "expression evaluation"); err != nil {
ev.error(err)
}
switch e := expr.(type) {
case *AggregateExpr:
Vector := ev.evalVector(e.Expr)
return ev.aggregation(e.Op, e.Grouping, e.Without, e.Param, Vector)
case *BinaryExpr:
lhs := ev.evalOneOf(e.LHS, ValueTypeScalar, ValueTypeVector)
rhs := ev.evalOneOf(e.RHS, ValueTypeScalar, ValueTypeVector)
switch lt, rt := lhs.Type(), rhs.Type(); {
case lt == ValueTypeScalar && rt == ValueTypeScalar:
return Scalar{
V: scalarBinop(e.Op, lhs.(Scalar).V, rhs.(Scalar).V),
T: ev.Timestamp,
}
case lt == ValueTypeVector && rt == ValueTypeVector:
switch e.Op {
case itemLAND:
return ev.VectorAnd(lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching)
case itemLOR:
return ev.VectorOr(lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching)
case itemLUnless:
return ev.VectorUnless(lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching)
default:
return ev.VectorBinop(e.Op, lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Vector), e.VectorMatching, e.ReturnBool)
}
case lt == ValueTypeVector && rt == ValueTypeScalar:
return ev.VectorscalarBinop(e.Op, lhs.(Vector), rhs.(Scalar), false, e.ReturnBool)
case lt == ValueTypeScalar && rt == ValueTypeVector:
return ev.VectorscalarBinop(e.Op, rhs.(Vector), lhs.(Scalar), true, e.ReturnBool)
}
case *Call:
return e.Func.Call(ev, e.Args)
case *MatrixSelector:
return ev.matrixSelector(e)
case *NumberLiteral:
return Scalar{V: e.Val, T: ev.Timestamp}
case *ParenExpr:
return ev.eval(e.Expr)
case *StringLiteral:
return String{V: e.Val, T: ev.Timestamp}
case *UnaryExpr:
se := ev.evalOneOf(e.Expr, ValueTypeScalar, ValueTypeVector)
// Only + and - are possible operators.
if e.Op == itemSUB {
switch v := se.(type) {
case Scalar:
v.V = -v.V
case Vector:
for i, sv := range v {
v[i].V = -sv.V
}
}
}
return se
case *VectorSelector:
return ev.vectorSelector(e)
}
panic(fmt.Errorf("unhandled expression of type: %T", expr))
}
// vectorSelector evaluates a *VectorSelector expression.
func (ev *evaluator) vectorSelector(node *VectorSelector) Vector {
var (
vec = make(Vector, 0, len(node.series))
refTime = ev.Timestamp - durationMilliseconds(node.Offset)
)
for i, it := range node.iterators {
var t int64
var v float64
ok := it.Seek(refTime)
if !ok {
if it.Err() != nil {
ev.error(it.Err())
}
}
if ok {
t, v = it.Values()
}
peek := 1
if !ok || t > refTime {
t, v, ok = it.PeekBack(peek)
peek++
if !ok || t < refTime-durationMilliseconds(LookbackDelta) {
continue
}
}
if value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
continue
}
vec = append(vec, Sample{
Metric: node.series[i].Labels(),
Point: Point{V: v, T: t},
})
}
return vec
}
var pointPool = sync.Pool{}
func getPointSlice(sz int) []Point {
p := pointPool.Get()
if p != nil {
return p.([]Point)
}
return make([]Point, 0, sz)
}
func putPointSlice(p []Point) {
pointPool.Put(p[:0])
}
var matrixPool = sync.Pool{}
func getMatrix(sz int) Matrix {
m := matrixPool.Get()
if m != nil {
return m.(Matrix)
}
return make(Matrix, 0, sz)
}
func putMatrix(m Matrix) {
matrixPool.Put(m[:0])
}
// matrixSelector evaluates a *MatrixSelector expression.
func (ev *evaluator) matrixSelector(node *MatrixSelector) Matrix {
var (
offset = durationMilliseconds(node.Offset)
maxt = ev.Timestamp - offset
mint = maxt - durationMilliseconds(node.Range)
matrix = getMatrix(len(node.series))
// Write all points into a single slice to avoid lots of tiny allocations.
allPoints = getPointSlice(5 * len(matrix))
)
ev.finalizers = append(ev.finalizers,
func() { putPointSlice(allPoints) },
func() { putMatrix(matrix) },
)
for i, it := range node.iterators {
start := len(allPoints)
ss := Series{
Metric: node.series[i].Labels(),
}
ok := it.Seek(maxt)
if !ok {
if it.Err() != nil {
ev.error(it.Err())
}
}
buf := it.Buffer()
for buf.Next() {
t, v := buf.At()
if value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
continue
}
// Values in the buffer are guaranteed to be smaller than maxt.
if t >= mint {
allPoints = append(allPoints, Point{T: t, V: v})
}
}
// The seeked sample might also be in the range.
if ok {
t, v := it.Values()
if t == maxt && !value.IsStaleNaN(v) {
allPoints = append(allPoints, Point{T: t, V: v})
}
}
ss.Points = allPoints[start:]
if len(ss.Points) > 0 {
matrix = append(matrix, ss)
}
}
return matrix
}
func (ev *evaluator) VectorAnd(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector {
if matching.Card != CardManyToMany {
panic("set operations must only use many-to-many matching")
}
sigf := signatureFunc(matching.On, matching.MatchingLabels...)
var result Vector
// The set of signatures for the right-hand side Vector.
rightSigs := map[uint64]struct{}{}
// Add all rhs samples to a map so we can easily find matches later.
for _, rs := range rhs {
rightSigs[sigf(rs.Metric)] = struct{}{}
}
for _, ls := range lhs {
// If there's a matching entry in the right-hand side Vector, add the sample.
if _, ok := rightSigs[sigf(ls.Metric)]; ok {
result = append(result, ls)
}
}
return result
}
func (ev *evaluator) VectorOr(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector {
if matching.Card != CardManyToMany {
panic("set operations must only use many-to-many matching")
}
sigf := signatureFunc(matching.On, matching.MatchingLabels...)
var result Vector
leftSigs := map[uint64]struct{}{}
// Add everything from the left-hand-side Vector.
for _, ls := range lhs {
leftSigs[sigf(ls.Metric)] = struct{}{}
result = append(result, ls)
}
// Add all right-hand side elements which have not been added from the left-hand side.
for _, rs := range rhs {
if _, ok := leftSigs[sigf(rs.Metric)]; !ok {
result = append(result, rs)
}
}
return result
}
func (ev *evaluator) VectorUnless(lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching) Vector {
if matching.Card != CardManyToMany {
panic("set operations must only use many-to-many matching")
}
sigf := signatureFunc(matching.On, matching.MatchingLabels...)
rightSigs := map[uint64]struct{}{}
for _, rs := range rhs {
rightSigs[sigf(rs.Metric)] = struct{}{}
}
var result Vector
for _, ls := range lhs {
if _, ok := rightSigs[sigf(ls.Metric)]; !ok {
result = append(result, ls)
}
}
return result
}
// VectorBinop evaluates a binary operation between two Vectors, excluding set operators.
func (ev *evaluator) VectorBinop(op ItemType, lhs, rhs Vector, matching *VectorMatching, returnBool bool) Vector {
if matching.Card == CardManyToMany {
panic("many-to-many only allowed for set operators")
}
var (
result = Vector{}
sigf = signatureFunc(matching.On, matching.MatchingLabels...)
)
// The control flow below handles one-to-one or many-to-one matching.
// For one-to-many, swap sidedness and account for the swap when calculating
// values.
if matching.Card == CardOneToMany {
lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs
}
// All samples from the rhs hashed by the matching label/values.
rightSigs := map[uint64]Sample{}
// Add all rhs samples to a map so we can easily find matches later.
for _, rs := range rhs {
sig := sigf(rs.Metric)
// The rhs is guaranteed to be the 'one' side. Having multiple samples
// with the same signature means that the matching is many-to-many.
if _, found := rightSigs[sig]; found {
// Many-to-many matching not allowed.
ev.errorf("many-to-many matching not allowed: matching labels must be unique on one side")
}
rightSigs[sig] = rs
}
// Tracks the match-signature. For one-to-one operations the value is nil. For many-to-one
// the value is a set of signatures to detect duplicated result elements.
matchedSigs := map[uint64]map[uint64]struct{}{}
// For all lhs samples find a respective rhs sample and perform
// the binary operation.
for _, ls := range lhs {
sig := sigf(ls.Metric)
rs, found := rightSigs[sig] // Look for a match in the rhs Vector.
if !found {
continue
}
// Account for potentially swapped sidedness.
vl, vr := ls.V, rs.V
if matching.Card == CardOneToMany {
vl, vr = vr, vl
}
value, keep := vectorElemBinop(op, vl, vr)
if returnBool {
if keep {
value = 1.0
} else {
value = 0.0
}
} else if !keep {
continue
}
metric := resultMetric(ls.Metric, rs.Metric, op, matching)
insertedSigs, exists := matchedSigs[sig]
if matching.Card == CardOneToOne {
if exists {
ev.errorf("multiple matches for labels: many-to-one matching must be explicit (group_left/group_right)")
}
matchedSigs[sig] = nil // Set existence to true.
} else {
// In many-to-one matching the grouping labels have to ensure a unique metric
// for the result Vector. Check whether those labels have already been added for
// the same matching labels.
insertSig := metric.Hash()
if !exists {
insertedSigs = map[uint64]struct{}{}
matchedSigs[sig] = insertedSigs
} else if _, duplicate := insertedSigs[insertSig]; duplicate {
ev.errorf("multiple matches for labels: grouping labels must ensure unique matches")
}
insertedSigs[insertSig] = struct{}{}
}
result = append(result, Sample{
Metric: metric,
Point: Point{V: value, T: ev.Timestamp},
})
}
return result
}
func hashWithoutLabels(lset labels.Labels, names ...string) uint64 {
cm := make(labels.Labels, 0, len(lset))
Outer:
for _, l := range lset {
for _, n := range names {
if n == l.Name {
continue Outer
}
}
if l.Name == labels.MetricName {
continue
}
cm = append(cm, l)
}
return cm.Hash()
}
func hashForLabels(lset labels.Labels, names ...string) uint64 {
cm := make(labels.Labels, 0, len(names))
for _, l := range lset {
for _, n := range names {
if l.Name == n {
cm = append(cm, l)
break
}
}
}
return cm.Hash()
}
// signatureFunc returns a function that calculates the signature for a metric
// ignoring the provided labels. If on, then the given labels are only used instead.
func signatureFunc(on bool, names ...string) func(labels.Labels) uint64 {
// TODO(fabxc): ensure names are sorted and then use that and sortedness
// of labels by names to speed up the operations below.
// Alternatively, inline the hashing and don't build new label sets.
if on {
return func(lset labels.Labels) uint64 { return hashForLabels(lset, names...) }
}
return func(lset labels.Labels) uint64 { return hashWithoutLabels(lset, names...) }
}
// resultMetric returns the metric for the given sample(s) based on the Vector
// binary operation and the matching options.
func resultMetric(lhs, rhs labels.Labels, op ItemType, matching *VectorMatching) labels.Labels {
lb := labels.NewBuilder(lhs)
if shouldDropMetricName(op) {
lb.Del(labels.MetricName)
}
if matching.Card == CardOneToOne {
if matching.On {
Outer:
for _, l := range lhs {
for _, n := range matching.MatchingLabels {
if l.Name == n {
continue Outer
}
}
lb.Del(l.Name)
}
} else {
lb.Del(matching.MatchingLabels...)
}
}
for _, ln := range matching.Include {
// Included labels from the `group_x` modifier are taken from the "one"-side.
if v := rhs.Get(ln); v != "" {
lb.Set(ln, v)
} else {
lb.Del(ln)
}
}
return lb.Labels()
}
// VectorscalarBinop evaluates a binary operation between a Vector and a Scalar.
func (ev *evaluator) VectorscalarBinop(op ItemType, lhs Vector, rhs Scalar, swap, returnBool bool) Vector {
vec := make(Vector, 0, len(lhs))
for _, lhsSample := range lhs {
lv, rv := lhsSample.V, rhs.V
// lhs always contains the Vector. If the original position was different
// swap for calculating the value.
if swap {
lv, rv = rv, lv
}
value, keep := vectorElemBinop(op, lv, rv)
if returnBool {
if keep {
value = 1.0
} else {
value = 0.0
}
keep = true
}
if keep {
lhsSample.V = value
if shouldDropMetricName(op) || returnBool {
lhsSample.Metric = dropMetricName(lhsSample.Metric)
}
vec = append(vec, lhsSample)
}
}
return vec
}
func dropMetricName(l labels.Labels) labels.Labels {
return labels.NewBuilder(l).Del(labels.MetricName).Labels()
}
// scalarBinop evaluates a binary operation between two Scalars.
func scalarBinop(op ItemType, lhs, rhs float64) float64 {
switch op {
case itemADD:
return lhs + rhs
case itemSUB:
return lhs - rhs
case itemMUL:
return lhs * rhs
case itemDIV:
return lhs / rhs
case itemPOW:
return math.Pow(float64(lhs), float64(rhs))
case itemMOD:
return math.Mod(float64(lhs), float64(rhs))
case itemEQL:
return btos(lhs == rhs)
case itemNEQ:
return btos(lhs != rhs)
case itemGTR:
return btos(lhs > rhs)
case itemLSS:
return btos(lhs < rhs)
case itemGTE:
return btos(lhs >= rhs)
case itemLTE:
return btos(lhs <= rhs)
}
panic(fmt.Errorf("operator %q not allowed for Scalar operations", op))
}
// vectorElemBinop evaluates a binary operation between two Vector elements.
func vectorElemBinop(op ItemType, lhs, rhs float64) (float64, bool) {
switch op {
case itemADD:
return lhs + rhs, true
case itemSUB:
return lhs - rhs, true
case itemMUL:
return lhs * rhs, true
case itemDIV:
return lhs / rhs, true
case itemPOW:
return math.Pow(float64(lhs), float64(rhs)), true
case itemMOD:
return math.Mod(float64(lhs), float64(rhs)), true
case itemEQL:
return lhs, lhs == rhs
case itemNEQ:
return lhs, lhs != rhs
case itemGTR:
return lhs, lhs > rhs
case itemLSS:
return lhs, lhs < rhs
case itemGTE:
return lhs, lhs >= rhs
case itemLTE:
return lhs, lhs <= rhs
}
panic(fmt.Errorf("operator %q not allowed for operations between Vectors", op))
}
// intersection returns the metric of common label/value pairs of two input metrics.
func intersection(ls1, ls2 labels.Labels) labels.Labels {
res := make(labels.Labels, 0, 5)
for _, l1 := range ls1 {
for _, l2 := range ls2 {
if l1.Name == l2.Name && l1.Value == l2.Value {
res = append(res, l1)
continue
}
}
}
return res
}
type groupedAggregation struct {
labels labels.Labels
value float64
valuesSquaredSum float64
groupCount int
heap vectorByValueHeap
reverseHeap vectorByReverseValueHeap
}
// aggregation evaluates an aggregation operation on a Vector.
func (ev *evaluator) aggregation(op ItemType, grouping []string, without bool, param Expr, vec Vector) Vector {
result := map[uint64]*groupedAggregation{}
var k int64
if op == itemTopK || op == itemBottomK {
k = ev.evalInt(param)
if k < 1 {
return Vector{}
}
}
var q float64
if op == itemQuantile {
q = ev.evalFloat(param)
}
var valueLabel string
if op == itemCountValues {
valueLabel = ev.evalString(param).V
if !without {
grouping = append(grouping, valueLabel)
}
}
for _, s := range vec {
lb := labels.NewBuilder(s.Metric)
if without {
lb.Del(grouping...)
lb.Del(labels.MetricName)
}
if op == itemCountValues {
lb.Set(valueLabel, strconv.FormatFloat(float64(s.V), 'f', -1, 64))
}
var (
groupingKey uint64
metric = lb.Labels()
)
if without {
groupingKey = metric.Hash()
} else {
groupingKey = hashForLabels(metric, grouping...)
}
group, ok := result[groupingKey]
// Add a new group if it doesn't exist.
if !ok {
var m labels.Labels
if without {
m = metric
} else {
m = make(labels.Labels, 0, len(grouping))
for _, l := range metric {
for _, n := range grouping {
if l.Name == n {
m = append(m, labels.Label{Name: n, Value: l.Value})
break
}
}
}
sort.Sort(m)
}
result[groupingKey] = &groupedAggregation{
labels: m,
value: s.V,
valuesSquaredSum: s.V * s.V,
groupCount: 1,
}
if op == itemTopK || op == itemQuantile {
result[groupingKey].heap = make(vectorByValueHeap, 0, k)
heap.Push(&result[groupingKey].heap, &Sample{
Point: Point{V: s.V},
Metric: s.Metric,
})
} else if op == itemBottomK {
result[groupingKey].reverseHeap = make(vectorByReverseValueHeap, 0, k)
heap.Push(&result[groupingKey].reverseHeap, &Sample{
Point: Point{V: s.V},
Metric: s.Metric,
})
}
continue
}
switch op {
case itemSum:
group.value += s.V
case itemAvg:
group.value += s.V
group.groupCount++
case itemMax:
if group.value < s.V || math.IsNaN(float64(group.value)) {
group.value = s.V
}
case itemMin:
if group.value > s.V || math.IsNaN(float64(group.value)) {
group.value = s.V
}
case itemCount, itemCountValues:
group.groupCount++
case itemStdvar, itemStddev:
group.value += s.V
group.valuesSquaredSum += s.V * s.V
group.groupCount++
case itemTopK:
if int64(len(group.heap)) < k || group.heap[0].V < s.V || math.IsNaN(float64(group.heap[0].V)) {
if int64(len(group.heap)) == k {
heap.Pop(&group.heap)
}
heap.Push(&group.heap, &Sample{
Point: Point{V: s.V},
Metric: s.Metric,
})
}
case itemBottomK:
if int64(len(group.reverseHeap)) < k || group.reverseHeap[0].V > s.V || math.IsNaN(float64(group.reverseHeap[0].V)) {
if int64(len(group.reverseHeap)) == k {
heap.Pop(&group.reverseHeap)
}
heap.Push(&group.reverseHeap, &Sample{
Point: Point{V: s.V},
Metric: s.Metric,
})
}
case itemQuantile:
group.heap = append(group.heap, s)
default:
panic(fmt.Errorf("expected aggregation operator but got %q", op))
}
}
// Construct the result Vector from the aggregated groups.
resultVector := make(Vector, 0, len(result))
for _, aggr := range result {
switch op {
case itemAvg:
aggr.value = aggr.value / float64(aggr.groupCount)
case itemCount, itemCountValues:
aggr.value = float64(aggr.groupCount)
case itemStdvar:
avg := float64(aggr.value) / float64(aggr.groupCount)
aggr.value = float64(aggr.valuesSquaredSum)/float64(aggr.groupCount) - avg*avg
case itemStddev:
avg := float64(aggr.value) / float64(aggr.groupCount)
aggr.value = math.Sqrt(float64(aggr.valuesSquaredSum)/float64(aggr.groupCount) - avg*avg)
case itemTopK:
// The heap keeps the lowest value on top, so reverse it.
sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(aggr.heap))
for _, v := range aggr.heap {
resultVector = append(resultVector, Sample{
Metric: v.Metric,
Point: Point{V: v.V, T: ev.Timestamp},
})
}
continue // Bypass default append.
case itemBottomK:
// The heap keeps the lowest value on top, so reverse it.
sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(aggr.reverseHeap))
for _, v := range aggr.reverseHeap {
resultVector = append(resultVector, Sample{
Metric: v.Metric,
Point: Point{V: v.V, T: ev.Timestamp},
})
}
continue // Bypass default append.
case itemQuantile:
aggr.value = quantile(q, aggr.heap)
default:
// For other aggregations, we already have the right value.
}
resultVector = append(resultVector, Sample{
Metric: aggr.labels,
Point: Point{V: aggr.value, T: ev.Timestamp},
})
}
return resultVector
}
// btos returns 1 if b is true, 0 otherwise.
func btos(b bool) float64 {
if b {
return 1
}
return 0
}
// shouldDropMetricName returns whether the metric name should be dropped in the
// result of the op operation.
func shouldDropMetricName(op ItemType) bool {
switch op {
case itemADD, itemSUB, itemDIV, itemMUL, itemMOD:
return true
default:
return false
}
}
// LookbackDelta determines the time since the last sample after which a time
// series is considered stale.
var LookbackDelta = 5 * time.Minute
// A queryGate controls the maximum number of concurrently running and waiting queries.
type queryGate struct {
ch chan struct{}
}
// newQueryGate returns a query gate that limits the number of queries
// being concurrently executed.
func newQueryGate(length int) *queryGate {
return &queryGate{
ch: make(chan struct{}, length),
}
}
// Start blocks until the gate has a free spot or the context is done.
func (g *queryGate) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return contextDone(ctx, "query queue")
case g.ch <- struct{}{}:
return nil
}
}
// Done releases a single spot in the gate.
func (g *queryGate) Done() {
select {
case <-g.ch:
default:
panic("engine.queryGate.Done: more operations done than started")
}
}
// documentedType returns the internal type to the equivalent
// user facing terminology as defined in the documentation.
func documentedType(t ValueType) string {
switch t {
case "vector":
return "instant vector"
case "matrix":
return "range vector"
default:
return string(t)
}
}