diff --git a/.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml b/.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml
index acf91ea12..cbfeb2ba5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/buf-lint.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
-      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@dde0b9351db90fbf78e345f41a57de8514bf1091 # v1.32.2
+      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@35c243d7f2a909b1d4e40399b348a7fdab27d78d # v1.34.0
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       - uses: bufbuild/buf-lint-action@06f9dd823d873146471cfaaf108a993fe00e5325 # v1.1.1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/buf.yml b/.github/workflows/buf.yml
index f52d20785..8b964ef24 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/buf.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/buf.yml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'prometheus'
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
-      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@dde0b9351db90fbf78e345f41a57de8514bf1091 # v1.32.2
+      - uses: bufbuild/buf-setup-action@35c243d7f2a909b1d4e40399b348a7fdab27d78d # v1.34.0
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       - uses: bufbuild/buf-lint-action@06f9dd823d873146471cfaaf108a993fe00e5325 # v1.1.1
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 8b3624383..a5a09a98f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -143,6 +143,18 @@ jobs:
         with:
           parallelism: 12
           thread: ${{ matrix.thread }}
+  build_all_status:
+    name: Report status of build Prometheus for all architectures
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: [build_all]
+    if: github.event_name == 'pull_request' && startsWith(github.event.pull_request.base.ref, 'release-')
+    steps:
+      - name: Successful build
+        if: ${{ !(contains(needs.*.result, 'failure')) && !(contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled')) }}
+        run: exit 0
+      - name: Failing or cancelled build
+        if: ${{ contains(needs.*.result, 'failure') || contains(needs.*.result, 'cancelled') }}
+        run: exit 1
   check_generated_parser:
     name: Check generated parser
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
index 1ea1f5efa..12ffc659c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
 
       - name: Initialize CodeQL
-        uses: github/codeql-action/init@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # v3.25.8
+        uses: github/codeql-action/init@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c # v3.25.11
         with:
           languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
 
       - name: Autobuild
-        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # v3.25.8
+        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c # v3.25.11
 
       - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # v3.25.8
+        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c # v3.25.11
diff --git a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
index 078084888..c82fa87a1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
@@ -45,6 +45,6 @@ jobs:
 
       # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
       - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
-        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@2e230e8fe0ad3a14a340ad0815ddb96d599d2aff # tag=v3.25.8
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@b611370bb5703a7efb587f9d136a52ea24c5c38c # tag=v3.25.11
         with:
           sarif_file: results.sarif
diff --git a/.golangci.yml b/.golangci.yml
index 026d68a31..e924fe3d5 100644
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -1,12 +1,5 @@
 run:
   timeout: 15m
-  skip-files:
-    # Skip autogenerated files.
-    - ^.*\.(pb|y)\.go$
-  skip-dirs:
-    # Copied it from a different source
-    - storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite
-    - storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheus
 
 output:
   sort-results: true
@@ -33,6 +26,13 @@ linters:
 
 issues:
   max-same-issues: 0
+  exclude-files:
+    # Skip autogenerated files.
+    - ^.*\.(pb|y)\.go$
+  exclude-dirs:
+    # Copied it from a different source
+    - storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite
+    - storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheus
   exclude-rules:
     - linters:
         - gocritic
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 7e4799993..850554bf9 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,18 @@
 
 ## unreleased
 
+* [FEATURE] OTLP receiver: Add new option `otlp.promote_resource_attributes`, for any OTel resource attributes that should be promoted to metric labels. #14200
+* [FEATURE] Remote-Write: Add sender and receiver support for [Remote Write 2.0-rc.2](https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/) specification #14395 #14427 #14444
+* [ENHANCEMENT] Remote-Write: 1.x messages against Remote Write 2.x Receivers will have now correct values for `prometheus_storage_<samples|histograms|exemplar>_failed_total` in case of partial errors #14444
+
+## 2.53.1 / 2024-07-10
+
+Fix a bug which would drop samples in remote-write if the sending flow stalled
+for longer than it takes to write one "WAL segment". How long this takes depends on the size
+of your Prometheus; as a rough guide with 10 million series it is about 2-3 minutes.
+
+* [BUGFIX] Remote-write: stop dropping samples in catch-up #14446
+
 ## 2.53.0 / 2024-06-16
 
 This release changes the default for GOGC, the Go runtime control for the trade-off between excess memory use and CPU usage. We have found that Prometheus operates with minimal additional CPU usage, but greatly reduced memory by adjusting the upstream Go default from 100 to 75.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cd14ed2ec..df974e109 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ examples and guides.</p>
 [![Docker Pulls](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/prom/prometheus.svg?maxAge=604800)][hub]
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/prometheus/prometheus)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/prometheus/prometheus)
 [![CII Best Practices](https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/486/badge)](https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/486)
+[![OpenSSF Scorecard](https://api.securityscorecards.dev/projects/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/badge)](https://securityscorecards.dev/viewer/?uri=github.com/prometheus/prometheus)
+[![CLOMonitor](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://clomonitor.io/api/projects/cncf/prometheus/badge)](https://clomonitor.io/projects/cncf/prometheus)
 [![Gitpod ready-to-code](https://img.shields.io/badge/Gitpod-ready--to--code-blue?logo=gitpod)](https://gitpod.io/#https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus)
 [![Fuzzing Status](https://oss-fuzz-build-logs.storage.googleapis.com/badges/prometheus.svg)](https://bugs.chromium.org/p/oss-fuzz/issues/list?sort=-opened&can=1&q=proj:prometheus)
-[![OpenSSF Scorecard](https://api.securityscorecards.dev/projects/github.com/prometheus/prometheus/badge)](https://securityscorecards.dev/viewer/?uri=github.com/prometheus/prometheus)
 
 </div>
 
diff --git a/SECURITY-INSIGHTS.yml b/SECURITY-INSIGHTS.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..009b35621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SECURITY-INSIGHTS.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+header:
+  schema-version: '1.0.0'
+  expiration-date: '2025-07-30T01:00:00.000Z'
+  last-updated: '2024-07-30'
+  last-reviewed: '2024-07-30'
+  project-url: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus
+  changelog: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
+  license: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/LICENSE
+project-lifecycle:
+  status: active
+  bug-fixes-only: false
+  core-maintainers:
+    - https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md
+contribution-policy:
+  accepts-pull-requests: true
+  accepts-automated-pull-requests: true
+dependencies:
+  third-party-packages: true
+  dependencies-lists:
+    - https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/go.mod
+    - https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/web/ui/package.json
+  env-dependencies-policy:
+    policy-url: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#dependency-management
+distribution-points:
+  - https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/releases
+documentation:
+  - https://prometheus.io/docs/introduction/overview/
+security-contacts:
+  - type: email
+    value: prometheus-team@googlegroups.com
+security-testing:
+  - tool-type: sca
+    tool-name: Dependabot
+    tool-version: latest
+    integration:
+      ad-hoc: false
+      ci: true
+      before-release: true
+  - tool-type: sast
+    tool-name: CodeQL
+    tool-version: latest
+    integration:
+      ad-hoc: false
+      ci: true
+      before-release: true
+vulnerability-reporting:
+  accepts-vulnerability-reports: true
+  security-policy: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/security/policy
diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index 261d95596..f419e2c6f 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.53.0
+2.53.1
diff --git a/cmd/promtool/main.go b/cmd/promtool/main.go
index e1d275e97..1c8e1dd1c 100644
--- a/cmd/promtool/main.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/main.go
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ func main() {
 	pushMetricsHeaders := pushMetricsCmd.Flag("header", "Prometheus remote write header.").StringMap()
 
 	testCmd := app.Command("test", "Unit testing.")
+	junitOutFile := testCmd.Flag("junit", "File path to store JUnit XML test results.").OpenFile(os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0o644)
 	testRulesCmd := testCmd.Command("rules", "Unit tests for rules.")
 	testRulesRun := testRulesCmd.Flag("run", "If set, will only run test groups whose names match the regular expression. Can be specified multiple times.").Strings()
 	testRulesFiles := testRulesCmd.Arg(
@@ -378,7 +379,11 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(QueryLabels(serverURL, httpRoundTripper, *queryLabelsMatch, *queryLabelsName, *queryLabelsBegin, *queryLabelsEnd, p))
 
 	case testRulesCmd.FullCommand():
-		os.Exit(RulesUnitTest(
+		results := io.Discard
+		if *junitOutFile != nil {
+			results = *junitOutFile
+		}
+		os.Exit(RulesUnitTestResult(results,
 			promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts{
 				EnableAtModifier:     true,
 				EnableNegativeOffset: true,
diff --git a/cmd/promtool/metrics.go b/cmd/promtool/metrics.go
index 46246b672..6d162f459 100644
--- a/cmd/promtool/metrics.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/metrics.go
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ func PushMetrics(url *url.URL, roundTripper http.RoundTripper, headers map[strin
 	return successExitCode
 }
 
+// TODO(bwplotka): Add PRW 2.0 support.
 func parseAndPushMetrics(client *remote.Client, data []byte, labels map[string]string) bool {
 	metricsData, err := fmtutil.MetricTextToWriteRequest(bytes.NewReader(data), labels)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ func parseAndPushMetrics(client *remote.Client, data []byte, labels map[string]s
 
 	// Encode the request body into snappy encoding.
 	compressed := snappy.Encode(nil, raw)
-	err = client.Store(context.Background(), compressed, 0)
+	_, err = client.Store(context.Background(), compressed, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  FAILED:", err)
 		return false
diff --git a/cmd/promtool/unittest.go b/cmd/promtool/unittest.go
index 5451c5296..7030635d1 100644
--- a/cmd/promtool/unittest.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/unittest.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"sort"
@@ -29,9 +30,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/grafana/regexp"
 	"github.com/nsf/jsondiff"
-	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
@@ -39,12 +41,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/promqltest"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/rules"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/junitxml"
 )
 
 // RulesUnitTest does unit testing of rules based on the unit testing files provided.
 // More info about the file format can be found in the docs.
 func RulesUnitTest(queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, runStrings []string, diffFlag bool, files ...string) int {
+	return RulesUnitTestResult(io.Discard, queryOpts, runStrings, diffFlag, files...)
+}
+
+func RulesUnitTestResult(results io.Writer, queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, runStrings []string, diffFlag bool, files ...string) int {
 	failed := false
+	junit := &junitxml.JUnitXML{}
 
 	var run *regexp.Regexp
 	if runStrings != nil {
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ func RulesUnitTest(queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, runStrings []string, dif
 	}
 
 	for _, f := range files {
-		if errs := ruleUnitTest(f, queryOpts, run, diffFlag); errs != nil {
+		if errs := ruleUnitTest(f, queryOpts, run, diffFlag, junit.Suite(f)); errs != nil {
 			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  FAILED:")
 			for _, e := range errs {
 				fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, e.Error())
@@ -64,25 +72,30 @@ func RulesUnitTest(queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, runStrings []string, dif
 		}
 		fmt.Println()
 	}
+	err := junit.WriteXML(results)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "failed to write JUnit XML: %s\n", err)
+	}
 	if failed {
 		return failureExitCode
 	}
 	return successExitCode
 }
 
-func ruleUnitTest(filename string, queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, run *regexp.Regexp, diffFlag bool) []error {
-	fmt.Println("Unit Testing: ", filename)
-
+func ruleUnitTest(filename string, queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, run *regexp.Regexp, diffFlag bool, ts *junitxml.TestSuite) []error {
 	b, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
 	if err != nil {
+		ts.Abort(err)
 		return []error{err}
 	}
 
 	var unitTestInp unitTestFile
 	if err := yaml.UnmarshalStrict(b, &unitTestInp); err != nil {
+		ts.Abort(err)
 		return []error{err}
 	}
 	if err := resolveAndGlobFilepaths(filepath.Dir(filename), &unitTestInp); err != nil {
+		ts.Abort(err)
 		return []error{err}
 	}
 
@@ -91,29 +104,38 @@ func ruleUnitTest(filename string, queryOpts promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts, run *reg
 	}
 
 	evalInterval := time.Duration(unitTestInp.EvaluationInterval)
-
+	ts.Settime(time.Now().Format("2006-01-02T15:04:05"))
 	// Giving number for groups mentioned in the file for ordering.
 	// Lower number group should be evaluated before higher number group.
 	groupOrderMap := make(map[string]int)
 	for i, gn := range unitTestInp.GroupEvalOrder {
 		if _, ok := groupOrderMap[gn]; ok {
-			return []error{fmt.Errorf("group name repeated in evaluation order: %s", gn)}
+			err := fmt.Errorf("group name repeated in evaluation order: %s", gn)
+			ts.Abort(err)
+			return []error{err}
 		}
 		groupOrderMap[gn] = i
 	}
 
 	// Testing.
 	var errs []error
-	for _, t := range unitTestInp.Tests {
+	for i, t := range unitTestInp.Tests {
 		if !matchesRun(t.TestGroupName, run) {
 			continue
 		}
-
+		testname := t.TestGroupName
+		if testname == "" {
+			testname = fmt.Sprintf("unnamed#%d", i)
+		}
+		tc := ts.Case(testname)
 		if t.Interval == 0 {
 			t.Interval = unitTestInp.EvaluationInterval
 		}
 		ers := t.test(evalInterval, groupOrderMap, queryOpts, diffFlag, unitTestInp.RuleFiles...)
 		if ers != nil {
+			for _, e := range ers {
+				tc.Fail(e.Error())
+			}
 			errs = append(errs, ers...)
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/promtool/unittest_test.go b/cmd/promtool/unittest_test.go
index 2dbd5a4e5..9bbac28e9 100644
--- a/cmd/promtool/unittest_test.go
+++ b/cmd/promtool/unittest_test.go
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/promqltest"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/junitxml"
 )
 
 func TestRulesUnitTest(t *testing.T) {
@@ -125,13 +129,59 @@ func TestRulesUnitTest(t *testing.T) {
 			want: 0,
 		},
 	}
+	reuseFiles := []string{}
+	reuseCount := [2]int{}
 	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if (tt.queryOpts == promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts{
+			EnableNegativeOffset: true,
+		} || tt.queryOpts == promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts{
+			EnableAtModifier: true,
+		}) {
+			reuseFiles = append(reuseFiles, tt.args.files...)
+			reuseCount[tt.want] += len(tt.args.files)
+		}
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			if got := RulesUnitTest(tt.queryOpts, nil, false, tt.args.files...); got != tt.want {
 				t.Errorf("RulesUnitTest() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
 			}
 		})
 	}
+	t.Run("Junit xml output ", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		if got := RulesUnitTestResult(&buf, promqltest.LazyLoaderOpts{}, nil, false, reuseFiles...); got != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("RulesUnitTestResults() = %v, want 1", got)
+		}
+		var test junitxml.JUnitXML
+		output := buf.Bytes()
+		err := xml.Unmarshal(output, &test)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println("error in decoding XML:", err)
+			return
+		}
+		var total int
+		var passes int
+		var failures int
+		var cases int
+		total = len(test.Suites)
+		if total != len(reuseFiles) {
+			t.Errorf("JUnit output had %d testsuite elements; expected %d\n", total, len(reuseFiles))
+		}
+
+		for _, i := range test.Suites {
+			if i.FailureCount == 0 {
+				passes++
+			} else {
+				failures++
+			}
+			cases += len(i.Cases)
+		}
+		if total != passes+failures {
+			t.Errorf("JUnit output mismatch: Total testsuites (%d) does not equal the sum of passes (%d) and failures (%d).", total, passes, failures)
+		}
+		if cases < total {
+			t.Errorf("JUnit output had %d suites without test cases\n", total-cases)
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestRulesUnitTestRun(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/config/config.go b/config/config.go
index c924e3098..8a6216146 100644
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/relabel"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote/azuread"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote/googleiam"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -227,6 +228,9 @@ var (
 	DefaultExemplarsConfig = ExemplarsConfig{
 		MaxExemplars: 100000,
 	}
+
+	// DefaultOTLPConfig is the default OTLP configuration.
+	DefaultOTLPConfig = OTLPConfig{}
 )
 
 // Config is the top-level configuration for Prometheus's config files.
@@ -242,6 +246,7 @@ type Config struct {
 
 	RemoteWriteConfigs []*RemoteWriteConfig `yaml:"remote_write,omitempty"`
 	RemoteReadConfigs  []*RemoteReadConfig  `yaml:"remote_read,omitempty"`
+	OTLPConfig         OTLPConfig           `yaml:"otlp,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // SetDirectory joins any relative file paths with dir.
@@ -1119,6 +1124,7 @@ type RemoteWriteConfig struct {
 	MetadataConfig   MetadataConfig          `yaml:"metadata_config,omitempty"`
 	SigV4Config      *sigv4.SigV4Config      `yaml:"sigv4,omitempty"`
 	AzureADConfig    *azuread.AzureADConfig  `yaml:"azuread,omitempty"`
+	GoogleIAMConfig  *googleiam.Config       `yaml:"google_iam,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // SetDirectory joins any relative file paths with dir.
@@ -1156,17 +1162,33 @@ func (c *RemoteWriteConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) err
 		return err
 	}
 
-	httpClientConfigAuthEnabled := c.HTTPClientConfig.BasicAuth != nil ||
-		c.HTTPClientConfig.Authorization != nil || c.HTTPClientConfig.OAuth2 != nil
+	return validateAuthConfigs(c)
+}
 
-	if httpClientConfigAuthEnabled && (c.SigV4Config != nil || c.AzureADConfig != nil) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("at most one of basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, & azuread must be configured")
+// validateAuthConfigs validates that at most one of basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, azuread or google_iam must be configured.
+func validateAuthConfigs(c *RemoteWriteConfig) error {
+	var authConfigured []string
+	if c.HTTPClientConfig.BasicAuth != nil {
+		authConfigured = append(authConfigured, "basic_auth")
 	}
-
-	if c.SigV4Config != nil && c.AzureADConfig != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("at most one of basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, & azuread must be configured")
+	if c.HTTPClientConfig.Authorization != nil {
+		authConfigured = append(authConfigured, "authorization")
+	}
+	if c.HTTPClientConfig.OAuth2 != nil {
+		authConfigured = append(authConfigured, "oauth2")
+	}
+	if c.SigV4Config != nil {
+		authConfigured = append(authConfigured, "sigv4")
+	}
+	if c.AzureADConfig != nil {
+		authConfigured = append(authConfigured, "azuread")
+	}
+	if c.GoogleIAMConfig != nil {
+		authConfigured = append(authConfigured, "google_iam")
+	}
+	if len(authConfigured) > 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("at most one of basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, azuread or google_iam must be configured. Currently configured: %v", authConfigured)
 	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1185,7 +1207,7 @@ func validateHeadersForTracing(headers map[string]string) error {
 func validateHeaders(headers map[string]string) error {
 	for header := range headers {
 		if strings.ToLower(header) == "authorization" {
-			return errors.New("authorization header must be changed via the basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, or azuread parameter")
+			return errors.New("authorization header must be changed via the basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, azuread or google_iam parameter")
 		}
 		if _, ok := reservedHeaders[strings.ToLower(header)]; ok {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s is a reserved header. It must not be changed", header)
@@ -1304,3 +1326,35 @@ func getGoGCEnv() int {
 	}
 	return DefaultRuntimeConfig.GoGC
 }
+
+// OTLPConfig is the configuration for writing to the OTLP endpoint.
+type OTLPConfig struct {
+	PromoteResourceAttributes []string `yaml:"promote_resource_attributes,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// UnmarshalYAML implements the yaml.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (c *OTLPConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+	*c = DefaultOTLPConfig
+	type plain OTLPConfig
+	if err := unmarshal((*plain)(c)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	var err error
+	for i, attr := range c.PromoteResourceAttributes {
+		attr = strings.TrimSpace(attr)
+		if attr == "" {
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("empty promoted OTel resource attribute"))
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, exists := seen[attr]; exists {
+			err = errors.Join(err, fmt.Errorf("duplicated promoted OTel resource attribute %q", attr))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		seen[attr] = struct{}{}
+		c.PromoteResourceAttributes[i] = attr
+	}
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/config/config_test.go b/config/config_test.go
index 3c4907a46..9b074bef1 100644
--- a/config/config_test.go
+++ b/config/config_test.go
@@ -156,6 +156,12 @@ var expectedConf = &Config{
 		},
 	},
 
+	OTLPConfig: OTLPConfig{
+		PromoteResourceAttributes: []string{
+			"k8s.cluster.name", "k8s.job.name", "k8s.namespace.name",
+		},
+	},
+
 	RemoteReadConfigs: []*RemoteReadConfig{
 		{
 			URL:           mustParseURL("http://remote1/read"),
@@ -1471,6 +1477,26 @@ func TestRemoteWriteRetryOnRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	require.False(t, got.RemoteWriteConfigs[1].QueueConfig.RetryOnRateLimit)
 }
 
+func TestOTLPSanitizeResourceAttributes(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("good config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		want, err := LoadFile(filepath.Join("testdata", "otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.good.yml"), false, false, log.NewNopLogger())
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		out, err := yaml.Marshal(want)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		var got Config
+		require.NoError(t, yaml.UnmarshalStrict(out, &got))
+
+		require.Equal(t, []string{"k8s.cluster.name", "k8s.job.name", "k8s.namespace.name"}, got.OTLPConfig.PromoteResourceAttributes)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("bad config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, err := LoadFile(filepath.Join("testdata", "otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.bad.yml"), false, false, log.NewNopLogger())
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, `duplicated promoted OTel resource attribute "k8s.job.name"`)
+		require.ErrorContains(t, err, `empty promoted OTel resource attribute`)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestLoadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	// Parse a valid file that sets a global scrape timeout. This tests whether parsing
 	// an overwritten default field in the global config permanently changes the default.
@@ -1800,7 +1826,7 @@ var expectedErrors = []struct {
 	},
 	{
 		filename: "remote_write_authorization_header.bad.yml",
-		errMsg:   `authorization header must be changed via the basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, or azuread parameter`,
+		errMsg:   `authorization header must be changed via the basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4, azuread or google_iam parameter`,
 	},
 	{
 		filename: "remote_write_wrong_msg.bad.yml",
diff --git a/config/testdata/conf.good.yml b/config/testdata/conf.good.yml
index 0e0aa2bd5..56741822c 100644
--- a/config/testdata/conf.good.yml
+++ b/config/testdata/conf.good.yml
@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ remote_write:
     headers:
       name: value
 
+otlp:
+  promote_resource_attributes: ["k8s.cluster.name", "k8s.job.name", "k8s.namespace.name"]
+
 remote_read:
   - url: http://remote1/read
     read_recent: true
diff --git a/config/testdata/otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.bad.yml b/config/testdata/otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.bad.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37ec5d120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/testdata/otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.bad.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+otlp:
+  promote_resource_attributes: ["k8s.cluster.name", " k8s.job.name ", "k8s.namespace.name", "k8s.job.name", ""]
diff --git a/config/testdata/otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.good.yml b/config/testdata/otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.good.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67247e774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/config/testdata/otlp_sanitize_resource_attributes.good.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+otlp:
+  promote_resource_attributes: ["k8s.cluster.name", " k8s.job.name ", "k8s.namespace.name"]
diff --git a/discovery/legacymanager/manager_test.go b/discovery/legacymanager/manager_test.go
index a455a8e34..f1be96311 100644
--- a/discovery/legacymanager/manager_test.go
+++ b/discovery/legacymanager/manager_test.go
@@ -1090,7 +1090,6 @@ func TestCoordinationWithReceiver(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		tc := tc
 		t.Run(tc.title, func(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
 			defer cancel()
diff --git a/discovery/moby/network.go b/discovery/moby/network.go
index 794d2e607..ea1ca66bc 100644
--- a/discovery/moby/network.go
+++ b/discovery/moby/network.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"strconv"
 
-	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/strutil"
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 func getNetworksLabels(ctx context.Context, client *client.Client, labelPrefix string) (map[string]map[string]string, error) {
-	networks, err := client.NetworkList(ctx, types.NetworkListOptions{})
+	networks, err := client.NetworkList(ctx, network.ListOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/docs/command-line/prometheus.md b/docs/command-line/prometheus.md
index 2bc5b15ef..219a2aa87 100644
--- a/docs/command-line/prometheus.md
+++ b/docs/command-line/prometheus.md
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The Prometheus monitoring server
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--web.console.templates</code> | Path to the console template directory, available at /consoles. | `consoles` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--web.console.libraries</code> | Path to the console library directory. | `console_libraries` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--web.page-title</code> | Document title of Prometheus instance. | `Prometheus Time Series Collection and Processing Server` |
-| <code class="text-nowrap">--web.cors.origin</code> | Regex for CORS origin. It is fully anchored. Example: 'https?://(domain1|domain2)\.com' | `.*` |
+| <code class="text-nowrap">--web.cors.origin</code> | Regex for CORS origin. It is fully anchored. Example: 'https?://(domain1\|domain2)\.com' | `.*` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--storage.tsdb.path</code> | Base path for metrics storage. Use with server mode only. | `data/` |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--storage.tsdb.retention</code> | [DEPRECATED] How long to retain samples in storage. This flag has been deprecated, use "storage.tsdb.retention.time" instead. Use with server mode only. |  |
 | <code class="text-nowrap">--storage.tsdb.retention.time</code> | How long to retain samples in storage. When this flag is set it overrides "storage.tsdb.retention". If neither this flag nor "storage.tsdb.retention" nor "storage.tsdb.retention.size" is set, the retention time defaults to 15d. Units Supported: y, w, d, h, m, s, ms. Use with server mode only. |  |
diff --git a/docs/command-line/promtool.md b/docs/command-line/promtool.md
index 443cd3f0c..6bb80169a 100644
--- a/docs/command-line/promtool.md
+++ b/docs/command-line/promtool.md
@@ -442,6 +442,15 @@ Unit testing.
 
 
 
+#### Flags
+
+| Flag | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| <code class="text-nowrap">--junit</code> | File path to store JUnit XML test results. |
+
+
+
+
 ##### `promtool test rules`
 
 Unit tests for rules.
diff --git a/docs/configuration/configuration.md b/docs/configuration/configuration.md
index 35976871b..313a7f2f3 100644
--- a/docs/configuration/configuration.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/configuration.md
@@ -152,6 +152,10 @@ alerting:
 remote_write:
   [ - <remote_write> ... ]
 
+# Settings related to the OTLP receiver feature.
+otlp:
+  [ promote_resource_attributes: [<string>, ...] | default = [ ] ]
+
 # Settings related to the remote read feature.
 remote_read:
   [ - <remote_read> ... ]
@@ -458,13 +462,15 @@ metric_relabel_configs:
 [ keep_dropped_targets: <int> | default = 0 ]
 
 # Limit on total number of positive and negative buckets allowed in a single
-# native histogram. If this is exceeded, the entire scrape will be treated as
-# failed. 0 means no limit.
+# native histogram. The resolution of a histogram with more buckets will be
+# reduced until the number of buckets is within the limit. If the limit cannot
+# be reached, the scrape will fail.
+# 0 means no limit.
 [ native_histogram_bucket_limit: <int> | default = 0 ]
 
 # Lower limit for the growth factor of one bucket to the next in each native
 # histogram. The resolution of a histogram with a lower growth factor will be
-# reduced until it is within the limit.
+# reduced as much as possible until it is within the limit.
 # To set an upper limit for the schema (equivalent to "scale" in OTel's
 # exponential histograms), use the following factor limits:
 # 
@@ -3395,8 +3401,8 @@ authorization:
   # It is mutually exclusive with `credentials`.
   [ credentials_file: <filename> ]
 
-# Optionally configures AWS's Signature Verification 4 signing process to
-# sign requests. Cannot be set at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, or oauth2.
+# Optionally configures AWS's Signature Verification 4 signing process to sign requests.
+# Cannot be set at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, azuread or google_iam.
 # To use the default credentials from the AWS SDK, use `sigv4: {}`.
 sigv4:
   # The AWS region. If blank, the region from the default credentials chain
@@ -3649,12 +3655,12 @@ sigv4:
   [ role_arn: <string> ]
 
 # Optional OAuth 2.0 configuration.
-# Cannot be used at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, sigv4, or azuread.
+# Cannot be used at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, sigv4, azuread or google_iam.
 oauth2:
   [ <oauth2> ]
 
 # Optional AzureAD configuration.
-# Cannot be used at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, or sigv4.
+# Cannot be used at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4 or google_iam.
 azuread:
   # The Azure Cloud. Options are 'AzurePublic', 'AzureChina', or 'AzureGovernment'.
   [ cloud: <string> | default = AzurePublic ]
@@ -3674,6 +3680,14 @@ azuread:
   [ sdk:
       [ tenant_id: <string> ] ]
 
+# WARNING: Remote write is NOT SUPPORTED by Google Cloud. This configuration is reserved for future use.
+# Optional Google Cloud Monitoring configuration.
+# Cannot be used at the same time as basic_auth, authorization, oauth2, sigv4 or azuread.
+# To use the default credentials from the Google Cloud SDK, use `google_iam: {}`.
+google_iam:
+  # Service account key with monitoring write permessions.
+  credentials_file: <file_name>
+
 # Configures the remote write request's TLS settings.
 tls_config:
   [ <tls_config> ]
diff --git a/docs/configuration/unit_testing_rules.md b/docs/configuration/unit_testing_rules.md
index 163fcb91f..7fc676a25 100644
--- a/docs/configuration/unit_testing_rules.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/unit_testing_rules.md
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ series: <string>
 #
 # Native histogram notation:
 #     Native histograms can be used instead of floating point numbers using the following notation:
-#     {{schema:1 sum:-0.3 count:3.1 z_bucket:7.1 z_bucket_w:0.05 buckets:[5.1 10 7] offset:-3 n_buckets:[4.1 5] n_offset:-5}}
+#     {{schema:1 sum:-0.3 count:3.1 z_bucket:7.1 z_bucket_w:0.05 buckets:[5.1 10 7] offset:-3 n_buckets:[4.1 5] n_offset:-5 counter_reset_hint:gauge}}
 #     Native histograms support the same expanding notation as floating point numbers, i.e. 'axn', 'a+bxn' and 'a-bxn'.
 #     All properties are optional and default to 0. The order is not important. The following properties are supported:
 #     - schema (int): 
@@ -119,6 +119,8 @@ series: <string>
 #         Observation counts in negative buckets. Each represents an absolute count.
 #     - n_offset (int):
 #         The starting index of the first entry in the negative buckets.
+#     - counter_reset_hint (one of 'unknown', 'reset', 'not_reset' or 'gauge')
+#         The counter reset hint associated with this histogram. Defaults to 'unknown' if not set.
 values: <string>
 ```
 
diff --git a/docs/querying/api.md b/docs/querying/api.md
index f71bfc158..efa244fbc 100644
--- a/docs/querying/api.md
+++ b/docs/querying/api.md
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ URL query parameters:
   series to return. At least one `match[]` argument must be provided.
 - `start=<rfc3339 | unix_timestamp>`: Start timestamp.
 - `end=<rfc3339 | unix_timestamp>`: End timestamp.
-- `limit=<number>`: Maximum number of returned series. Optional.
+- `limit=<number>`: Maximum number of returned series. Optional. 0 means disabled.
 
 You can URL-encode these parameters directly in the request body by using the `POST` method and
 `Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded` header. This is useful when specifying a large
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ URL query parameters:
 - `end=<rfc3339 | unix_timestamp>`: End timestamp. Optional.
 - `match[]=<series_selector>`: Repeated series selector argument that selects the
   series from which to read the label names. Optional.
-- `limit=<number>`: Maximum number of returned series. Optional.
+- `limit=<number>`: Maximum number of returned series. Optional. 0 means disabled.
 
 
 The `data` section of the JSON response is a list of string label names.
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ URL query parameters:
 - `end=<rfc3339 | unix_timestamp>`: End timestamp. Optional.
 - `match[]=<series_selector>`: Repeated series selector argument that selects the
   series from which to read the label values. Optional.
-- `limit=<number>`: Maximum number of returned series. Optional.
+- `limit=<number>`: Maximum number of returned series. Optional. 0 means disabled.
 
 
 The `data` section of the JSON response is a list of string label values.
diff --git a/docs/querying/basics.md b/docs/querying/basics.md
index fee7e63c4..304c9f07d 100644
--- a/docs/querying/basics.md
+++ b/docs/querying/basics.md
@@ -8,9 +8,15 @@ sort_rank: 1
 
 Prometheus provides a functional query language called PromQL (Prometheus Query
 Language) that lets the user select and aggregate time series data in real
-time. The result of an expression can either be shown as a graph, viewed as
-tabular data in Prometheus's expression browser, or consumed by external
-systems via the [HTTP API](api.md).
+time. 
+
+When you send a query request to Prometheus, it can be an _instant query_, evaluated at one point in time,
+or a _range query_ at equally-spaced steps between a start and an end time. PromQL works exactly the same
+in each cases; the range query is just like an instant query run multiple times at different timestamps.
+
+In the Prometheus UI, the "Table" tab is for instant queries and the "Graph" tab is for range queries.
+
+Other programs can fetch the result of a PromQL expression via the [HTTP API](api.md).
 
 ## Examples
 
@@ -81,12 +87,20 @@ Examples:
     0x8f
     -Inf
     NaN
+	
+
+As of version 2.54, float literals can also be represented using the syntax of time durations, where the time duration is converted into a float value corresponding to the number of seconds the time duration represents. This is an experimental feature and might still change.
+
+Examples:
+
+    1s # Equivalent to 1.0
+    2m # Equivalent to 120.0
+    1ms # Equivalent to 0.001
+ 
 
 ## Time series selectors
 
-Time series selectors are responsible for selecting the times series and raw or inferred sample timestamps and values.
-
-Time series *selectors* are not to be confused with higher level concept of instant and range *queries* that can execute the time series *selectors*. A higher level instant query would evaluate the given selector at one point in time, however the range query would evaluate the selector at multiple different times in between a minimum and maximum timestamp at regular steps.
+These are the basic building-blocks that instruct PromQL what data to fetch.
 
 ### Instant vector selectors
 
@@ -224,6 +238,15 @@ Here are some examples of valid time durations:
     5m
     10s
 
+
+As of version 2.54, time durations can also be represented using the syntax of float literals, implying the number of seconds of the time duration. This is an experimental feature and might still change.
+
+Examples:
+
+    1.0 # Equivalent to 1s
+    0.001 # Equivalent to 1ms
+    120 # Equivalent to 2m
+
 ### Offset modifier
 
 The `offset` modifier allows changing the time offset for individual
diff --git a/docs/querying/functions.md b/docs/querying/functions.md
index 9a552f697..de65e693d 100644
--- a/docs/querying/functions.md
+++ b/docs/querying/functions.md
@@ -98,8 +98,9 @@ vector.
 clamps the sample values of all elements in `v` to have a lower limit of `min` and an upper limit of `max`.
 
 Special cases:
-- Return an empty vector if `min > max`
-- Return `NaN` if `min` or `max` is `NaN`
+
+* Return an empty vector if `min > max`
+* Return `NaN` if `min` or `max` is `NaN`
 
 ## `clamp_max()`
 
@@ -349,8 +350,8 @@ a histogram.
 
 Buckets of classic histograms are cumulative. Therefore, the following should always be the case:
 
-- The counts in the buckets are monotonically increasing (strictly non-decreasing).
-- A lack of observations between the upper limits of two consecutive buckets results in equal counts
+* The counts in the buckets are monotonically increasing (strictly non-decreasing).
+* A lack of observations between the upper limits of two consecutive buckets results in equal counts
 in those two buckets.
 
 However, floating point precision issues (e.g. small discrepancies introduced by computing of buckets
@@ -692,21 +693,21 @@ ignore histogram samples.
 
 The trigonometric functions work in radians:
 
-- `acos(v instant-vector)`: calculates the arccosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Acos)).
-- `acosh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Acosh)).
-- `asin(v instant-vector)`: calculates the arcsine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Asin)).
-- `asinh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Asinh)).
-- `atan(v instant-vector)`: calculates the arctangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Atan)).
-- `atanh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Atanh)).
-- `cos(v instant-vector)`: calculates the cosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Cos)).
-- `cosh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the hyperbolic cosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Cosh)).
-- `sin(v instant-vector)`: calculates the sine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Sin)).
-- `sinh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the hyperbolic sine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Sinh)).
-- `tan(v instant-vector)`: calculates the tangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Tan)).
-- `tanh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the hyperbolic tangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Tanh)).
+* `acos(v instant-vector)`: calculates the arccosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Acos)).
+* `acosh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Acosh)).
+* `asin(v instant-vector)`: calculates the arcsine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Asin)).
+* `asinh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Asinh)).
+* `atan(v instant-vector)`: calculates the arctangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Atan)).
+* `atanh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Atanh)).
+* `cos(v instant-vector)`: calculates the cosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Cos)).
+* `cosh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the hyperbolic cosine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Cosh)).
+* `sin(v instant-vector)`: calculates the sine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Sin)).
+* `sinh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the hyperbolic sine of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Sinh)).
+* `tan(v instant-vector)`: calculates the tangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Tan)).
+* `tanh(v instant-vector)`: calculates the hyperbolic tangent of all elements in `v` ([special cases](https://pkg.go.dev/math#Tanh)).
 
 The following are useful for converting between degrees and radians:
 
-- `deg(v instant-vector)`: converts radians to degrees for all elements in `v`.
-- `pi()`: returns pi.
-- `rad(v instant-vector)`: converts degrees to radians for all elements in `v`.
+* `deg(v instant-vector)`: converts radians to degrees for all elements in `v`.
+* `pi()`: returns pi.
+* `rad(v instant-vector)`: converts degrees to radians for all elements in `v`.
diff --git a/docs/storage.md b/docs/storage.md
index 947960fe1..55d4309d3 100644
--- a/docs/storage.md
+++ b/docs/storage.md
@@ -137,6 +137,18 @@ will be used.
 Expired block cleanup happens in the background. It may take up to two hours
 to remove expired blocks. Blocks must be fully expired before they are removed.
 
+## Right-Sizing Retention Size
+
+If you are utilizing `storage.tsdb.retention.size` to set a size limit, you 
+will want to consider the right size for this value relative to the storage you 
+have allocated for Prometheus. It is wise to reduce the retention size to provide 
+a buffer, ensuring that older entries will be removed before the allocated storage 
+for Prometheus becomes full.
+
+At present, we recommend setting the retention size to, at most, 80-85% of your 
+allocated Prometheus disk space. This increases the likelihood that older entires 
+will be removed prior to hitting any disk limitations.
+
 ## Remote storage integrations
 
 Prometheus's local storage is limited to a single node's scalability and durability.
diff --git a/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod b/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod
index 2491bbe2d..4c41a6606 100644
--- a/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod
+++ b/documentation/examples/remote_storage/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/prometheus/prometheus/documentation/examples/remote_storage
 
-go 1.21
+go 1.21.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/alecthomas/kingpin/v2 v2.4.0
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/influxdata/influxdb v1.11.5
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.19.1
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0
-	github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.52.1
+	github.com/prometheus/prometheus v0.53.1
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 )
 
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index ce2f0714a..c74452cd5 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 module github.com/prometheus/prometheus
 
-go 1.21
+go 1.21.0
+
+toolchain go1.22.5
 
 require (
-	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.11.1
-	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.5.2
+	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.13.0
+	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.7.0
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/compute/armcompute/v5 v5.7.0
 	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/network/armnetwork/v4 v4.3.0
 	github.com/Code-Hex/go-generics-cache v1.5.1
 	github.com/KimMachineGun/automemlimit v0.6.1
 	github.com/alecthomas/kingpin/v2 v2.4.0
-	github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20231202071711-9a357b53e9c9
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.53.16
+	github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20240626203959-61d1e3462e30
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.54.19
 	github.com/bboreham/go-loser v0.0.0-20230920113527-fcc2c21820a3
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0
 	github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0
-	github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.117.0
-	github.com/docker/docker v26.1.3+incompatible
+	github.com/digitalocean/godo v1.119.0
+	github.com/docker/docker v27.0.3+incompatible
 	github.com/edsrzf/mmap-go v1.1.0
 	github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.12.0
 	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.0.4
@@ -29,75 +31,75 @@ require (
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/golang/snappy v0.0.4
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240528025155-186aa0362fba
+	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240711041743-f6c9dda6c6da
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v1.12.0
+	github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud v1.14.0
 	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20240518133315-a468a5bfb3bc
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0
-	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.29.1
-	github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20240604134157-e73d8bb1140d
-	github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go/v2 v2.9.0
+	github.com/hashicorp/consul/api v1.29.2
+	github.com/hashicorp/nomad/api v0.0.0-20240717122358-3d93bd3778f3
+	github.com/hetznercloud/hcloud-go/v2 v2.12.0
 	github.com/ionos-cloud/sdk-go/v6 v6.1.11
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9
 	github.com/kolo/xmlrpc v0.0.0-20220921171641-a4b6fa1dd06b
-	github.com/linode/linodego v1.35.0
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.59
+	github.com/linode/linodego v1.38.0
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.61
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822
 	github.com/mwitkow/go-conntrack v0.0.0-20190716064945-2f068394615f
 	github.com/nsf/jsondiff v0.0.0-20230430225905-43f6cf3098c1
 	github.com/oklog/run v1.1.0
 	github.com/oklog/ulid v1.3.1
-	github.com/ovh/go-ovh v1.5.1
+	github.com/ovh/go-ovh v1.6.0
 	github.com/prometheus/alertmanager v0.27.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.19.1
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.54.0
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0
 	github.com/prometheus/common/assets v0.2.0
 	github.com/prometheus/common/sigv4 v0.1.0
 	github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit v0.11.0
-	github.com/scaleway/scaleway-sdk-go v1.0.0-beta.27
+	github.com/scaleway/scaleway-sdk-go v1.0.0-beta.29
 	github.com/shurcooL/httpfs v0.0.0-20230704072500-f1e31cf0ba5c
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 	github.com/vultr/govultr/v2 v2.17.2
-	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata v1.8.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/semconv v0.101.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.52.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.27.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.27.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.27.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.27.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.27.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.27.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata v1.12.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/collector/semconv v0.105.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.53.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.28.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.28.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.28.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.28.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.28.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.28.0
 	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0
 	go.uber.org/automaxprocs v1.5.3
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0
-	golang.org/x/net v0.26.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.27.0
 	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.21.0
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.16.0
 	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0
-	google.golang.org/api v0.183.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240528184218-531527333157
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.64.0
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0
+	google.golang.org/api v0.189.0
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240711142825-46eb208f015d
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.65.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	k8s.io/api v0.29.3
 	k8s.io/apimachinery v0.29.3
 	k8s.io/client-go v0.29.3
 	k8s.io/klog v1.0.0
-	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.120.1
+	k8s.io/klog/v2 v2.130.1
 )
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.5.1 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.6.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.7.2 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.3 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/AzureAD/microsoft-authentication-library-for-go v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/armon/go-metrics v0.4.1 // indirect
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.11.0 // indirect
-	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20240318125728-8a4994d93e50 // indirect
+	github.com/cncf/xds/go v0.0.0-20240423153145-555b57ec207b // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 // indirect
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-kit/kit v0.12.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/analysis v0.22.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-openapi/errors v0.22.0 // indirect
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-resty/resty/v2 v2.13.1 // indirect
 	github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/glog v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
 	github.com/google/gnostic-models v0.6.8 // indirect
@@ -140,7 +142,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/gofuzz v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.7 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.12.4 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.12.5 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.20.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/cronexpr v1.1.2 // indirect
@@ -176,20 +178,20 @@ require (
 	github.com/pkg/browser v0.0.0-20240102092130-5ac0b6a4141c // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5 // indirect
 	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/xhit/go-str2duration/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver v1.14.0 // indirect
 	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.27.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.2.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.28.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240119083558-1b970713d09a // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/term v0.21.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240528184218-531527333157 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/term v0.22.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240722135656-d784300faade // indirect
 	gopkg.in/inf.v0 v0.9.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
 	gotest.tools/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 956b9d894..d96710c17 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@ cloud.google.com/go v0.54.0/go.mod h1:1rq2OEkV3YMf6n/9ZvGWI3GWw0VoqH/1x2nd8Is/bP
 cloud.google.com/go v0.56.0/go.mod h1:jr7tqZxxKOVYizybht9+26Z/gUq7tiRzu+ACVAMbKVk=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.57.0/go.mod h1:oXiQ6Rzq3RAkkY7N6t3TcE6jE+CIBBbA36lwQ1JyzZs=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.65.0/go.mod h1:O5N8zS7uWy9vkA9vayVHs65eM1ubvY4h553ofrNHObY=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.5.1 h1:0QNO7VThG54LUzKiQxv8C6x1YX7lUrzlAa1nVLF8CIw=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.5.1/go.mod h1:vbZT8GjzDf3AVqCcQmqeeM32U9HBFc32vVVAbwDsa6s=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 h1:+TTV8aXpjeChS9M+aTtN/TjdQnzJvmzKFt//oWu7HX4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2/go.mod h1:wcYjgpZI9+Yu7LyYBg4pqSiaRkfEK3GQcpb7C/uyF1Q=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.7.2 h1:uiha352VrCDMXg+yoBtaD0tUF4Kv9vrtrWPYXwutnDE=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.7.2/go.mod h1:VEc4p5NNxycWQTMQEDQF0bd6aTMb6VgYDXEwiJJQAbs=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.3 h1:MlxF+Pd3OmSudg/b1yZ5lJwoXCEaeedAguodky1PcKI=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.3/go.mod h1:tMQXOfZzFuNuUxOypHlQEXgdfX5cuhwU+ffUuXRJE8I=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.0.1/go.mod h1:i/xbL2UlR5RvWAURpBYZTtm/cXjCha9lbfbpx4poX+o=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.3.0/go.mod h1:PjpwJnslEMmckchkHFfq+HTD2DmtT67aNFKH1/VBDHE=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.4.0/go.mod h1:S8dzgnTigyfTmLBfrtrhyYhwRxG72rYxvftPBK2Dvzc=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.5.0/go.mod h1:snEHRnqQbz117VIFhE8bmtwIDY80NLUZUMb4Nv6dBIg=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.7.0/go.mod h1://okPTzCYNXSlb24MZs83e2Do+h+VXtc4gLoIoXIAPc=
 cloud.google.com/go/bigquery v1.8.0/go.mod h1:J5hqkt3O0uAFnINi6JXValWIb1v0goeZM77hZzJN/fQ=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0 h1:Tz+eQXMEqDIKRsmY3cHTL6FVaynIjX2QxYC4trgAKZc=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.3.0/go.mod h1:zFmK7XCadkQkj6TtorcaGlCW1hT1fIilQDwofLpJ20k=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0 h1:Zr0eK8JbFv6+Wi4ilXAR8FJ3wyNdpxHKJNPos6LTZOY=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.5.0/go.mod h1:aHnloV2TPI38yx4s9+wAZhHykWvVCfu7hQbF+9CWoiY=
 cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.0.0/go.mod h1:LXYbyblFSglQ5pkeyhO+Qmw7ukd3C+pD7TKLgZqpHYE=
 cloud.google.com/go/datastore v1.1.0/go.mod h1:umbIZjpQpHh4hmRpGhH4tLFup+FVzqBi1b3c64qFpCk=
 cloud.google.com/go/pubsub v1.0.1/go.mod h1:R0Gpsv3s54REJCy4fxDixWD93lHJMoZTyQ2kNxGRt3I=
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.6.0/go.mod h1:N7U0C8pVQ/+NIKOBQyamJIeKQKkZ+mxpohl
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.8.0/go.mod h1:Wv1Oy7z6Yz3DshWRJFhqM/UCfaWIRTdp0RXyy7KQOVs=
 cloud.google.com/go/storage v1.10.0/go.mod h1:FLPqc6j+Ki4BU591ie1oL6qBQGu2Bl/tZ9ullr3+Kg0=
 dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl v0.0.0-20190408044501-666a987793e9/go.mod h1:H6x//7gZCb22OMCxBHrMx7a5I7Hp++hsVxbQ4BYO7hU=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.11.1 h1:E+OJmp2tPvt1W+amx48v1eqbjDYsgN+RzP4q16yV5eM=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.11.1/go.mod h1:a6xsAQUZg+VsS3TJ05SRp524Hs4pZ/AeFSr5ENf0Yjo=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.5.2 h1:FDif4R1+UUR+00q6wquyX90K7A8dN+R5E8GEadoP7sU=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.5.2/go.mod h1:aiYBYui4BJ/BJCAIKs92XiPyQfTaBWqvHujDwKb6CBU=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.6.0 h1:sUFnFjzDUie80h24I7mrKtwCKgLY9L8h5Tp2x9+TWqk=
-github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.6.0/go.mod h1:52JbnQTp15qg5mRkMBHwp0j0ZFwHJ42Sx3zVV5RE9p0=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.13.0 h1:GJHeeA2N7xrG3q30L2UXDyuWRzDM900/65j70wcM4Ww=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azcore v1.13.0/go.mod h1:l38EPgmsp71HHLq9j7De57JcKOWPyhrsW1Awm1JS6K0=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.7.0 h1:tfLQ34V6F7tVSwoTf/4lH5sE0o6eCJuNDTmH09nDpbc=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/azidentity v1.7.0/go.mod h1:9kIvujWAA58nmPmWB1m23fyWic1kYZMxD9CxaWn4Qpg=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.10.0 h1:ywEEhmNahHBihViHepv3xPBn1663uRv2t2q/ESv9seY=
+github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:iZDifYGJTIgIIkYRNWPENUnqx6bJ2xnSDFI2tjwZNuY=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/compute/armcompute/v5 v5.7.0 h1:LkHbJbgF3YyvC53aqYGR+wWQDn2Rdp9AQdGndf9QvY4=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/compute/armcompute/v5 v5.7.0/go.mod h1:QyiQdW4f4/BIfB8ZutZ2s+28RAgfa/pT+zS++ZHyM1I=
 github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-go/sdk/resourcemanager/internal/v2 v2.0.0 h1:PTFGRSlMKCQelWwxUyYVEUqseBJVemLyqWJjvMyt0do=
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuy
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190717042225-c3de453c63f4/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20190924025748-f65c72e2690d/go.mod h1:rBZYJk541a8SKzHPHnH3zbiI+7dagKZ0cgpgrD7Fyho=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20231202071711-9a357b53e9c9 h1:ez/4by2iGztzR4L0zgAOR8lTQK9VlyBVVd7G4omaOQs=
-github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20231202071711-9a357b53e9c9/go.mod h1:OMCwj8VM1Kc9e19TLln2VL61YJF0x1XFtfdL4JdbSyE=
+github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20240626203959-61d1e3462e30 h1:t3eaIm0rUkzbrIewtiFmMK5RXHej2XnoXNhxVsAYUfg=
+github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20240626203959-61d1e3462e30/go.mod h1:fvzegU4vN3H1qMT+8wDmzjAcDONcgo2/SZ/TyfdUOFs=
 github.com/antihax/optional v1.0.0/go.mod h1:uupD/76wgC+ih3iEmQUL+0Ugr19nfwCT1kdvxnR2qWY=
 github.com/apache/thrift v0.12.0/go.mod h1:cp2SuWMxlEZw2r+iP2GNCdIi4C1qmUzdZFSVb+bacwQ=
 github.com/apache/thrift v0.13.0/go.mod h1:cp2SuWMxlEZw2r+iP2GNCdIi4C1qmUzdZFSVb+bacwQ=
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20230301143203-a9d515a09cc2/go.mod h1:W
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@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ github.com/circonus-labs/circonusllhist v0.1.3/go.mod h1:kMXHVDlOchFAehlya5ePtbp
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@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc/go.mod h1:J7Y8Yc
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@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.5.0/go.mod h1:wCYkCAKZfumFQihp8CzCvQ3paCTfi41vtzG
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@@ -251,8 +251,8 @@ github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69
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@@ -319,8 +319,8 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20200212024743-f11f1df84d12/go.mod h1:ZgVRPoUq/hf
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@@ -332,10 +332,10 @@ github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.2 h1:Vie5ybvEvT75RniqhfF
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@@ -353,10 +353,10 @@ github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway v1.16.0/go.mod h1:BDjrQk3hbvj6Nolgz8mAMFb
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@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.1/go.mod h1:6SBZvOh/SIDV7/2o3Jml5SYk/TvGqwFJ/b
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@@ -409,13 +409,13 @@ github.com/hashicorp/mdns v1.0.4/go.mod h1:mtBihi+LeNXGtG8L9dX59gAEa12BDtBQSp4v/
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@@ -454,8 +454,8 @@ github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter v1.3.0/go.mod h1:JR6WtHb+2LUe8TCKY3cZOxFyyO8
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@@ -472,8 +472,8 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0
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@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ github.com/maxatome/go-testdeep v1.12.0/go.mod h1:lPZc/HAcJMP92l7yI6TRz1aZN5URwU
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@@ -573,8 +573,8 @@ github.com/openzipkin-contrib/zipkin-go-opentracing v0.4.5/go.mod h1:/wsWhb9smxS
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@@ -625,8 +625,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.9.1/go.mod h1:yhUN8i9wzaXS3w1O07YhxHEBxD+W35wd8b
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@@ -639,8 +639,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.2/go.mod h1:TjEm7ze935MbeOT/UhFTIMYKhuLP4wbCsT
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@@ -650,8 +650,8 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0/go.mod h1:E+RYuTGaKKdloAfM02xzb0FW3Paa99
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@@ -694,6 +694,7 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
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@@ -723,28 +724,28 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.22.3/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.28.0 h1:b9d7hIry8yZsgtbmM0DKyPWMMUMlK9NEKuIG4aBqWyE=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.28.0/go.mod h1:oYj7ClPUA7Iw3m+r7GeEjz0qckQRJK2B8zjcZEfu7Pg=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.28.0 h1:GhQ9cUuQGmNDd5BTCP2dAvv75RdMxEfTmYejp+lkx9g=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.28.0/go.mod h1:jPyXzNPg6da9+38HEwElrQiHlVMTnVfM3/yv2OlIHaI=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1 h1:TrMUixzpM0yuc/znrFTP9MMRh8trP93mkCiDVeXrui0=
+go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.3.1/go.mod h1:0X1WI4de4ZsLrrJNLAQbFeLCm3T7yBkR0XqQ7niQU+8=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.3.2/go.mod h1:gD2HeocX3+yG+ygLZcrzQJaqmWj9AIm7n08wl/qW/PE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.5.0/go.mod h1:sABNBOSYdrvTF6hTgEIbc7YasKWGhgEQZyfxyTvoXHQ=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 h1:ZvwS0R+56ePWxUNi+Atn9dWONBPp/AUETXlHW0DxSjE=
@@ -773,8 +774,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5y
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220829220503-c86fa9a7ed90/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 h1:mnl8DM0o513X8fdIkmyFE/5hTYxbwYOjDS/+rK6qpRI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0/go.mod h1:Z1PMYSOR5nyMcyAVAIQSKCDwalqy85Aqn1x3Ws4L5DM=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0 h1:ypSNr+bnYL2YhwoMt2zPxHFmbAN1KZs/njMG3hxUp30=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.25.0/go.mod h1:T+wALwcMOSE0kXgUAnPAHqTLW+XHgcELELW8VaDgm/M=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -809,8 +810,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0 h1:5+9lSbEzPSdWkH32vYPBwEpX8KwDbM52Ud9xBUvNlb0=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0 h1:fEdghXQSo20giMthA7cd28ZC+jts4amQ3YMXiP5oMQ8=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -856,8 +857,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
 golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
 golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.26.0 h1:soB7SVo0PWrY4vPW/+ay0jKDNScG2X9wFeYlXIvJsOQ=
-golang.org/x/net v0.26.0/go.mod h1:5YKkiSynbBIh3p6iOc/vibscux0x38BZDkn8sCUPxHE=
+golang.org/x/net v0.27.0 h1:5K3Njcw06/l2y9vpGCSdcxWOYHOUk3dVNGDXN+FvAys=
+golang.org/x/net v0.27.0/go.mod h1:dDi0PyhWNoiUOrAS8uXv/vnScO4wnHQO4mj9fn/RytE=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -946,16 +947,16 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0 h1:rF+pYz3DAGSQAxAu1CbC7catZg4ebC4UIeIhKxBZvws=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0 h1:RI27ohtqKCnwULzJLqkv897zojh5/DwS/ENaMzUOaWI=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.22.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/term v0.5.0/go.mod h1:jMB1sMXY+tzblOD4FWmEbocvup2/aLOaQEp7JmGp78k=
 golang.org/x/term v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xPskH00ivmX89bAKVGSKKtLOWNx2+17Eiy94tnKShWo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.17.0/go.mod h1:lLRBjIVuehSbZlaOtGMbcMncT+aqLLLmKrsjNrUguwk=
 golang.org/x/term v0.20.0/go.mod h1:8UkIAJTvZgivsXaD6/pH6U9ecQzZ45awqEOzuCvwpFY=
-golang.org/x/term v0.21.0 h1:WVXCp+/EBEHOj53Rvu+7KiT/iElMrO8ACK16SMZ3jaA=
-golang.org/x/term v0.21.0/go.mod h1:ooXLefLobQVslOqselCNF4SxFAaoS6KujMbsGzSDmX0=
+golang.org/x/term v0.22.0 h1:BbsgPEJULsl2fV/AT3v15Mjva5yXKQDyKf+TbDz7QJk=
+golang.org/x/term v0.22.0/go.mod h1:F3qCibpT5AMpCRfhfT53vVJwhLtIVHhB9XDjfFvnMI4=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.1-0.20180807135948-17ff2d5776d2/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -1025,8 +1026,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200825202427-b303f430e36d/go.mod h1:njjCfa9FT2d7l9Bc
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0 h1:gqSGLZqv+AI9lIQzniJ0nZDRG5GBPsSi+DRNHWNz6yA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0 h1:SGsXPZ+2l4JsgaCKkx+FQ9YZ5XEtA1GZYuoDjenLjvg=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0/go.mod h1:pnu6ufv6vQkll6szChhK3C3L/ruaIv5eBeztNG8wtsI=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -1046,8 +1047,8 @@ google.golang.org/api v0.20.0/go.mod h1:BwFmGc8tA3vsd7r/7kR8DY7iEEGSU04BFxCo5jP/
 google.golang.org/api v0.22.0/go.mod h1:BwFmGc8tA3vsd7r/7kR8DY7iEEGSU04BFxCo5jP/sfE=
 google.golang.org/api v0.24.0/go.mod h1:lIXQywCXRcnZPGlsd8NbLnOjtAoL6em04bJ9+z0MncE=
 google.golang.org/api v0.28.0/go.mod h1:lIXQywCXRcnZPGlsd8NbLnOjtAoL6em04bJ9+z0MncE=
-google.golang.org/api v0.183.0 h1:PNMeRDwo1pJdgNcFQ9GstuLe/noWKIc89pRWRLMvLwE=
-google.golang.org/api v0.183.0/go.mod h1:q43adC5/pHoSZTx5h2mSmdF7NcyfW9JuDyIOJAgS9ZQ=
+google.golang.org/api v0.189.0 h1:equMo30LypAkdkLMBqfeIqtyAnlyig1JSZArl4XPwdI=
+google.golang.org/api v0.189.0/go.mod h1:FLWGJKb0hb+pU2j+rJqwbnsF+ym+fQs73rbJ+KAUgy8=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.2.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
@@ -1084,10 +1085,10 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200515170657-fc4c6c6a6587/go.mod h1:YsZOwe1m
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200618031413-b414f8b61790/go.mod h1:jDfRM7FcilCzHH/e9qn6dsT145K34l5v+OpcnNgKAAA=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200825200019-8632dd797987/go.mod h1:FWY/as6DDZQgahTzZj3fqbO1CbirC29ZNUFHwi0/+no=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240528184218-531527333157 h1:7whR9kGa5LUwFtpLm2ArCEejtnxlGeLbAyjFY8sGNFw=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240528184218-531527333157/go.mod h1:99sLkeliLXfdj2J75X3Ho+rrVCaJze0uwN7zDDkjPVU=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240528184218-531527333157 h1:Zy9XzmMEflZ/MAaA7vNcoebnRAld7FsPW1EeBB7V0m8=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240528184218-531527333157/go.mod h1:EfXuqaE1J41VCDicxHzUDm+8rk+7ZdXzHV0IhO/I6s0=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240711142825-46eb208f015d h1:kHjw/5UfflP/L5EbledDrcG4C2597RtymmGRZvHiCuY=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240711142825-46eb208f015d/go.mod h1:mw8MG/Qz5wfgYr6VqVCiZcHe/GJEfI+oGGDCohaVgB0=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240722135656-d784300faade h1:oCRSWfwGXQsqlVdErcyTt4A93Y8fo0/9D4b1gnI++qo=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240722135656-d784300faade/go.mod h1:Ue6ibwXGpU+dqIcODieyLOcgj7z8+IcskoNIgZxtrFY=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.17.0/go.mod h1:6QZJwpn2B+Zp71q/5VxRsJ6NXXVCE5NRUHRo+f3cWCs=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.20.0/go.mod h1:chYK+tFQF0nDUGJgXMSgLCQk3phJEuONr2DCgLDdAQM=
@@ -1106,8 +1107,8 @@ google.golang.org/grpc v1.29.1/go.mod h1:itym6AZVZYACWQqET3MqgPpjcuV5QH3BxFS3Iji
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.31.0/go.mod h1:N36X2cJ7JwdamYAgDz+s+rVMFjt3numwzf/HckM8pak=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.1/go.mod h1:fr5YgcSWrqhRRxogOsw7RzIpsmvOZ6IcH4kBYTpR3n0=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.64.0 h1:KH3VH9y/MgNQg1dE7b3XfVK0GsPSIzJwdF617gUSbvY=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.64.0/go.mod h1:oxjF8E3FBnjp+/gVFYdWacaLDx9na1aqy9oovLpxQYg=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.65.0 h1:bs/cUb4lp1G5iImFFd3u5ixQzweKizoZJAwBNLR42lc=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.65.0/go.mod h1:WgYC2ypjlB0EiQi6wdKixMqukr6lBc0Vo+oOgjrM5ZQ=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200109180630-ec00e32a8dfd/go.mod h1:DFci5gLYBciE7Vtevhsrf46CRTquxDuWsQurQQe4oz8=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200221191635-4d8936d0db64/go.mod h1:kwYJMbMJ01Woi6D6+Kah6886xMZcty6N08ah7+eCXa0=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v0.0.0-20200228230310-ab0ca4ff8a60/go.mod h1:cfTl7dwQJ+fmap5saPgwCLgHXTUD7jkjRqWcaiX5VyM=
@@ -1119,8 +1120,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpAD
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.24.0/go.mod h1:r/3tXBNzIEhYS9I1OUVjXDlt8tc493IdKGjtUeSXeh4=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1 h1:9ddQBjfCyZPOHPUiPxpYESBLc+T8P3E+Vo4IbKZgFWg=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.1/go.mod h1:c6P6GXX6sHbq/GpV6MGZEdwhWPcYBgnhAHhKbcUYpos=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2 h1:6xV6lTsCfpGD21XK49h7MhtcApnLqkfYgPcdHftf6hg=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.34.2/go.mod h1:qYOHts0dSfpeUzUFpOMr/WGzszTmLH+DiWniOlNbLDw=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
diff --git a/model/labels/labels.go b/model/labels/labels.go
index 01514abf3..cd30f4f8f 100644
--- a/model/labels/labels.go
+++ b/model/labels/labels.go
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ func (ls Labels) Bytes(buf []byte) []byte {
 	b.WriteByte(labelSep)
 	for i, l := range ls {
 		if i > 0 {
-			b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
 		}
 		b.WriteString(l.Name)
-		b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+		b.WriteByte(sep)
 		b.WriteString(l.Value)
 	}
 	return b.Bytes()
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ func (ls Labels) Hash() uint64 {
 		}
 
 		b = append(b, v.Name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, v.Value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b)
 }
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ func (ls Labels) HashForLabels(b []byte, names ...string) (uint64, []byte) {
 			i++
 		default:
 			b = append(b, ls[i].Name...)
-			b = append(b, seps[0])
+			b = append(b, sep)
 			b = append(b, ls[i].Value...)
-			b = append(b, seps[0])
+			b = append(b, sep)
 			i++
 			j++
 		}
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@ func (ls Labels) HashWithoutLabels(b []byte, names ...string) (uint64, []byte) {
 			continue
 		}
 		b = append(b, ls[i].Name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, ls[i].Value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b), b
 }
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ func (ls Labels) BytesWithLabels(buf []byte, names ...string) []byte {
 			i++
 		default:
 			if b.Len() > 1 {
-				b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+				b.WriteByte(sep)
 			}
 			b.WriteString(ls[i].Name)
-			b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
 			b.WriteString(ls[i].Value)
 			i++
 			j++
@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ func (ls Labels) BytesWithoutLabels(buf []byte, names ...string) []byte {
 			continue
 		}
 		if b.Len() > 1 {
-			b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
 		}
 		b.WriteString(ls[i].Name)
-		b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+		b.WriteByte(sep)
 		b.WriteString(ls[i].Value)
 	}
 	return b.Bytes()
diff --git a/model/labels/labels_common.go b/model/labels/labels_common.go
index 4bc94f84f..6db86b03c 100644
--- a/model/labels/labels_common.go
+++ b/model/labels/labels_common.go
@@ -29,10 +29,11 @@ const (
 	BucketLabel  = "le"
 	InstanceName = "instance"
 
-	labelSep = '\xfe'
+	labelSep = '\xfe' // Used at beginning of `Bytes` return.
+	sep      = '\xff' // Used between labels in `Bytes` and `Hash`.
 )
 
-var seps = []byte{'\xff'}
+var seps = []byte{sep} // Used with Hash, which has no WriteByte method.
 
 // Label is a key/value pair of strings.
 type Label struct {
diff --git a/model/labels/labels_dedupelabels.go b/model/labels/labels_dedupelabels.go
index 0e5bb048b..da8a88cc1 100644
--- a/model/labels/labels_dedupelabels.go
+++ b/model/labels/labels_dedupelabels.go
@@ -146,13 +146,13 @@ func (ls Labels) Bytes(buf []byte) []byte {
 	b := bytes.NewBuffer(buf[:0])
 	for i := 0; i < len(ls.data); {
 		if i > 0 {
-			b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
 		}
 		var name, value string
 		name, i = decodeString(ls.syms, ls.data, i)
 		value, i = decodeString(ls.syms, ls.data, i)
 		b.WriteString(name)
-		b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+		b.WriteByte(sep)
 		b.WriteString(value)
 	}
 	return b.Bytes()
@@ -201,9 +201,9 @@ func (ls Labels) Hash() uint64 {
 		}
 
 		b = append(b, name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		pos = newPos
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b)
@@ -226,9 +226,9 @@ func (ls Labels) HashForLabels(b []byte, names ...string) (uint64, []byte) {
 		}
 		if name == names[j] {
 			b = append(b, name...)
-			b = append(b, seps[0])
+			b = append(b, sep)
 			b = append(b, value...)
-			b = append(b, seps[0])
+			b = append(b, sep)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -252,9 +252,9 @@ func (ls Labels) HashWithoutLabels(b []byte, names ...string) (uint64, []byte) {
 			continue
 		}
 		b = append(b, name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b), b
 }
@@ -275,10 +275,10 @@ func (ls Labels) BytesWithLabels(buf []byte, names ...string) []byte {
 		}
 		if lName == names[j] {
 			if b.Len() > 1 {
-				b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+				b.WriteByte(sep)
 			}
 			b.WriteString(lName)
-			b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
 			b.WriteString(lValue)
 		}
 		pos = newPos
@@ -299,10 +299,10 @@ func (ls Labels) BytesWithoutLabels(buf []byte, names ...string) []byte {
 		}
 		if j == len(names) || lName != names[j] {
 			if b.Len() > 1 {
-				b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+				b.WriteByte(sep)
 			}
 			b.WriteString(lName)
-			b.WriteByte(seps[0])
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
 			b.WriteString(lValue)
 		}
 		pos = newPos
diff --git a/model/labels/labels_stringlabels.go b/model/labels/labels_stringlabels.go
index bccceb61f..c8bce5123 100644
--- a/model/labels/labels_stringlabels.go
+++ b/model/labels/labels_stringlabels.go
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ func (ls Labels) HashForLabels(b []byte, names ...string) (uint64, []byte) {
 		}
 		if name == names[j] {
 			b = append(b, name...)
-			b = append(b, seps[0])
+			b = append(b, sep)
 			b = append(b, value...)
-			b = append(b, seps[0])
+			b = append(b, sep)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -138,9 +138,9 @@ func (ls Labels) HashWithoutLabels(b []byte, names ...string) (uint64, []byte) {
 			continue
 		}
 		b = append(b, name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b), b
 }
diff --git a/model/labels/sharding.go b/model/labels/sharding.go
index 5e3e89fbb..8b3a36939 100644
--- a/model/labels/sharding.go
+++ b/model/labels/sharding.go
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ func StableHash(ls Labels) uint64 {
 		}
 
 		b = append(b, v.Name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, v.Value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b)
 }
diff --git a/model/labels/sharding_dedupelabels.go b/model/labels/sharding_dedupelabels.go
index 5912724f9..5bf41b05d 100644
--- a/model/labels/sharding_dedupelabels.go
+++ b/model/labels/sharding_dedupelabels.go
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ func StableHash(ls Labels) uint64 {
 		}
 
 		b = append(b, name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		pos = newPos
 	}
 	return xxhash.Sum64(b)
diff --git a/model/labels/sharding_stringlabels.go b/model/labels/sharding_stringlabels.go
index 3ad2027d8..798f268eb 100644
--- a/model/labels/sharding_stringlabels.go
+++ b/model/labels/sharding_stringlabels.go
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ func StableHash(ls Labels) uint64 {
 		}
 
 		b = append(b, v.Name...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 		b = append(b, v.Value...)
-		b = append(b, seps[0])
+		b = append(b, sep)
 	}
 	if h != nil {
 		return h.Sum64()
diff --git a/model/relabel/relabel.go b/model/relabel/relabel.go
index 4f33edda4..a88046596 100644
--- a/model/relabel/relabel.go
+++ b/model/relabel/relabel.go
@@ -213,6 +213,10 @@ func (re Regexp) IsZero() bool {
 
 // String returns the original string used to compile the regular expression.
 func (re Regexp) String() string {
+	if re.Regexp == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
 	str := re.Regexp.String()
 	// Trim the anchor `^(?:` prefix and `)$` suffix.
 	return str[4 : len(str)-2]
diff --git a/model/relabel/relabel_test.go b/model/relabel/relabel_test.go
index 0f11f7068..fc9952134 100644
--- a/model/relabel/relabel_test.go
+++ b/model/relabel/relabel_test.go
@@ -900,3 +900,16 @@ action: replace
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRegexp_ShouldMarshalAndUnmarshalZeroValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var zero Regexp
+
+	marshalled, err := yaml.Marshal(&zero)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "null\n", string(marshalled))
+
+	var unmarshalled Regexp
+	err = yaml.Unmarshal(marshalled, &unmarshalled)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, unmarshalled.Regexp)
+}
diff --git a/promql/engine_test.go b/promql/engine_test.go
index 99f3fc5bd..8e618d435 100644
--- a/promql/engine_test.go
+++ b/promql/engine_test.go
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.uber.org/goleak"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ const (
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	// Enable experimental functions testing
 	parser.EnableExperimentalFunctions = true
-	goleak.VerifyTestMain(m)
+	testutil.TolerantVerifyLeak(m)
 }
 
 func TestQueryConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
@@ -238,11 +237,11 @@ func (q *errQuerier) Select(context.Context, bool, *storage.SelectHints, ...*lab
 	return errSeriesSet{err: q.err}
 }
 
-func (*errQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (*errQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
-func (*errQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (*errQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 func (*errQuerier) Close() error { return nil }
diff --git a/promql/histogram_stats_iterator.go b/promql/histogram_stats_iterator.go
index dfafea5f8..459d5924a 100644
--- a/promql/histogram_stats_iterator.go
+++ b/promql/histogram_stats_iterator.go
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ func (f *histogramStatsIterator) AtHistogram(h *histogram.Histogram) (int64, *hi
 	var t int64
 	t, f.currentH = f.Iterator.AtHistogram(f.currentH)
 	if value.IsStaleNaN(f.currentH.Sum) {
-		f.setLastH(f.currentH)
 		h = &histogram.Histogram{Sum: f.currentH.Sum}
 		return t, h
 	}
@@ -63,9 +62,13 @@ func (f *histogramStatsIterator) AtHistogram(h *histogram.Histogram) (int64, *hi
 		return t, h
 	}
 
-	h.CounterResetHint = f.getResetHint(f.currentH)
-	h.Count = f.currentH.Count
-	h.Sum = f.currentH.Sum
+	returnValue := histogram.Histogram{
+		CounterResetHint: f.getResetHint(f.currentH),
+		Count:            f.currentH.Count,
+		Sum:              f.currentH.Sum,
+	}
+	returnValue.CopyTo(h)
+
 	f.setLastH(f.currentH)
 	return t, h
 }
@@ -77,7 +80,6 @@ func (f *histogramStatsIterator) AtFloatHistogram(fh *histogram.FloatHistogram)
 	var t int64
 	t, f.currentFH = f.Iterator.AtFloatHistogram(f.currentFH)
 	if value.IsStaleNaN(f.currentFH.Sum) {
-		f.setLastFH(f.currentFH)
 		return t, &histogram.FloatHistogram{Sum: f.currentFH.Sum}
 	}
 
@@ -91,9 +93,13 @@ func (f *histogramStatsIterator) AtFloatHistogram(fh *histogram.FloatHistogram)
 		return t, fh
 	}
 
-	fh.CounterResetHint = f.getFloatResetHint(f.currentFH.CounterResetHint)
-	fh.Count = f.currentFH.Count
-	fh.Sum = f.currentFH.Sum
+	returnValue := histogram.FloatHistogram{
+		CounterResetHint: f.getFloatResetHint(f.currentFH.CounterResetHint),
+		Count:            f.currentFH.Count,
+		Sum:              f.currentFH.Sum,
+	}
+	returnValue.CopyTo(fh)
+
 	f.setLastFH(f.currentFH)
 	return t, fh
 }
diff --git a/promql/histogram_stats_iterator_test.go b/promql/histogram_stats_iterator_test.go
index b71a9d602..7a2953d3e 100644
--- a/promql/histogram_stats_iterator_test.go
+++ b/promql/histogram_stats_iterator_test.go
@@ -14,62 +14,132 @@
 package promql
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/histogram"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/value"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/tsdbutil"
 )
 
 func TestHistogramStatsDecoding(t *testing.T) {
-	histograms := []*histogram.Histogram{
-		tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogram(0),
-		tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogram(1),
-		tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogram(2),
-		tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogram(2),
-	}
-	histograms[0].CounterResetHint = histogram.NotCounterReset
-	histograms[1].CounterResetHint = histogram.UnknownCounterReset
-	histograms[2].CounterResetHint = histogram.CounterReset
-	histograms[3].CounterResetHint = histogram.UnknownCounterReset
-
-	expectedHints := []histogram.CounterResetHint{
-		histogram.NotCounterReset,
-		histogram.NotCounterReset,
-		histogram.CounterReset,
-		histogram.NotCounterReset,
+	cases := []struct {
+		name          string
+		histograms    []*histogram.Histogram
+		expectedHints []histogram.CounterResetHint
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "unknown counter reset triggers detection",
+			histograms: []*histogram.Histogram{
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(0, histogram.NotCounterReset),
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(1, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(2, histogram.CounterReset),
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(2, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+			},
+			expectedHints: []histogram.CounterResetHint{
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+				histogram.CounterReset,
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "stale sample before unknown reset hint",
+			histograms: []*histogram.Histogram{
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(0, histogram.NotCounterReset),
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(1, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+				{Sum: math.Float64frombits(value.StaleNaN)},
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(1, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+			},
+			expectedHints: []histogram.CounterResetHint{
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+				histogram.UnknownCounterReset,
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unknown counter reset at the beginning",
+			histograms: []*histogram.Histogram{
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(1, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+			},
+			expectedHints: []histogram.CounterResetHint{
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "detect real counter reset",
+			histograms: []*histogram.Histogram{
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(2, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(1, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+			},
+			expectedHints: []histogram.CounterResetHint{
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+				histogram.CounterReset,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "detect real counter reset after stale NaN",
+			histograms: []*histogram.Histogram{
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(2, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+				{Sum: math.Float64frombits(value.StaleNaN)},
+				tsdbutil.GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(1, histogram.UnknownCounterReset),
+			},
+			expectedHints: []histogram.CounterResetHint{
+				histogram.NotCounterReset,
+				histogram.UnknownCounterReset,
+				histogram.CounterReset,
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
-	t.Run("histogram_stats", func(t *testing.T) {
-		decodedStats := make([]*histogram.Histogram, 0)
-		statsIterator := NewHistogramStatsIterator(newHistogramSeries(histograms).Iterator(nil))
-		for statsIterator.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
-			_, h := statsIterator.AtHistogram(nil)
-			decodedStats = append(decodedStats, h)
-		}
-		for i := 0; i < len(histograms); i++ {
-			require.Equal(t, expectedHints[i], decodedStats[i].CounterResetHint)
-			require.Equal(t, histograms[i].Count, decodedStats[i].Count)
-			require.Equal(t, histograms[i].Sum, decodedStats[i].Sum)
-		}
-	})
-	t.Run("float_histogram_stats", func(t *testing.T) {
-		decodedStats := make([]*histogram.FloatHistogram, 0)
-		statsIterator := NewHistogramStatsIterator(newHistogramSeries(histograms).Iterator(nil))
-		for statsIterator.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
-			_, h := statsIterator.AtFloatHistogram(nil)
-			decodedStats = append(decodedStats, h)
-		}
-		for i := 0; i < len(histograms); i++ {
-			fh := histograms[i].ToFloat(nil)
-			require.Equal(t, expectedHints[i], decodedStats[i].CounterResetHint)
-			require.Equal(t, fh.Count, decodedStats[i].Count)
-			require.Equal(t, fh.Sum, decodedStats[i].Sum)
-		}
-	})
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Run("histogram_stats", func(t *testing.T) {
+				decodedStats := make([]*histogram.Histogram, 0)
+				statsIterator := NewHistogramStatsIterator(newHistogramSeries(tc.histograms).Iterator(nil))
+				for statsIterator.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
+					_, h := statsIterator.AtHistogram(nil)
+					decodedStats = append(decodedStats, h)
+				}
+				for i := 0; i < len(tc.histograms); i++ {
+					require.Equal(t, tc.expectedHints[i], decodedStats[i].CounterResetHint, fmt.Sprintf("mismatch in counter reset hint for histogram %d", i))
+					h := tc.histograms[i]
+					if value.IsStaleNaN(h.Sum) {
+						require.True(t, value.IsStaleNaN(decodedStats[i].Sum))
+						require.Equal(t, uint64(0), decodedStats[i].Count)
+					} else {
+						require.Equal(t, tc.histograms[i].Count, decodedStats[i].Count)
+						require.Equal(t, tc.histograms[i].Sum, decodedStats[i].Sum)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+			t.Run("float_histogram_stats", func(t *testing.T) {
+				decodedStats := make([]*histogram.FloatHistogram, 0)
+				statsIterator := NewHistogramStatsIterator(newHistogramSeries(tc.histograms).Iterator(nil))
+				for statsIterator.Next() != chunkenc.ValNone {
+					_, h := statsIterator.AtFloatHistogram(nil)
+					decodedStats = append(decodedStats, h)
+				}
+				for i := 0; i < len(tc.histograms); i++ {
+					require.Equal(t, tc.expectedHints[i], decodedStats[i].CounterResetHint)
+					fh := tc.histograms[i].ToFloat(nil)
+					if value.IsStaleNaN(fh.Sum) {
+						require.True(t, value.IsStaleNaN(decodedStats[i].Sum))
+						require.Equal(t, float64(0), decodedStats[i].Count)
+					} else {
+						require.Equal(t, fh.Count, decodedStats[i].Count)
+						require.Equal(t, fh.Sum, decodedStats[i].Sum)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
 }
 
 type histogramSeries struct {
diff --git a/promql/parser/generated_parser.y b/promql/parser/generated_parser.y
index d84acc37c..b8e6aa373 100644
--- a/promql/parser/generated_parser.y
+++ b/promql/parser/generated_parser.y
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ import (
     int         int64
     uint        uint64
     float       float64
-    duration    time.Duration
 }
 
 
@@ -85,6 +84,7 @@ NEGATIVE_BUCKETS_DESC
 ZERO_BUCKET_DESC
 ZERO_BUCKET_WIDTH_DESC
 CUSTOM_VALUES_DESC
+COUNTER_RESET_HINT_DESC
 %token histogramDescEnd
 
 // Operators.
@@ -150,6 +150,14 @@ START
 END
 %token preprocessorEnd
 
+// Counter reset hints.
+%token counterResetHintsStart
+%token <item>
+UNKNOWN_COUNTER_RESET
+COUNTER_RESET
+NOT_COUNTER_RESET
+GAUGE_TYPE
+%token counterResetHintsEnd
 
 // Start symbols for the generated parser.
 %token	startSymbolsStart
@@ -164,7 +172,7 @@ START_METRIC_SELECTOR
 // Type definitions for grammar rules.
 %type <matchers> label_match_list
 %type <matcher> label_matcher
-%type <item> aggregate_op grouping_label match_op maybe_label metric_identifier unary_op at_modifier_preprocessors string_identifier
+%type <item> aggregate_op grouping_label match_op maybe_label metric_identifier unary_op at_modifier_preprocessors string_identifier counter_reset_hint
 %type <labels> label_set metric
 %type <lblList> label_set_list
 %type <label> label_set_item
@@ -176,8 +184,7 @@ START_METRIC_SELECTOR
 %type <int> int
 %type <uint> uint
 %type <float> number series_value signed_number signed_or_unsigned_number
-%type <node> step_invariant_expr aggregate_expr aggregate_modifier bin_modifier binary_expr bool_modifier expr function_call function_call_args function_call_body group_modifiers label_matchers matrix_selector number_literal offset_expr on_or_ignoring paren_expr string_literal subquery_expr unary_expr vector_selector
-%type <duration> duration maybe_duration
+%type <node> step_invariant_expr aggregate_expr aggregate_modifier bin_modifier binary_expr bool_modifier expr function_call function_call_args function_call_body group_modifiers label_matchers matrix_selector number_duration_literal offset_expr on_or_ignoring paren_expr string_literal subquery_expr unary_expr vector_selector
 
 %start start
 
@@ -218,7 +225,7 @@ expr            :
                 | binary_expr
                 | function_call
                 | matrix_selector
-                | number_literal
+                | number_duration_literal
                 | offset_expr
                 | paren_expr
                 | string_literal
@@ -415,18 +422,22 @@ paren_expr      : LEFT_PAREN expr RIGHT_PAREN
  * Offset modifiers.
  */
 
-offset_expr: expr OFFSET duration
+offset_expr: expr OFFSET number_duration_literal
                         {
-                        yylex.(*parser).addOffset($1, $3)
-                        $$ = $1
+  		            numLit, _ := $3.(*NumberLiteral)
+      		            dur := time.Duration(numLit.Val * 1000) * time.Millisecond
+                 	    yylex.(*parser).addOffset($1, dur)
+                            $$ = $1
                         }
-                | expr OFFSET SUB duration
+                | expr OFFSET SUB number_duration_literal
                         {
-                        yylex.(*parser).addOffset($1, -$4)
-                        $$ = $1
+			    numLit, _ := $4.(*NumberLiteral)
+		            dur := time.Duration(numLit.Val * 1000) * time.Millisecond
+			    yylex.(*parser).addOffset($1, -dur)
+                            $$ = $1
                         }
                 | expr OFFSET error
-                        { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("offset", "duration"); $$ = $1 }
+                        { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("offset", "number or duration"); $$ = $1 }
                 ;
 /*
  * @ modifiers.
@@ -452,7 +463,7 @@ at_modifier_preprocessors: START | END;
  * Subquery and range selectors.
  */
 
-matrix_selector : expr LEFT_BRACKET duration RIGHT_BRACKET
+matrix_selector : expr LEFT_BRACKET number_duration_literal RIGHT_BRACKET
                         {
                         var errMsg string
                         vs, ok := $1.(*VectorSelector)
@@ -469,32 +480,44 @@ matrix_selector : expr LEFT_BRACKET duration RIGHT_BRACKET
                                 yylex.(*parser).addParseErrf(errRange, errMsg)
                         }
 
+			numLit, _ := $3.(*NumberLiteral)
                         $$ = &MatrixSelector{
                                 VectorSelector: $1.(Expr),
-                                Range: $3,
+                                Range: time.Duration(numLit.Val * 1000) * time.Millisecond,
                                 EndPos: yylex.(*parser).lastClosing,
                         }
                         }
                 ;
 
-subquery_expr   : expr LEFT_BRACKET duration COLON maybe_duration RIGHT_BRACKET
+subquery_expr   : expr LEFT_BRACKET number_duration_literal COLON number_duration_literal RIGHT_BRACKET
                         {
+			numLitRange, _ := $3.(*NumberLiteral)
+			numLitStep, _ := $5.(*NumberLiteral)
                         $$ = &SubqueryExpr{
                                 Expr:  $1.(Expr),
-                                Range: $3,
-                                Step:  $5,
-
+                                Range: time.Duration(numLitRange.Val * 1000) * time.Millisecond,
+                                Step:  time.Duration(numLitStep.Val * 1000) * time.Millisecond,
                                 EndPos: $6.Pos + 1,
                         }
                         }
-                | expr LEFT_BRACKET duration COLON duration error
+                | expr LEFT_BRACKET number_duration_literal COLON RIGHT_BRACKET
+		        {
+		          numLitRange, _ := $3.(*NumberLiteral)
+		          $$ = &SubqueryExpr{
+		          Expr:  $1.(Expr),
+		          Range: time.Duration(numLitRange.Val * 1000) * time.Millisecond,
+		          Step:  0,
+		          EndPos: $5.Pos + 1,
+		          }
+		        }
+                | expr LEFT_BRACKET number_duration_literal COLON number_duration_literal error
                         { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "\"]\""); $$ = $1 }
-                | expr LEFT_BRACKET duration COLON error
-                        { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "duration or \"]\""); $$ = $1 }
-                | expr LEFT_BRACKET duration error
+                | expr LEFT_BRACKET number_duration_literal COLON error
+                        { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "number or duration or \"]\""); $$ = $1 }
+                | expr LEFT_BRACKET number_duration_literal error
                         { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery or range", "\":\" or \"]\""); $$ = $1 }
                 | expr LEFT_BRACKET error
-                        { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "duration"); $$ = $1 }
+		        { yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "number or duration"); $$ = $1 }
                 ;
 
 /*
@@ -825,6 +848,11 @@ histogram_desc_item
                    $$ = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
                    $$["n_offset"] = $3
                 }
+                | COUNTER_RESET_HINT_DESC COLON counter_reset_hint
+                {
+                   $$ = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
+                   $$["counter_reset_hint"] = $3
+                }
                 ;
 
 bucket_set      : LEFT_BRACKET bucket_set_list SPACE RIGHT_BRACKET
@@ -848,6 +876,7 @@ bucket_set_list : bucket_set_list SPACE number
                 | bucket_set_list error
                 ;
 
+counter_reset_hint : UNKNOWN_COUNTER_RESET | COUNTER_RESET | NOT_COUNTER_RESET | GAUGE_TYPE;
 
 /*
  * Keyword lists.
@@ -866,16 +895,43 @@ match_op        : EQL | NEQ | EQL_REGEX | NEQ_REGEX ;
  * Literals.
  */
 
-number_literal  : NUMBER
+number_duration_literal  : NUMBER
                         {
-                        $$ = &NumberLiteral{
+                            $$ = &NumberLiteral{
                                 Val:           yylex.(*parser).number($1.Val),
                                 PosRange: $1.PositionRange(),
+                            }
                         }
+                        | DURATION
+			{
+                            var err error
+                            var dur time.Duration
+                            dur, err = parseDuration($1.Val)
+                            if err != nil {
+                                    yylex.(*parser).addParseErr($1.PositionRange(), err)
+                            }
+                            $$ = &NumberLiteral{
+			            Val:      dur.Seconds(),
+			            PosRange: $1.PositionRange(),
+                            }
                         }
                 ;
 
-number          : NUMBER { $$ = yylex.(*parser).number($1.Val) } ;
+number          : NUMBER
+                {
+		  $$ = yylex.(*parser).number($1.Val)
+		}
+                | DURATION
+		{
+		  var err error
+		  var dur time.Duration
+		  dur, err = parseDuration($1.Val)
+		  if err != nil {
+		      yylex.(*parser).addParseErr($1.PositionRange(), err)
+		  }
+		  $$ = dur.Seconds()
+		}
+                ;
 
 signed_number   : ADD number { $$ = $2 }
                 | SUB number { $$ = -$2 }
@@ -897,17 +953,6 @@ int             : SUB uint { $$ = -int64($2) }
                 | uint { $$ = int64($1) }
                 ;
 
-duration        : DURATION
-                        {
-                        var err error
-                        $$, err = parseDuration($1.Val)
-                        if err != nil {
-                                yylex.(*parser).addParseErr($1.PositionRange(), err)
-                        }
-                        }
-                ;
-
-
 string_literal  : STRING
                         {
                         $$ = &StringLiteral{
@@ -931,11 +976,6 @@ string_identifier  : STRING
  * Wrappers for optional arguments.
  */
 
-maybe_duration  : /* empty */
-                        {$$ = 0}
-                | duration
-                ;
-
 maybe_grouping_labels: /* empty */ { $$ = nil }
                 | grouping_labels
                 ;
diff --git a/promql/parser/generated_parser.y.go b/promql/parser/generated_parser.y.go
index 07899c0a0..62786052e 100644
--- a/promql/parser/generated_parser.y.go
+++ b/promql/parser/generated_parser.y.go
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ type yySymType struct {
 	int         int64
 	uint        uint64
 	float       float64
-	duration    time.Duration
 }
 
 const EQL = 57346
@@ -68,64 +67,71 @@ const NEGATIVE_BUCKETS_DESC = 57376
 const ZERO_BUCKET_DESC = 57377
 const ZERO_BUCKET_WIDTH_DESC = 57378
 const CUSTOM_VALUES_DESC = 57379
-const histogramDescEnd = 57380
-const operatorsStart = 57381
-const ADD = 57382
-const DIV = 57383
-const EQLC = 57384
-const EQL_REGEX = 57385
-const GTE = 57386
-const GTR = 57387
-const LAND = 57388
-const LOR = 57389
-const LSS = 57390
-const LTE = 57391
-const LUNLESS = 57392
-const MOD = 57393
-const MUL = 57394
-const NEQ = 57395
-const NEQ_REGEX = 57396
-const POW = 57397
-const SUB = 57398
-const AT = 57399
-const ATAN2 = 57400
-const operatorsEnd = 57401
-const aggregatorsStart = 57402
-const AVG = 57403
-const BOTTOMK = 57404
-const COUNT = 57405
-const COUNT_VALUES = 57406
-const GROUP = 57407
-const MAX = 57408
-const MIN = 57409
-const QUANTILE = 57410
-const STDDEV = 57411
-const STDVAR = 57412
-const SUM = 57413
-const TOPK = 57414
-const LIMITK = 57415
-const LIMIT_RATIO = 57416
-const aggregatorsEnd = 57417
-const keywordsStart = 57418
-const BOOL = 57419
-const BY = 57420
-const GROUP_LEFT = 57421
-const GROUP_RIGHT = 57422
-const IGNORING = 57423
-const OFFSET = 57424
-const ON = 57425
-const WITHOUT = 57426
-const keywordsEnd = 57427
-const preprocessorStart = 57428
-const START = 57429
-const END = 57430
-const preprocessorEnd = 57431
-const startSymbolsStart = 57432
-const START_METRIC = 57433
-const START_SERIES_DESCRIPTION = 57434
-const START_EXPRESSION = 57435
-const START_METRIC_SELECTOR = 57436
-const startSymbolsEnd = 57437
+const COUNTER_RESET_HINT_DESC = 57380
+const histogramDescEnd = 57381
+const operatorsStart = 57382
+const ADD = 57383
+const DIV = 57384
+const EQLC = 57385
+const EQL_REGEX = 57386
+const GTE = 57387
+const GTR = 57388
+const LAND = 57389
+const LOR = 57390
+const LSS = 57391
+const LTE = 57392
+const LUNLESS = 57393
+const MOD = 57394
+const MUL = 57395
+const NEQ = 57396
+const NEQ_REGEX = 57397
+const POW = 57398
+const SUB = 57399
+const AT = 57400
+const ATAN2 = 57401
+const operatorsEnd = 57402
+const aggregatorsStart = 57403
+const AVG = 57404
+const BOTTOMK = 57405
+const COUNT = 57406
+const COUNT_VALUES = 57407
+const GROUP = 57408
+const MAX = 57409
+const MIN = 57410
+const QUANTILE = 57411
+const STDDEV = 57412
+const STDVAR = 57413
+const SUM = 57414
+const TOPK = 57415
+const LIMITK = 57416
+const LIMIT_RATIO = 57417
+const aggregatorsEnd = 57418
+const keywordsStart = 57419
+const BOOL = 57420
+const BY = 57421
+const GROUP_LEFT = 57422
+const GROUP_RIGHT = 57423
+const IGNORING = 57424
+const OFFSET = 57425
+const ON = 57426
+const WITHOUT = 57427
+const keywordsEnd = 57428
+const preprocessorStart = 57429
+const START = 57430
+const END = 57431
+const preprocessorEnd = 57432
+const counterResetHintsStart = 57433
+const UNKNOWN_COUNTER_RESET = 57434
+const COUNTER_RESET = 57435
+const NOT_COUNTER_RESET = 57436
+const GAUGE_TYPE = 57437
+const counterResetHintsEnd = 57438
+const startSymbolsStart = 57439
+const START_METRIC = 57440
+const START_SERIES_DESCRIPTION = 57441
+const START_EXPRESSION = 57442
+const START_METRIC_SELECTOR = 57443
+const startSymbolsEnd = 57444
 
 var yyToknames = [...]string{
 	"$end",
@@ -165,6 +171,7 @@ var yyToknames = [...]string{
 	"ZERO_BUCKET_DESC",
 	"ZERO_BUCKET_WIDTH_DESC",
 	"CUSTOM_VALUES_DESC",
+	"COUNTER_RESET_HINT_DESC",
 	"histogramDescEnd",
 	"operatorsStart",
 	"ADD",
@@ -217,6 +224,12 @@ var yyToknames = [...]string{
 	"START",
 	"END",
 	"preprocessorEnd",
+	"counterResetHintsStart",
+	"UNKNOWN_COUNTER_RESET",
+	"COUNTER_RESET",
+	"NOT_COUNTER_RESET",
+	"GAUGE_TYPE",
+	"counterResetHintsEnd",
 	"startSymbolsStart",
 	"START_METRIC",
 	"START_SERIES_DESCRIPTION",
@@ -236,324 +249,318 @@ var yyExca = [...]int16{
 	1, -1,
 	-2, 0,
 	-1, 37,
-	1, 136,
-	10, 136,
-	24, 136,
+	1, 137,
+	10, 137,
+	24, 137,
 	-2, 0,
-	-1, 60,
-	2, 174,
-	15, 174,
-	78, 174,
-	84, 174,
-	-2, 100,
 	-1, 61,
-	2, 175,
-	15, 175,
-	78, 175,
-	84, 175,
-	-2, 101,
-	-1, 62,
-	2, 176,
-	15, 176,
-	78, 176,
-	84, 176,
-	-2, 103,
-	-1, 63,
-	2, 177,
-	15, 177,
-	78, 177,
-	84, 177,
-	-2, 104,
-	-1, 64,
-	2, 178,
-	15, 178,
-	78, 178,
-	84, 178,
-	-2, 105,
-	-1, 65,
-	2, 179,
-	15, 179,
-	78, 179,
-	84, 179,
-	-2, 110,
-	-1, 66,
 	2, 180,
 	15, 180,
-	78, 180,
-	84, 180,
-	-2, 112,
-	-1, 67,
+	79, 180,
+	85, 180,
+	-2, 101,
+	-1, 62,
 	2, 181,
 	15, 181,
-	78, 181,
-	84, 181,
-	-2, 114,
-	-1, 68,
+	79, 181,
+	85, 181,
+	-2, 102,
+	-1, 63,
 	2, 182,
 	15, 182,
-	78, 182,
-	84, 182,
-	-2, 115,
-	-1, 69,
+	79, 182,
+	85, 182,
+	-2, 104,
+	-1, 64,
 	2, 183,
 	15, 183,
-	78, 183,
-	84, 183,
-	-2, 116,
-	-1, 70,
+	79, 183,
+	85, 183,
+	-2, 105,
+	-1, 65,
 	2, 184,
 	15, 184,
-	78, 184,
-	84, 184,
-	-2, 117,
-	-1, 71,
+	79, 184,
+	85, 184,
+	-2, 106,
+	-1, 66,
 	2, 185,
 	15, 185,
-	78, 185,
-	84, 185,
-	-2, 118,
-	-1, 72,
+	79, 185,
+	85, 185,
+	-2, 111,
+	-1, 67,
 	2, 186,
 	15, 186,
-	78, 186,
-	84, 186,
-	-2, 122,
-	-1, 73,
+	79, 186,
+	85, 186,
+	-2, 113,
+	-1, 68,
 	2, 187,
 	15, 187,
-	78, 187,
-	84, 187,
+	79, 187,
+	85, 187,
+	-2, 115,
+	-1, 69,
+	2, 188,
+	15, 188,
+	79, 188,
+	85, 188,
+	-2, 116,
+	-1, 70,
+	2, 189,
+	15, 189,
+	79, 189,
+	85, 189,
+	-2, 117,
+	-1, 71,
+	2, 190,
+	15, 190,
+	79, 190,
+	85, 190,
+	-2, 118,
+	-1, 72,
+	2, 191,
+	15, 191,
+	79, 191,
+	85, 191,
+	-2, 119,
+	-1, 73,
+	2, 192,
+	15, 192,
+	79, 192,
+	85, 192,
 	-2, 123,
-	-1, 199,
-	12, 237,
-	13, 237,
-	18, 237,
-	19, 237,
-	25, 237,
-	40, 237,
-	46, 237,
-	47, 237,
-	50, 237,
-	56, 237,
-	61, 237,
-	62, 237,
-	63, 237,
-	64, 237,
-	65, 237,
-	66, 237,
-	67, 237,
-	68, 237,
-	69, 237,
-	70, 237,
-	71, 237,
-	72, 237,
-	73, 237,
-	74, 237,
-	78, 237,
-	82, 237,
-	84, 237,
-	87, 237,
-	88, 237,
-	-2, 0,
+	-1, 74,
+	2, 193,
+	15, 193,
+	79, 193,
+	85, 193,
+	-2, 124,
 	-1, 200,
-	12, 237,
-	13, 237,
-	18, 237,
-	19, 237,
-	25, 237,
-	40, 237,
-	46, 237,
-	47, 237,
-	50, 237,
-	56, 237,
-	61, 237,
-	62, 237,
-	63, 237,
-	64, 237,
-	65, 237,
-	66, 237,
-	67, 237,
-	68, 237,
-	69, 237,
-	70, 237,
-	71, 237,
-	72, 237,
-	73, 237,
-	74, 237,
-	78, 237,
-	82, 237,
-	84, 237,
-	87, 237,
-	88, 237,
+	9, 242,
+	12, 242,
+	13, 242,
+	18, 242,
+	19, 242,
+	25, 242,
+	41, 242,
+	47, 242,
+	48, 242,
+	51, 242,
+	57, 242,
+	62, 242,
+	63, 242,
+	64, 242,
+	65, 242,
+	66, 242,
+	67, 242,
+	68, 242,
+	69, 242,
+	70, 242,
+	71, 242,
+	72, 242,
+	73, 242,
+	74, 242,
+	75, 242,
+	79, 242,
+	83, 242,
+	85, 242,
+	88, 242,
+	89, 242,
 	-2, 0,
-	-1, 221,
-	21, 235,
-	-2, 0,
-	-1, 292,
-	21, 236,
+	-1, 201,
+	9, 242,
+	12, 242,
+	13, 242,
+	18, 242,
+	19, 242,
+	25, 242,
+	41, 242,
+	47, 242,
+	48, 242,
+	51, 242,
+	57, 242,
+	62, 242,
+	63, 242,
+	64, 242,
+	65, 242,
+	66, 242,
+	67, 242,
+	68, 242,
+	69, 242,
+	70, 242,
+	71, 242,
+	72, 242,
+	73, 242,
+	74, 242,
+	75, 242,
+	79, 242,
+	83, 242,
+	85, 242,
+	88, 242,
+	89, 242,
 	-2, 0,
 }
 
 const yyPrivate = 57344
 
-const yyLast = 793
+const yyLast = 763
 
 var yyAct = [...]int16{
-	155, 330, 328, 274, 335, 152, 225, 39, 191, 148,
-	288, 287, 156, 117, 81, 177, 227, 106, 105, 6,
-	154, 108, 107, 197, 132, 198, 237, 109, 199, 200,
-	159, 59, 243, 325, 324, 110, 321, 159, 189, 268,
-	348, 301, 265, 127, 159, 192, 349, 264, 290, 195,
-	176, 160, 159, 269, 308, 175, 319, 195, 160, 347,
-	239, 240, 346, 112, 241, 113, 299, 161, 174, 270,
-	263, 111, 254, 160, 161, 228, 230, 232, 233, 234,
-	242, 244, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 255, 256, 161,
-	114, 229, 231, 235, 236, 238, 245, 246, 108, 266,
-	258, 252, 253, 329, 109, 157, 158, 159, 2, 3,
-	4, 5, 307, 160, 162, 257, 262, 299, 172, 166,
-	169, 217, 104, 164, 110, 165, 150, 306, 193, 161,
-	178, 104, 179, 151, 305, 183, 196, 179, 185, 261,
-	194, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
-	210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 128, 227, 88, 216,
-	120, 218, 219, 100, 336, 103, 168, 237, 97, 98,
-	118, 181, 100, 243, 103, 87, 181, 224, 259, 167,
-	149, 180, 182, 121, 187, 76, 180, 182, 120, 260,
-	102, 35, 124, 7, 10, 296, 151, 123, 118, 102,
-	295, 239, 240, 267, 78, 241, 116, 186, 285, 286,
-	122, 121, 289, 254, 318, 294, 228, 230, 232, 233,
-	234, 242, 244, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 255, 256,
-	317, 292, 229, 231, 235, 236, 238, 245, 246, 316,
-	315, 314, 252, 253, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
-	139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 313,
-	312, 311, 310, 309, 320, 293, 297, 298, 300, 273,
-	302, 222, 151, 8, 85, 221, 272, 37, 303, 304,
-	276, 277, 275, 282, 284, 281, 283, 278, 279, 280,
-	220, 163, 126, 50, 125, 36, 1, 291, 151, 77,
-	83, 49, 322, 323, 48, 83, 47, 104, 46, 327,
-	82, 131, 332, 333, 334, 82, 331, 45, 184, 338,
-	337, 340, 339, 80, 44, 43, 341, 342, 129, 53,
-	76, 343, 55, 86, 88, 22, 54, 345, 170, 171,
-	42, 130, 56, 41, 97, 98, 40, 350, 100, 101,
-	103, 87, 58, 51, 190, 9, 9, 74, 344, 271,
-	84, 188, 223, 18, 19, 79, 119, 20, 153, 57,
-	226, 52, 115, 75, 0, 102, 0, 0, 60, 61,
-	62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
-	72, 73, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 24,
-	0, 30, 0, 0, 31, 32, 38, 0, 53, 76,
-	0, 55, 326, 0, 22, 54, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 56, 0, 276, 277, 275, 282, 284, 281, 283,
-	278, 279, 280, 0, 0, 0, 74, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 18, 19, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 75, 0, 0, 0, 0, 60, 61, 62,
-	63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
-	73, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0,
-	30, 0, 0, 31, 32, 53, 76, 0, 55, 0,
-	0, 22, 54, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 56, 0,
+	155, 333, 331, 275, 338, 152, 226, 39, 192, 44,
+	290, 289, 156, 118, 82, 178, 106, 55, 109, 105,
+	53, 77, 133, 56, 110, 108, 22, 54, 356, 6,
+	172, 107, 60, 57, 345, 346, 347, 348, 111, 198,
+	328, 199, 200, 201, 327, 154, 303, 355, 266, 75,
+	354, 151, 160, 128, 259, 18, 19, 160, 55, 20,
+	301, 101, 159, 104, 113, 76, 114, 159, 54, 258,
+	61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
+	71, 72, 73, 74, 161, 112, 269, 13, 103, 161,
+	292, 24, 115, 30, 309, 265, 31, 32, 332, 267,
+	162, 270, 109, 223, 323, 162, 150, 222, 110, 308,
+	301, 263, 310, 149, 161, 163, 307, 271, 264, 173,
+	167, 170, 221, 322, 166, 2, 3, 4, 5, 194,
+	162, 157, 158, 179, 262, 180, 184, 197, 165, 186,
+	196, 195, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
+	210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 129, 188, 121,
+	217, 121, 219, 220, 55, 38, 218, 53, 77, 119,
+	56, 119, 339, 22, 54, 182, 169, 260, 298, 117,
+	57, 187, 122, 297, 122, 181, 183, 160, 295, 168,
+	261, 180, 111, 77, 164, 55, 75, 159, 296, 357,
+	7, 55, 18, 19, 268, 54, 20, 294, 35, 287,
+	288, 54, 76, 291, 321, 320, 319, 61, 62, 63,
+	64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,
+	74, 182, 293, 318, 13, 160, 317, 316, 24, 315,
+	30, 181, 183, 31, 32, 159, 134, 135, 136, 137,
+	138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147,
+	148, 314, 313, 55, 105, 84, 84, 299, 300, 302,
+	86, 304, 177, 54, 190, 83, 83, 176, 160, 305,
+	306, 193, 125, 185, 81, 196, 10, 124, 159, 312,
+	175, 311, 89, 50, 8, 36, 79, 228, 37, 78,
+	123, 1, 98, 99, 325, 326, 101, 238, 104, 88,
+	161, 330, 49, 244, 335, 336, 337, 324, 334, 48,
+	47, 341, 340, 343, 342, 127, 162, 126, 59, 349,
+	350, 9, 9, 103, 351, 46, 132, 45, 43, 130,
+	353, 171, 240, 241, 42, 131, 242, 41, 40, 51,
+	191, 352, 272, 85, 255, 358, 189, 229, 231, 233,
+	234, 235, 243, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 256,
+	257, 224, 80, 230, 232, 236, 237, 239, 246, 247,
+	344, 120, 55, 253, 254, 53, 77, 153, 56, 274,
+	58, 22, 54, 227, 52, 116, 273, 0, 57, 0,
+	277, 278, 276, 283, 285, 282, 284, 279, 280, 281,
+	286, 0, 0, 0, 75, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	18, 19, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	76, 0, 0, 0, 0, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,
+	66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 228,
+	0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 24, 0, 30, 238,
+	329, 31, 32, 0, 0, 244, 0, 0, 0, 225,
+	0, 277, 278, 276, 283, 285, 282, 284, 279, 280,
+	281, 286, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 240, 241, 0, 0, 242, 0,
+	0, 0, 17, 77, 0, 105, 255, 0, 22, 229,
+	231, 233, 234, 235, 243, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251,
+	252, 256, 257, 0, 0, 230, 232, 236, 237, 239,
+	246, 247, 87, 89, 0, 253, 254, 18, 19, 0,
+	0, 20, 0, 98, 99, 17, 35, 101, 102, 104,
+	88, 22, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21, 23, 25,
+	26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 0, 0, 0, 13,
+	0, 0, 0, 24, 103, 30, 0, 0, 31, 32,
+	18, 19, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16,
+	21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 105,
+	0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 24, 174, 30, 0,
+	0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 105, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 87, 89, 90, 0,
+	91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100,
+	0, 101, 102, 104, 88, 87, 89, 90, 0, 91,
+	92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 0,
+	101, 102, 104, 88, 105, 0, 0, 0, 103, 0,
 	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 74, 0, 17, 76, 0, 0, 18,
-	19, 22, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 75,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,
-	66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 0, 18,
-	19, 13, 0, 20, 0, 24, 0, 30, 0, 0,
-	31, 32, 0, 0, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21,
-	23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 17, 35,
-	0, 13, 0, 0, 22, 24, 0, 30, 0, 0,
-	31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 105, 0, 0, 0, 103, 0, 0,
+	0, 87, 89, 90, 0, 91, 92, 93, 0, 95,
+	96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 0, 101, 102, 104, 88,
+	87, 89, 90, 0, 91, 92, 0, 0, 95, 96,
+	0, 98, 99, 100, 0, 101, 102, 104, 88, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 103, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
 	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 18, 19, 0, 0, 20, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 14,
-	15, 16, 21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33,
-	34, 104, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 24, 173,
-	30, 0, 0, 31, 32, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	104, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 86, 88, 89,
-	0, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98,
-	99, 0, 100, 101, 103, 87, 86, 88, 89, 0,
-	90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
-	0, 100, 101, 103, 87, 104, 0, 0, 0, 102,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 104, 0, 0, 0, 102, 0,
-	0, 86, 88, 89, 0, 90, 91, 92, 0, 94,
-	95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 0, 100, 101, 103, 87,
-	86, 88, 89, 0, 90, 91, 0, 0, 94, 95,
-	0, 97, 98, 99, 0, 100, 101, 103, 87, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 102, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 102,
+	0, 0, 103,
 }
 
 var yyPact = [...]int16{
-	17, 183, 566, 566, 396, 503, -1000, -1000, -1000, 178,
+	27, 190, 533, 533, 155, 490, -1000, -1000, -1000, 195,
 	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
 	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 303, -1000, 272, -1000, 646,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 264, -1000, 268, -1000, 614,
 	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, 20, 109, -1000, 473, -1000, 473, 172, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, 23, 177, -1000, -1000, 373, -1000, 373, 180,
 	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 186, -1000, -1000, 190,
-	-1000, -1000, 290, -1000, 19, -1000, -53, -53, -53, -53,
-	-53, -53, -53, -53, -53, -53, -53, -53, -53, -53,
-	-53, -53, 124, 18, 289, 109, -57, -1000, 164, 164,
-	317, -1000, 627, 108, -1000, 48, -1000, -1000, 128, 133,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, 298, -1000, 182, -1000, 33, 473, -1000,
-	-58, -51, -1000, 473, 473, 473, 473, 473, 473, 473,
-	473, 473, 473, 473, 473, 473, 473, 473, -1000, 187,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, 106, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	88, 88, 269, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 155, -1000, -1000,
-	93, -1000, 646, -1000, -1000, 158, -1000, 114, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, 45, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 16,
-	73, 13, -1000, -1000, -1000, 252, 117, 164, 164, 164,
-	164, 108, 108, 293, 293, 293, 710, 691, 293, 293,
-	710, 108, 108, 293, 108, 117, -1000, 26, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, 263, -1000, 193, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 159, -1000, -1000,
+	280, -1000, -1000, 323, -1000, 29, -1000, -56, -56, -56,
+	-56, -56, -56, -56, -56, -56, -56, -56, -56, -56,
+	-56, -56, -56, 49, 43, 192, 177, -61, -1000, 174,
+	174, 8, -1000, 595, 5, -1000, 270, -1000, -1000, 131,
+	187, -1000, -1000, -1000, 263, -1000, 156, -1000, 269, 373,
+	-1000, -43, -38, -1000, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373,
+	373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, 373, -1000,
+	254, -1000, -1000, 151, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
+	-1000, 226, 226, 101, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 447, -1000,
+	-1000, 47, -1000, 614, -1000, -1000, 157, -1000, 109, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 93, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
+	22, 73, 60, -1000, -1000, -1000, 372, 250, 174, 174,
+	174, 174, 5, 5, 491, 491, 491, 679, 660, 491,
+	491, 679, 5, 5, 491, 5, 250, -1000, 68, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, 186, -1000, 176, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
 	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
 	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 473, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 98, 98, 15, 98, 41,
-	41, 110, 37, -1000, -1000, 257, 256, 255, 254, 253,
-	235, 234, 233, 224, 208, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, 35, 262, -1000, -1000, 14, -1000, 646, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, 98, -1000, 8, 7, 395, -1000, -1000, -1000, 47,
-	11, 88, 88, 88, 150, 150, 47, 150, 47, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 98, 98, -1000, -1000, -1000, 98,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 88, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 38, -1000, 25, -1000, -1000, -1000,
-	-1000,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 373,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 91, 91, 20, 91,
+	124, 124, 92, 95, -1000, -1000, 285, 283, 256, 255,
+	233, 231, 230, 227, 210, 209, 208, -1000, -1000, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, 102, -1000, -1000, -1000, 295, -1000, 614,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, 91, -1000, 18, 14, 443, -1000, -1000,
+	-1000, 41, 48, 226, 226, 226, 158, 158, 41, 158,
+	41, -58, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 91, 91, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, 91, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, 226,
+	-1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
+	-1000, -1000, 26, -1000, 178, -1000, -1000, -1000, -1000,
 }
 
 var yyPgo = [...]int16{
-	0, 372, 13, 371, 6, 15, 370, 352, 369, 368,
-	366, 194, 273, 365, 14, 362, 10, 11, 361, 360,
-	8, 359, 3, 4, 358, 2, 1, 0, 354, 12,
-	5, 353, 346, 18, 156, 343, 341, 7, 340, 338,
-	17, 328, 31, 325, 324, 317, 311, 308, 306, 304,
-	301, 293, 9, 297, 296, 295,
+	0, 395, 13, 394, 6, 15, 393, 328, 390, 387,
+	381, 380, 286, 294, 372, 14, 371, 10, 11, 356,
+	353, 8, 352, 3, 4, 351, 2, 1, 0, 350,
+	12, 5, 349, 348, 16, 157, 347, 345, 7, 344,
+	341, 31, 339, 32, 338, 9, 337, 336, 335, 320,
+	319, 312, 293, 301, 295,
 }
 
 var yyR1 = [...]int8{
-	0, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 54, 37, 37,
-	37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37,
-	32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35,
-	35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35, 35,
-	35, 35, 34, 36, 36, 46, 46, 41, 41, 41,
-	41, 16, 16, 16, 16, 15, 15, 15, 4, 4,
-	38, 40, 40, 39, 39, 39, 47, 45, 45, 45,
-	31, 31, 31, 9, 9, 43, 49, 49, 49, 49,
-	49, 50, 51, 51, 51, 42, 42, 42, 1, 1,
-	1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 12, 12,
+	0, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 38, 38,
+	38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38,
+	33, 33, 33, 33, 34, 34, 36, 36, 36, 36,
+	36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36, 36,
+	36, 36, 35, 37, 37, 47, 47, 42, 42, 42,
+	42, 17, 17, 17, 17, 16, 16, 16, 4, 4,
+	39, 41, 41, 40, 40, 40, 48, 46, 46, 46,
+	32, 32, 32, 9, 9, 44, 50, 50, 50, 50,
+	50, 50, 51, 52, 52, 52, 43, 43, 43, 1,
+	1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 13,
+	13, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
 	7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
-	7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
-	7, 7, 7, 7, 11, 11, 11, 11, 13, 13,
-	13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 55, 19, 19, 19, 19,
-	18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 28,
-	28, 28, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22,
-	22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 23,
-	23, 24, 24, 24, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
-	3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6,
+	7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14,
+	14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 54, 20, 20, 20,
+	20, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19,
+	29, 29, 29, 21, 21, 21, 21, 22, 22, 22,
+	23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23,
+	23, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 11, 11, 11, 11,
+	3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
+	3, 3, 3, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
 	6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
 	6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
-	6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 5,
-	5, 5, 5, 44, 27, 29, 29, 30, 30, 26,
-	25, 25, 52, 48, 10, 53, 53, 17, 17,
+	6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 5, 5, 5, 5, 45,
+	45, 28, 28, 30, 30, 31, 31, 27, 26, 26,
+	49, 10, 18, 18,
 }
 
 var yyR2 = [...]int8{
@@ -564,101 +571,102 @@ var yyR2 = [...]int8{
 	4, 4, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3,
 	3, 3, 4, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1,
 	2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3,
-	3, 5, 3, 1, 1, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4,
-	3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1,
-	2, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1,
+	3, 5, 3, 1, 1, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5,
+	4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 3,
+	1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2,
 	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-	1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 0, 3, 1,
-	2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 0, 3, 2, 1,
-	1, 3, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 5, 5, 1,
-	1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3,
-	3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4,
-	3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 0, 3,
+	1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1, 2, 0, 3, 2,
+	1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 4, 1, 3, 5, 5,
+	1, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2,
+	3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
+	3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
 	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
-	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1,
-	2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
+	1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+	1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1,
+	1, 1, 0, 1,
 }
 
 var yyChk = [...]int16{
-	-1000, -54, 91, 92, 93, 94, 2, 10, -12, -7,
-	-11, 61, 62, 78, 63, 64, 65, 12, 46, 47,
-	50, 66, 18, 67, 82, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
-	84, 87, 88, 73, 74, 13, -55, -12, 10, -37,
-	-32, -35, -38, -43, -44, -45, -47, -48, -49, -50,
-	-51, -31, -3, 12, 19, 15, 25, -8, -7, -42,
-	61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
-	71, 72, 73, 74, 40, 56, 13, -51, -11, -13,
-	20, -14, 12, 2, -19, 2, 40, 58, 41, 42,
-	44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,
-	55, 56, 82, 57, 14, -33, -40, 2, 78, 84,
-	15, -40, -37, -37, -42, -1, 20, -2, 12, -10,
-	2, 25, 20, 7, 2, 4, 2, 24, -34, -41,
-	-36, -46, 77, -34, -34, -34, -34, -34, -34, -34,
-	-34, -34, -34, -34, -34, -34, -34, -34, -52, 56,
-	2, 9, -30, -9, 2, -27, -29, 87, 88, 19,
-	40, 56, -52, 2, -40, -33, -16, 15, 2, -16,
-	-39, 22, -37, 22, 20, 7, 2, -5, 2, 4,
-	53, 43, 54, -5, 20, -14, 25, 2, -18, 5,
-	-28, -20, 12, -27, -29, 16, -37, 81, 83, 79,
-	80, -37, -37, -37, -37, -37, -37, -37, -37, -37,
-	-37, -37, -37, -37, -37, -37, -52, 15, -27, -27,
-	21, 6, 2, -15, 22, -4, -6, 2, 61, 77,
-	62, 78, 63, 64, 65, 79, 80, 12, 81, 46,
-	47, 50, 66, 18, 67, 82, 83, 68, 69, 70,
-	71, 72, 87, 88, 58, 73, 74, 22, 7, 20,
-	-2, 25, 2, 25, 2, 26, 26, -29, 26, 40,
-	56, -21, 24, 17, -22, 30, 28, 29, 35, 36,
-	37, 33, 31, 34, 32, -16, -16, -17, -16, -17,
-	22, -53, -52, 2, 22, 7, 2, -37, -26, 19,
-	-26, 26, -26, -20, -20, 24, 17, 2, 17, 6,
-	6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 21,
-	2, 22, -4, -26, 26, 26, 17, -22, -25, 56,
-	-26, -30, -27, -27, -27, -23, 14, -23, -25, -23,
-	-25, -26, -26, -26, -24, -27, 24, 21, 2, 21,
-	-27,
+	-1000, -53, 98, 99, 100, 101, 2, 10, -13, -7,
+	-12, 62, 63, 79, 64, 65, 66, 12, 47, 48,
+	51, 67, 18, 68, 83, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,
+	85, 88, 89, 74, 75, 13, -54, -13, 10, -38,
+	-33, -36, -39, -44, -45, -46, -48, -49, -50, -51,
+	-52, -32, -3, 12, 19, 9, 15, 25, -8, -7,
+	-43, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
+	71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 41, 57, 13, -52, -12,
+	-14, 20, -15, 12, 2, -20, 2, 41, 59, 42,
+	43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,
+	54, 56, 57, 83, 58, 14, -34, -41, 2, 79,
+	85, 15, -41, -38, -38, -43, -1, 20, -2, 12,
+	-10, 2, 25, 20, 7, 2, 4, 2, 24, -35,
+	-42, -37, -47, 78, -35, -35, -35, -35, -35, -35,
+	-35, -35, -35, -35, -35, -35, -35, -35, -35, -45,
+	57, 2, -31, -9, 2, -28, -30, 88, 89, 19,
+	9, 41, 57, -45, 2, -41, -34, -17, 15, 2,
+	-17, -40, 22, -38, 22, 20, 7, 2, -5, 2,
+	4, 54, 44, 55, -5, 20, -15, 25, 2, -19,
+	5, -29, -21, 12, -28, -30, 16, -38, 82, 84,
+	80, 81, -38, -38, -38, -38, -38, -38, -38, -38,
+	-38, -38, -38, -38, -38, -38, -38, -45, 15, -28,
+	-28, 21, 6, 2, -16, 22, -4, -6, 2, 62,
+	78, 63, 79, 64, 65, 66, 80, 81, 12, 82,
+	47, 48, 51, 67, 18, 68, 83, 84, 69, 70,
+	71, 72, 73, 88, 89, 59, 74, 75, 22, 7,
+	20, -2, 25, 2, 25, 2, 26, 26, -30, 26,
+	41, 57, -22, 24, 17, -23, 30, 28, 29, 35,
+	36, 37, 33, 31, 34, 32, 38, -17, -17, -18,
+	-17, -18, 22, -45, 21, 2, 22, 7, 2, -38,
+	-27, 19, -27, 26, -27, -21, -21, 24, 17, 2,
+	17, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+	6, 6, 21, 2, 22, -4, -27, 26, 26, 17,
+	-23, -26, 57, -27, -31, -28, -28, -28, -24, 14,
+	-24, -26, -24, -26, -11, 92, 93, 94, 95, -27,
+	-27, -27, -25, -28, 24, 21, 2, 21, -28,
 }
 
 var yyDef = [...]int16{
-	0, -2, 127, 127, 0, 0, 7, 6, 1, 127,
-	99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
-	109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
-	119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 0, 2, -2, 3, 4,
+	0, -2, 128, 128, 0, 0, 7, 6, 1, 128,
+	100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
+	110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
+	120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 0, 2, -2, 3, 4,
 	8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
-	18, 19, 0, 106, 223, 0, 233, 0, 83, 84,
-	-2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2,
-	-2, -2, -2, -2, 217, 218, 0, 5, 98, 0,
-	126, 129, 0, 134, 135, 139, 43, 43, 43, 43,
+	18, 19, 0, 107, 229, 230, 0, 240, 0, 84,
+	85, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2,
+	-2, -2, -2, -2, -2, 223, 224, 0, 5, 99,
+	0, 127, 130, 0, 135, 136, 140, 43, 43, 43,
 	43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43, 43,
-	43, 43, 0, 0, 0, 0, 22, 23, 0, 0,
-	0, 60, 0, 81, 82, 0, 87, 89, 0, 93,
-	97, 234, 124, 0, 130, 0, 133, 138, 0, 42,
-	47, 48, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 67, 0,
-	69, 232, 70, 0, 72, 227, 228, 73, 74, 224,
-	0, 0, 0, 80, 20, 21, 24, 0, 54, 25,
-	0, 62, 64, 66, 85, 0, 90, 0, 96, 219,
-	220, 221, 222, 0, 125, 128, 131, 132, 137, 140,
-	142, 145, 149, 150, 151, 0, 26, 0, 0, -2,
-	-2, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
-	36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 68, 0, 225, 226,
-	75, -2, 79, 0, 53, 56, 58, 59, 188, 189,
-	190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,
-	200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
-	210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 61, 65, 86,
-	88, 91, 95, 92, 94, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 155, 157, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 49, 238, 50,
-	71, 0, -2, 78, 51, 0, 57, 63, 141, 229,
-	143, 0, 146, 0, 0, 0, 153, 158, 154, 0,
-	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 76,
-	77, 52, 55, 144, 0, 0, 152, 156, 159, 0,
-	231, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 0, 165, 166, 167,
-	168, 147, 148, 230, 0, 172, 0, 170, 173, 169,
-	171,
+	43, 43, 43, 0, 0, 0, 0, 22, 23, 0,
+	0, 0, 60, 0, 82, 83, 0, 88, 90, 0,
+	94, 98, 241, 125, 0, 131, 0, 134, 139, 0,
+	42, 47, 48, 44, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 67,
+	0, 69, 70, 0, 72, 235, 236, 73, 74, 231,
+	232, 0, 0, 0, 81, 20, 21, 24, 0, 54,
+	25, 0, 62, 64, 66, 86, 0, 91, 0, 97,
+	225, 226, 227, 228, 0, 126, 129, 132, 133, 138,
+	141, 143, 146, 150, 151, 152, 0, 26, 0, 0,
+	-2, -2, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
+	35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 68, 0, 233,
+	234, 75, 0, 80, 0, 53, 56, 58, 59, 194,
+	195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
+	205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
+	215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 61, 65,
+	87, 89, 92, 96, 93, 95, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 156, 158, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 46, 49,
+	243, 50, 71, 0, 77, 79, 51, 0, 57, 63,
+	142, 237, 144, 0, 147, 0, 0, 0, 154, 159,
+	155, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	0, 0, 76, 78, 52, 55, 145, 0, 0, 153,
+	157, 160, 0, 239, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 0,
+	166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 176, 177, 178, 179, 148,
+	149, 238, 0, 174, 0, 172, 175, 171, 173,
 }
 
 var yyTok1 = [...]int8{
@@ -675,7 +683,8 @@ var yyTok2 = [...]int8{
 	62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
 	72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81,
 	82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
-	92, 93, 94, 95,
+	92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101,
+	102,
 }
 
 var yyTok3 = [...]int8{
@@ -1304,19 +1313,23 @@ yydefault:
 	case 67:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yylex.(*parser).addOffset(yyDollar[1].node, yyDollar[3].duration)
+			numLit, _ := yyDollar[3].node.(*NumberLiteral)
+			dur := time.Duration(numLit.Val*1000) * time.Millisecond
+			yylex.(*parser).addOffset(yyDollar[1].node, dur)
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
 	case 68:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yylex.(*parser).addOffset(yyDollar[1].node, -yyDollar[4].duration)
+			numLit, _ := yyDollar[4].node.(*NumberLiteral)
+			dur := time.Duration(numLit.Val*1000) * time.Millisecond
+			yylex.(*parser).addOffset(yyDollar[1].node, -dur)
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
 	case 69:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("offset", "duration")
+			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("offset", "number or duration")
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
 	case 70:
@@ -1355,48 +1368,61 @@ yydefault:
 				yylex.(*parser).addParseErrf(errRange, errMsg)
 			}
 
+			numLit, _ := yyDollar[3].node.(*NumberLiteral)
 			yyVAL.node = &MatrixSelector{
 				VectorSelector: yyDollar[1].node.(Expr),
-				Range:          yyDollar[3].duration,
+				Range:          time.Duration(numLit.Val*1000) * time.Millisecond,
 				EndPos:         yylex.(*parser).lastClosing,
 			}
 		}
 	case 76:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-6 : yypt+1]
 		{
+			numLitRange, _ := yyDollar[3].node.(*NumberLiteral)
+			numLitStep, _ := yyDollar[5].node.(*NumberLiteral)
 			yyVAL.node = &SubqueryExpr{
-				Expr:  yyDollar[1].node.(Expr),
-				Range: yyDollar[3].duration,
-				Step:  yyDollar[5].duration,
-
+				Expr:   yyDollar[1].node.(Expr),
+				Range:  time.Duration(numLitRange.Val*1000) * time.Millisecond,
+				Step:   time.Duration(numLitStep.Val*1000) * time.Millisecond,
 				EndPos: yyDollar[6].item.Pos + 1,
 			}
 		}
 	case 77:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-5 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			numLitRange, _ := yyDollar[3].node.(*NumberLiteral)
+			yyVAL.node = &SubqueryExpr{
+				Expr:   yyDollar[1].node.(Expr),
+				Range:  time.Duration(numLitRange.Val*1000) * time.Millisecond,
+				Step:   0,
+				EndPos: yyDollar[5].item.Pos + 1,
+			}
+		}
+	case 78:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-6 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "\"]\"")
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
-	case 78:
+	case 79:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-5 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "duration or \"]\"")
+			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "number or duration or \"]\"")
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
-	case 79:
+	case 80:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery or range", "\":\" or \"]\"")
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
-	case 80:
+	case 81:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "duration")
+			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("subquery selector", "number or duration")
 			yyVAL.node = yyDollar[1].node
 		}
-	case 81:
+	case 82:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			if nl, ok := yyDollar[2].node.(*NumberLiteral); ok {
@@ -1409,7 +1435,7 @@ yydefault:
 				yyVAL.node = &UnaryExpr{Op: yyDollar[1].item.Typ, Expr: yyDollar[2].node.(Expr), StartPos: yyDollar[1].item.Pos}
 			}
 		}
-	case 82:
+	case 83:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			vs := yyDollar[2].node.(*VectorSelector)
@@ -1418,7 +1444,7 @@ yydefault:
 			yylex.(*parser).assembleVectorSelector(vs)
 			yyVAL.node = vs
 		}
-	case 83:
+	case 84:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			vs := &VectorSelector{
@@ -1429,14 +1455,14 @@ yydefault:
 			yylex.(*parser).assembleVectorSelector(vs)
 			yyVAL.node = vs
 		}
-	case 84:
+	case 85:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			vs := yyDollar[1].node.(*VectorSelector)
 			yylex.(*parser).assembleVectorSelector(vs)
 			yyVAL.node = vs
 		}
-	case 85:
+	case 86:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.node = &VectorSelector{
@@ -1444,7 +1470,7 @@ yydefault:
 				PosRange:      mergeRanges(&yyDollar[1].item, &yyDollar[3].item),
 			}
 		}
-	case 86:
+	case 87:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.node = &VectorSelector{
@@ -1452,7 +1478,7 @@ yydefault:
 				PosRange:      mergeRanges(&yyDollar[1].item, &yyDollar[4].item),
 			}
 		}
-	case 87:
+	case 88:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.node = &VectorSelector{
@@ -1460,7 +1486,7 @@ yydefault:
 				PosRange:      mergeRanges(&yyDollar[1].item, &yyDollar[2].item),
 			}
 		}
-	case 88:
+	case 89:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			if yyDollar[1].matchers != nil {
@@ -1469,38 +1495,32 @@ yydefault:
 				yyVAL.matchers = yyDollar[1].matchers
 			}
 		}
-	case 89:
+	case 90:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.matchers = []*labels.Matcher{yyDollar[1].matcher}
 		}
-	case 90:
+	case 91:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label matching", "\",\" or \"}\"")
 			yyVAL.matchers = yyDollar[1].matchers
 		}
-	case 91:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			yyVAL.matcher = yylex.(*parser).newLabelMatcher(yyDollar[1].item, yyDollar[2].item, yyDollar[3].item)
-		}
 	case 92:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.matcher = yylex.(*parser).newLabelMatcher(yyDollar[1].item, yyDollar[2].item, yyDollar[3].item)
 		}
 	case 93:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			yyVAL.matcher = yylex.(*parser).newLabelMatcher(yyDollar[1].item, yyDollar[2].item, yyDollar[3].item)
+		}
+	case 94:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.matcher = yylex.(*parser).newMetricNameMatcher(yyDollar[1].item)
 		}
-	case 94:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label matching", "string")
-			yyVAL.matcher = nil
-		}
 	case 95:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
@@ -1508,89 +1528,95 @@ yydefault:
 			yyVAL.matcher = nil
 		}
 	case 96:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label matching", "string")
+			yyVAL.matcher = nil
+		}
+	case 97:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label matching", "label matching operator")
 			yyVAL.matcher = nil
 		}
-	case 97:
+	case 98:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label matching", "identifier or \"}\"")
 			yyVAL.matcher = nil
 		}
-	case 98:
+	case 99:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			b := labels.NewBuilder(yyDollar[2].labels)
 			b.Set(labels.MetricName, yyDollar[1].item.Val)
 			yyVAL.labels = b.Labels()
 		}
-	case 99:
+	case 100:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.labels = yyDollar[1].labels
 		}
-	case 124:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			yyVAL.labels = labels.New(yyDollar[2].lblList...)
-		}
 	case 125:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.labels = labels.New(yyDollar[2].lblList...)
 		}
 	case 126:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			yyVAL.labels = labels.New(yyDollar[2].lblList...)
+		}
+	case 127:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.labels = labels.New()
 		}
-	case 127:
+	case 128:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-0 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.labels = labels.New()
 		}
-	case 128:
+	case 129:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.lblList = append(yyDollar[1].lblList, yyDollar[3].label)
 		}
-	case 129:
+	case 130:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.lblList = []labels.Label{yyDollar[1].label}
 		}
-	case 130:
+	case 131:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label set", "\",\" or \"}\"")
 			yyVAL.lblList = yyDollar[1].lblList
 		}
-	case 131:
+	case 132:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.label = labels.Label{Name: yyDollar[1].item.Val, Value: yylex.(*parser).unquoteString(yyDollar[3].item.Val)}
 		}
-	case 132:
+	case 133:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label set", "string")
 			yyVAL.label = labels.Label{}
 		}
-	case 133:
+	case 134:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label set", "\"=\"")
 			yyVAL.label = labels.Label{}
 		}
-	case 134:
+	case 135:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("label set", "identifier or \"}\"")
 			yyVAL.label = labels.Label{}
 		}
-	case 135:
+	case 136:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).generatedParserResult = &seriesDescription{
@@ -1598,33 +1624,33 @@ yydefault:
 				values: yyDollar[2].series,
 			}
 		}
-	case 136:
+	case 137:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-0 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{}
 		}
-	case 137:
+	case 138:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = append(yyDollar[1].series, yyDollar[3].series...)
 		}
-	case 138:
+	case 139:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = yyDollar[1].series
 		}
-	case 139:
+	case 140:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("series values", "")
 			yyVAL.series = nil
 		}
-	case 140:
+	case 141:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{{Omitted: true}}
 		}
-	case 141:
+	case 142:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{}
@@ -1632,12 +1658,12 @@ yydefault:
 				yyVAL.series = append(yyVAL.series, SequenceValue{Omitted: true})
 			}
 		}
-	case 142:
+	case 143:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{{Value: yyDollar[1].float}}
 		}
-	case 143:
+	case 144:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{}
@@ -1646,7 +1672,7 @@ yydefault:
 				yyVAL.series = append(yyVAL.series, SequenceValue{Value: yyDollar[1].float})
 			}
 		}
-	case 144:
+	case 145:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{}
@@ -1656,12 +1682,12 @@ yydefault:
 				yyDollar[1].float += yyDollar[2].float
 			}
 		}
-	case 145:
+	case 146:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{{Histogram: yyDollar[1].histogram}}
 		}
-	case 146:
+	case 147:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.series = []SequenceValue{}
@@ -1671,7 +1697,7 @@ yydefault:
 				//$1 += $2
 			}
 		}
-	case 147:
+	case 148:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-5 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			val, err := yylex.(*parser).histogramsIncreaseSeries(yyDollar[1].histogram, yyDollar[3].histogram, yyDollar[5].uint)
@@ -1680,7 +1706,7 @@ yydefault:
 			}
 			yyVAL.series = val
 		}
-	case 148:
+	case 149:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-5 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			val, err := yylex.(*parser).histogramsDecreaseSeries(yyDollar[1].histogram, yyDollar[3].histogram, yyDollar[5].uint)
@@ -1689,7 +1715,7 @@ yydefault:
 			}
 			yyVAL.series = val
 		}
-	case 149:
+	case 150:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			if yyDollar[1].item.Val != "stale" {
@@ -1697,124 +1723,130 @@ yydefault:
 			}
 			yyVAL.float = math.Float64frombits(value.StaleNaN)
 		}
-	case 152:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			yyVAL.histogram = yylex.(*parser).buildHistogramFromMap(&yyDollar[2].descriptors)
-		}
 	case 153:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.histogram = yylex.(*parser).buildHistogramFromMap(&yyDollar[2].descriptors)
 		}
 	case 154:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			m := yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.histogram = yylex.(*parser).buildHistogramFromMap(&m)
+			yyVAL.histogram = yylex.(*parser).buildHistogramFromMap(&yyDollar[2].descriptors)
 		}
 	case 155:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			m := yylex.(*parser).newMap()
 			yyVAL.histogram = yylex.(*parser).buildHistogramFromMap(&m)
 		}
 	case 156:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			m := yylex.(*parser).newMap()
+			yyVAL.histogram = yylex.(*parser).buildHistogramFromMap(&m)
+		}
+	case 157:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = *(yylex.(*parser).mergeMaps(&yyDollar[1].descriptors, &yyDollar[3].descriptors))
 		}
-	case 157:
+	case 158:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yyDollar[1].descriptors
 		}
-	case 158:
+	case 159:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yylex.(*parser).unexpected("histogram description", "histogram description key, e.g. buckets:[5 10 7]")
 		}
-	case 159:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["schema"] = yyDollar[3].int
-		}
 	case 160:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["sum"] = yyDollar[3].float
+			yyVAL.descriptors["schema"] = yyDollar[3].int
 		}
 	case 161:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["count"] = yyDollar[3].float
+			yyVAL.descriptors["sum"] = yyDollar[3].float
 		}
 	case 162:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["z_bucket"] = yyDollar[3].float
+			yyVAL.descriptors["count"] = yyDollar[3].float
 		}
 	case 163:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["z_bucket_w"] = yyDollar[3].float
+			yyVAL.descriptors["z_bucket"] = yyDollar[3].float
 		}
 	case 164:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["custom_values"] = yyDollar[3].bucket_set
+			yyVAL.descriptors["z_bucket_w"] = yyDollar[3].float
 		}
 	case 165:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["buckets"] = yyDollar[3].bucket_set
+			yyVAL.descriptors["custom_values"] = yyDollar[3].bucket_set
 		}
 	case 166:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["offset"] = yyDollar[3].int
+			yyVAL.descriptors["buckets"] = yyDollar[3].bucket_set
 		}
 	case 167:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["n_buckets"] = yyDollar[3].bucket_set
+			yyVAL.descriptors["offset"] = yyDollar[3].int
 		}
 	case 168:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
-			yyVAL.descriptors["n_offset"] = yyDollar[3].int
+			yyVAL.descriptors["n_buckets"] = yyDollar[3].bucket_set
 		}
 	case 169:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yyVAL.bucket_set = yyDollar[2].bucket_set
+			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
+			yyVAL.descriptors["n_offset"] = yyDollar[3].int
 		}
 	case 170:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
-			yyVAL.bucket_set = yyDollar[2].bucket_set
+			yyVAL.descriptors = yylex.(*parser).newMap()
+			yyVAL.descriptors["counter_reset_hint"] = yyDollar[3].item
 		}
 	case 171:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-4 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			yyVAL.bucket_set = yyDollar[2].bucket_set
+		}
+	case 172:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			yyVAL.bucket_set = yyDollar[2].bucket_set
+		}
+	case 173:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-3 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.bucket_set = append(yyDollar[1].bucket_set, yyDollar[3].float)
 		}
-	case 172:
+	case 174:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.bucket_set = []float64{yyDollar[1].float}
 		}
-	case 223:
+	case 229:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.node = &NumberLiteral{
@@ -1822,22 +1854,47 @@ yydefault:
 				PosRange: yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(),
 			}
 		}
-	case 224:
+	case 230:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			var err error
+			var dur time.Duration
+			dur, err = parseDuration(yyDollar[1].item.Val)
+			if err != nil {
+				yylex.(*parser).addParseErr(yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(), err)
+			}
+			yyVAL.node = &NumberLiteral{
+				Val:      dur.Seconds(),
+				PosRange: yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(),
+			}
+		}
+	case 231:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.float = yylex.(*parser).number(yyDollar[1].item.Val)
 		}
-	case 225:
+	case 232:
+		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
+		{
+			var err error
+			var dur time.Duration
+			dur, err = parseDuration(yyDollar[1].item.Val)
+			if err != nil {
+				yylex.(*parser).addParseErr(yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(), err)
+			}
+			yyVAL.float = dur.Seconds()
+		}
+	case 233:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.float = yyDollar[2].float
 		}
-	case 226:
+	case 234:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.float = -yyDollar[2].float
 		}
-	case 229:
+	case 237:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			var err error
@@ -1846,26 +1903,17 @@ yydefault:
 				yylex.(*parser).addParseErrf(yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(), "invalid repetition in series values: %s", err)
 			}
 		}
-	case 230:
+	case 238:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-2 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.int = -int64(yyDollar[2].uint)
 		}
-	case 231:
+	case 239:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.int = int64(yyDollar[1].uint)
 		}
-	case 232:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			var err error
-			yyVAL.duration, err = parseDuration(yyDollar[1].item.Val)
-			if err != nil {
-				yylex.(*parser).addParseErr(yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(), err)
-			}
-		}
-	case 233:
+	case 240:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.node = &StringLiteral{
@@ -1873,7 +1921,7 @@ yydefault:
 				PosRange: yyDollar[1].item.PositionRange(),
 			}
 		}
-	case 234:
+	case 241:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-1 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.item = Item{
@@ -1882,12 +1930,7 @@ yydefault:
 				Val: yylex.(*parser).unquoteString(yyDollar[1].item.Val),
 			}
 		}
-	case 235:
-		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-0 : yypt+1]
-		{
-			yyVAL.duration = 0
-		}
-	case 237:
+	case 242:
 		yyDollar = yyS[yypt-0 : yypt+1]
 		{
 			yyVAL.strings = nil
diff --git a/promql/parser/lex.go b/promql/parser/lex.go
index 8c7fbb89b..99b4b4644 100644
--- a/promql/parser/lex.go
+++ b/promql/parser/lex.go
@@ -137,16 +137,24 @@ var key = map[string]ItemType{
 }
 
 var histogramDesc = map[string]ItemType{
-	"sum":           SUM_DESC,
-	"count":         COUNT_DESC,
-	"schema":        SCHEMA_DESC,
-	"offset":        OFFSET_DESC,
-	"n_offset":      NEGATIVE_OFFSET_DESC,
-	"buckets":       BUCKETS_DESC,
-	"n_buckets":     NEGATIVE_BUCKETS_DESC,
-	"z_bucket":      ZERO_BUCKET_DESC,
-	"z_bucket_w":    ZERO_BUCKET_WIDTH_DESC,
-	"custom_values": CUSTOM_VALUES_DESC,
+	"sum":                SUM_DESC,
+	"count":              COUNT_DESC,
+	"schema":             SCHEMA_DESC,
+	"offset":             OFFSET_DESC,
+	"n_offset":           NEGATIVE_OFFSET_DESC,
+	"buckets":            BUCKETS_DESC,
+	"n_buckets":          NEGATIVE_BUCKETS_DESC,
+	"z_bucket":           ZERO_BUCKET_DESC,
+	"z_bucket_w":         ZERO_BUCKET_WIDTH_DESC,
+	"custom_values":      CUSTOM_VALUES_DESC,
+	"counter_reset_hint": COUNTER_RESET_HINT_DESC,
+}
+
+var counterResetHints = map[string]ItemType{
+	"unknown":   UNKNOWN_COUNTER_RESET,
+	"reset":     COUNTER_RESET,
+	"not_reset": NOT_COUNTER_RESET,
+	"gauge":     GAUGE_TYPE,
 }
 
 // ItemTypeStr is the default string representations for common Items. It does not
@@ -478,7 +486,7 @@ func lexStatements(l *Lexer) stateFn {
 			skipSpaces(l)
 		}
 		l.bracketOpen = true
-		return lexDuration
+		return lexNumberOrDuration
 	case r == ']':
 		if !l.bracketOpen {
 			return l.errorf("unexpected right bracket %q", r)
@@ -585,6 +593,11 @@ Loop:
 					return lexHistogram
 				}
 			}
+			if desc, ok := counterResetHints[strings.ToLower(word)]; ok {
+				l.emit(desc)
+				return lexHistogram
+			}
+
 			l.errorf("bad histogram descriptor found: %q", word)
 			break Loop
 		}
@@ -846,18 +859,6 @@ func lexLineComment(l *Lexer) stateFn {
 	return lexStatements
 }
 
-func lexDuration(l *Lexer) stateFn {
-	if l.scanNumber() {
-		return l.errorf("missing unit character in duration")
-	}
-	if !acceptRemainingDuration(l) {
-		return l.errorf("bad duration syntax: %q", l.input[l.start:l.pos])
-	}
-	l.backup()
-	l.emit(DURATION)
-	return lexStatements
-}
-
 // lexNumber scans a number: decimal, hex, oct or float.
 func lexNumber(l *Lexer) stateFn {
 	if !l.scanNumber() {
@@ -909,6 +910,7 @@ func acceptRemainingDuration(l *Lexer) bool {
 // scanNumber scans numbers of different formats. The scanned Item is
 // not necessarily a valid number. This case is caught by the parser.
 func (l *Lexer) scanNumber() bool {
+	initialPos := l.pos
 	// Modify the digit pattern if the number is hexadecimal.
 	digitPattern := "0123456789"
 	// Disallow hexadecimal in series descriptions as the syntax is ambiguous.
@@ -980,7 +982,10 @@ func (l *Lexer) scanNumber() bool {
 		// Handle digits at the end since we already consumed before this loop.
 		l.acceptRun(digitPattern)
 	}
-
+	// Empty string is not a valid number.
+	if l.pos == initialPos {
+		return false
+	}
 	// Next thing must not be alphanumeric unless it's the times token
 	// for series repetitions.
 	if r := l.peek(); (l.seriesDesc && r == 'x') || !isAlphaNumeric(r) {
diff --git a/promql/parser/parse.go b/promql/parser/parse.go
index 6f73e2427..ae558dccc 100644
--- a/promql/parser/parse.go
+++ b/promql/parser/parse.go
@@ -580,6 +580,28 @@ func (p *parser) buildHistogramFromMap(desc *map[string]interface{}) *histogram.
 		}
 	}
 
+	val, ok = (*desc)["counter_reset_hint"]
+	if ok {
+		resetHint, ok := val.(Item)
+
+		if ok {
+			switch resetHint.Typ {
+			case UNKNOWN_COUNTER_RESET:
+				output.CounterResetHint = histogram.UnknownCounterReset
+			case COUNTER_RESET:
+				output.CounterResetHint = histogram.CounterReset
+			case NOT_COUNTER_RESET:
+				output.CounterResetHint = histogram.NotCounterReset
+			case GAUGE_TYPE:
+				output.CounterResetHint = histogram.GaugeType
+			default:
+				p.addParseErrf(p.yyParser.lval.item.PositionRange(), "error parsing counter_reset_hint: unknown value %v", resetHint.Typ)
+			}
+		} else {
+			p.addParseErrf(p.yyParser.lval.item.PositionRange(), "error parsing counter_reset_hint: %v", val)
+		}
+	}
+
 	buckets, spans := p.buildHistogramBucketsAndSpans(desc, "buckets", "offset")
 	output.PositiveBuckets = buckets
 	output.PositiveSpans = spans
diff --git a/promql/parser/parse_test.go b/promql/parser/parse_test.go
index a4fe28e5b..3c679e5b0 100644
--- a/promql/parser/parse_test.go
+++ b/promql/parser/parse_test.go
@@ -2133,6 +2133,115 @@ var testExpr = []struct {
 			EndPos: 25,
 		},
 	},
+	{
+		input: `test{a="b"}[5m] OFFSET 3600`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:           "test",
+				OriginalOffset: 1 * time.Hour,
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "a", "b"),
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "test"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   11,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  5 * time.Minute,
+			EndPos: 27,
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		input: `foo[3ms] @ 2.345`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:      "foo",
+				Timestamp: makeInt64Pointer(2345),
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "foo"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   3,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  3 * time.Millisecond,
+			EndPos: 16,
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		input: `foo[4s180ms] @ 2.345`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:      "foo",
+				Timestamp: makeInt64Pointer(2345),
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "foo"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   3,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  4*time.Second + 180*time.Millisecond,
+			EndPos: 20,
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		input: `foo[4.18] @ 2.345`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:      "foo",
+				Timestamp: makeInt64Pointer(2345),
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "foo"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   3,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  4*time.Second + 180*time.Millisecond,
+			EndPos: 17,
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		input: `foo[4s18ms] @ 2.345`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:      "foo",
+				Timestamp: makeInt64Pointer(2345),
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "foo"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   3,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  4*time.Second + 18*time.Millisecond,
+			EndPos: 19,
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		input: `foo[4.018] @ 2.345`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:      "foo",
+				Timestamp: makeInt64Pointer(2345),
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "foo"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   3,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  4*time.Second + 18*time.Millisecond,
+			EndPos: 18,
+		},
+	},
 	{
 		input: `test{a="b"}[5y] @ 1603774699`,
 		expected: &MatrixSelector{
@@ -2152,15 +2261,50 @@ var testExpr = []struct {
 			EndPos: 28,
 		},
 	},
+	{
+		input: "test[5]",
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name: "test",
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "test"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   4,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  5 * time.Second,
+			EndPos: 7,
+		},
+	},
+	{
+		input: `some_metric[5m] @ 1m`,
+		expected: &MatrixSelector{
+			VectorSelector: &VectorSelector{
+				Name:      "some_metric",
+				Timestamp: makeInt64Pointer(60000),
+				LabelMatchers: []*labels.Matcher{
+					MustLabelMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, model.MetricNameLabel, "some_metric"),
+				},
+				PosRange: posrange.PositionRange{
+					Start: 0,
+					End:   11,
+				},
+			},
+			Range:  5 * time.Minute,
+			EndPos: 20,
+		},
+	},
 	{
 		input:  `foo[5mm]`,
 		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "bad duration syntax: \"5mm\"",
+		errMsg: "bad number or duration syntax: \"5mm\"",
 	},
 	{
 		input:  `foo[5m1]`,
 		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "bad duration syntax: \"5m1\"",
+		errMsg: "bad number or duration syntax: \"5m1\"",
 	},
 	{
 		input:  `foo[5m:1m1]`,
@@ -2194,17 +2338,12 @@ var testExpr = []struct {
 	{
 		input:  `foo[]`,
 		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "missing unit character in duration",
+		errMsg: "bad number or duration syntax: \"\"",
 	},
 	{
-		input:  `foo[1]`,
+		input:  `foo[-1]`,
 		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "missing unit character in duration",
-	},
-	{
-		input:  `some_metric[5m] OFFSET 1`,
-		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "unexpected number \"1\" in offset, expected duration",
+		errMsg: "bad number or duration syntax: \"\"",
 	},
 	{
 		input:  `some_metric[5m] OFFSET 1mm`,
@@ -2214,18 +2353,13 @@ var testExpr = []struct {
 	{
 		input:  `some_metric[5m] OFFSET`,
 		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "unexpected end of input in offset, expected duration",
+		errMsg: "unexpected end of input in offset, expected number or duration",
 	},
 	{
 		input:  `some_metric OFFSET 1m[5m]`,
 		fail:   true,
 		errMsg: "1:22: parse error: no offset modifiers allowed before range",
 	},
-	{
-		input:  `some_metric[5m] @ 1m`,
-		fail:   true,
-		errMsg: "1:19: parse error: unexpected duration \"1m\" in @, expected timestamp",
-	},
 	{
 		input:  `some_metric[5m] @`,
 		fail:   true,
@@ -2910,6 +3044,11 @@ var testExpr = []struct {
 		errMsg: "illegal character U+002E '.' in escape sequence",
 	},
 	// Subquery.
+	{
+		input:  `foo{bar="baz"}[`,
+		fail:   true,
+		errMsg: `1:16: parse error: bad number or duration syntax: ""`,
+	},
 	{
 		input: `foo{bar="baz"}[10m:6s]`,
 		expected: &SubqueryExpr{
@@ -3899,32 +4038,34 @@ func TestParseHistogramSeries(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "all properties used",
-			input: `{} {{schema:1 sum:-0.3 count:3.1 z_bucket:7.1 z_bucket_w:0.05 buckets:[5.1 10 7] offset:-3 n_buckets:[4.1 5] n_offset:-5}}`,
+			input: `{} {{schema:1 sum:-0.3 count:3.1 z_bucket:7.1 z_bucket_w:0.05 buckets:[5.1 10 7] offset:-3 n_buckets:[4.1 5] n_offset:-5 counter_reset_hint:gauge}}`,
 			expected: []histogram.FloatHistogram{{
-				Schema:          1,
-				Sum:             -0.3,
-				Count:           3.1,
-				ZeroCount:       7.1,
-				ZeroThreshold:   0.05,
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{5.1, 10, 7},
-				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -3, Length: 3}},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{4.1, 5},
-				NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -5, Length: 2}},
+				Schema:           1,
+				Sum:              -0.3,
+				Count:            3.1,
+				ZeroCount:        7.1,
+				ZeroThreshold:    0.05,
+				PositiveBuckets:  []float64{5.1, 10, 7},
+				PositiveSpans:    []histogram.Span{{Offset: -3, Length: 3}},
+				NegativeBuckets:  []float64{4.1, 5},
+				NegativeSpans:    []histogram.Span{{Offset: -5, Length: 2}},
+				CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
 			}},
 		},
 		{
 			name:  "all properties used - with spaces",
-			input: `{} {{schema:1  sum:0.3  count:3  z_bucket:7 z_bucket_w:5 buckets:[5 10  7  ] offset:-3  n_buckets:[4 5]  n_offset:5  }}`,
+			input: `{} {{schema:1  sum:0.3  count:3  z_bucket:7 z_bucket_w:5 buckets:[5 10  7  ] offset:-3  n_buckets:[4 5]  n_offset:5  counter_reset_hint:gauge  }}`,
 			expected: []histogram.FloatHistogram{{
-				Schema:          1,
-				Sum:             0.3,
-				Count:           3,
-				ZeroCount:       7,
-				ZeroThreshold:   5,
-				PositiveBuckets: []float64{5, 10, 7},
-				PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: -3, Length: 3}},
-				NegativeBuckets: []float64{4, 5},
-				NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 5, Length: 2}},
+				Schema:           1,
+				Sum:              0.3,
+				Count:            3,
+				ZeroCount:        7,
+				ZeroThreshold:    5,
+				PositiveBuckets:  []float64{5, 10, 7},
+				PositiveSpans:    []histogram.Span{{Offset: -3, Length: 3}},
+				NegativeBuckets:  []float64{4, 5},
+				NegativeSpans:    []histogram.Span{{Offset: 5, Length: 2}},
+				CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
 			}},
 		},
 		{
@@ -4111,6 +4252,39 @@ func TestParseHistogramSeries(t *testing.T) {
 			input:         `{} {{ schema:1}}`,
 			expectedError: `1:7: parse error: unexpected "<Item 57372>" "schema" in series values`,
 		},
+		{
+			name:          "invalid counter reset hint value",
+			input:         `{} {{counter_reset_hint:foo}}`,
+			expectedError: `1:25: parse error: bad histogram descriptor found: "foo"`,
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "'unknown' counter reset hint value",
+			input: `{} {{counter_reset_hint:unknown}}`,
+			expected: []histogram.FloatHistogram{{
+				CounterResetHint: histogram.UnknownCounterReset,
+			}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "'reset' counter reset hint value",
+			input: `{} {{counter_reset_hint:reset}}`,
+			expected: []histogram.FloatHistogram{{
+				CounterResetHint: histogram.CounterReset,
+			}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "'not_reset' counter reset hint value",
+			input: `{} {{counter_reset_hint:not_reset}}`,
+			expected: []histogram.FloatHistogram{{
+				CounterResetHint: histogram.NotCounterReset,
+			}},
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "'gauge' counter reset hint value",
+			input: `{} {{counter_reset_hint:gauge}}`,
+			expected: []histogram.FloatHistogram{{
+				CounterResetHint: histogram.GaugeType,
+			}},
+		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			_, vals, err := ParseSeriesDesc(test.input)
diff --git a/promql/promqltest/test.go b/promql/promqltest/test.go
index f3a773be8..83137e661 100644
--- a/promql/promqltest/test.go
+++ b/promql/promqltest/test.go
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ const (
 	DefaultMaxSamplesPerQuery = 10000
 )
 
+type TBRun interface {
+	testing.TB
+	Run(string, func(*testing.T)) bool
+}
+
 var testStartTime = time.Unix(0, 0).UTC()
 
 // LoadedStorage returns storage with generated data using the provided load statements.
@@ -89,7 +94,7 @@ func NewTestEngine(enablePerStepStats bool, lookbackDelta time.Duration, maxSamp
 }
 
 // RunBuiltinTests runs an acceptance test suite against the provided engine.
-func RunBuiltinTests(t *testing.T, engine promql.QueryEngine) {
+func RunBuiltinTests(t TBRun, engine promql.QueryEngine) {
 	t.Cleanup(func() { parser.EnableExperimentalFunctions = false })
 	parser.EnableExperimentalFunctions = true
 
diff --git a/promql/promqltest/testdata/at_modifier.test b/promql/promqltest/testdata/at_modifier.test
index 3ba6afc49..35f90ee67 100644
--- a/promql/promqltest/testdata/at_modifier.test
+++ b/promql/promqltest/testdata/at_modifier.test
@@ -10,22 +10,54 @@ eval instant at 10s metric @ 100
   metric{job="1"} 10
   metric{job="2"} 20
 
+eval instant at 10s metric @ 100s
+  metric{job="1"} 10
+  metric{job="2"} 20
+
+eval instant at 10s metric @ 1m40s
+  metric{job="1"} 10
+  metric{job="2"} 20
+
 eval instant at 10s metric @ 100 offset 50s
   metric{job="1"} 5
   metric{job="2"} 10
 
+eval instant at 10s metric @ 100 offset 50
+  metric{job="1"} 5
+  metric{job="2"} 10
+
 eval instant at 10s metric offset 50s @ 100
   metric{job="1"} 5
   metric{job="2"} 10
 
+eval instant at 10s metric offset 50 @ 100
+  metric{job="1"} 5
+  metric{job="2"} 10
+
 eval instant at 10s metric @ 0 offset -50s
   metric{job="1"} 5
   metric{job="2"} 10
 
+eval instant at 10s metric @ 0 offset -50
+  metric{job="1"} 5
+  metric{job="2"} 10
+
 eval instant at 10s metric offset -50s @ 0
   metric{job="1"} 5
   metric{job="2"} 10
 
+eval instant at 10s metric offset -50 @ 0
+  metric{job="1"} 5
+  metric{job="2"} 10
+
+eval instant at 10s metric @ 0 offset -50s
+  metric{job="1"} 5
+  metric{job="2"} 10
+
+eval instant at 10s metric @ 0 offset -50
+  metric{job="1"} 5
+  metric{job="2"} 10
+
 eval instant at 10s -metric @ 100
   {job="1"} -10
   {job="2"} -20
@@ -48,6 +80,12 @@ eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100s] @ 100 offset 50s)
 eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100s] offset 50s @ 100)
   {job="1"} 15
 
+eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100] @ 100 offset 50)
+  {job="1"} 15
+
+eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100] offset 50s @ 100)
+  {job="1"} 15
+
 # Different timestamps.
 eval instant at 25s metric{job="1"} @ 50 + metric{job="1"} @ 100
   {job="1"} 15
@@ -58,6 +96,9 @@ eval instant at 25s rate(metric{job="1"}[100s] @ 100) + label_replace(rate(metri
 eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100s] @ 100) + label_replace(sum_over_time(metric{job="2"}[100s] @ 100), "job", "1", "", "")
   {job="1"} 165
 
+eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100] @ 100) + label_replace(sum_over_time(metric{job="2"}[100] @ 100), "job", "1", "", "")
+  {job="1"} 165
+
 # Subqueries.
 
 # 10*(1+2+...+9) + 10.
@@ -72,6 +113,10 @@ eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100s:1s] @ 100 offset 20s)
 eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100s:1s] offset 20s @ 100)
   {job="1"} 288
 
+# 10*(1+2+...+7) + 8.
+eval instant at 25s sum_over_time(metric{job="1"}[100:1] offset 20 @ 100)
+  {job="1"} 288
+
 # Subquery with different timestamps.
 
 # Since vector selector has timestamp, the result value does not depend on the timestamp of subqueries.
diff --git a/promql/promqltest/testdata/functions.test b/promql/promqltest/testdata/functions.test
index 718e001c3..b8b36d91e 100644
--- a/promql/promqltest/testdata/functions.test
+++ b/promql/promqltest/testdata/functions.test
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ eval instant at 50m resets(http_requests[5m])
 	{path="/bar"} 0
 	{path="/biz"} 0
 
+eval instant at 50m resets(http_requests[300])
+	{path="/foo"} 0
+	{path="/bar"} 0
+	{path="/biz"} 0
+
 eval instant at 50m resets(http_requests[20m])
 	{path="/foo"} 1
 	{path="/bar"} 0
@@ -239,10 +244,16 @@ eval instant at 50m deriv(testcounter_reset_middle[100m])
 eval instant at 50m predict_linear(testcounter_reset_middle[50m], 3600)
 	{} 76.81818181818181
 
+eval instant at 50m predict_linear(testcounter_reset_middle[50m], 1h)
+	{} 76.81818181818181
+
 # intercept at t = 3000+3600 = 6600
 eval instant at 50m predict_linear(testcounter_reset_middle[50m] @ 3000, 3600)
 	{} 76.81818181818181
 
+eval instant at 50m predict_linear(testcounter_reset_middle[50m] @ 3000, 1h)
+	{} 76.81818181818181
+
 # intercept at t = 600+3600 = 4200
 eval instant at 10m predict_linear(testcounter_reset_middle[50m] @ 3000, 3600)
 	{} 51.36363636363637
diff --git a/promql/promqltest/testdata/histograms.test b/promql/promqltest/testdata/histograms.test
index e1fb1d85a..349a1e79c 100644
--- a/promql/promqltest/testdata/histograms.test
+++ b/promql/promqltest/testdata/histograms.test
@@ -73,22 +73,32 @@ eval instant at 50m histogram_count(testhistogram3)
 	{start="positive"} 110
 	{start="negative"} 20
 
+# Classic way of accessing the count still works.
+eval instant at 50m testhistogram3_count
+	testhistogram3_count{start="positive"} 110
+	testhistogram3_count{start="negative"} 20
+
 # Test histogram_sum.
 eval instant at 50m histogram_sum(testhistogram3)
 	{start="positive"} 330
 	{start="negative"} 80
 
-# Test histogram_avg.
+# Classic way of accessing the sum still works.
+eval instant at 50m testhistogram3_sum
+	testhistogram3_sum{start="positive"} 330
+	testhistogram3_sum{start="negative"} 80
+
+# Test histogram_avg. This has no classic equivalent.
 eval instant at 50m histogram_avg(testhistogram3)
 	{start="positive"} 3
 	{start="negative"} 4
 
-# Test histogram_stddev.
+# Test histogram_stddev. This has no classic equivalent.
 eval instant at 50m histogram_stddev(testhistogram3)
 	{start="positive"} 2.8189265757336734
 	{start="negative"} 4.182715937754936
 
-# Test histogram_stdvar.
+# Test histogram_stdvar. This has no classic equivalent.
 eval instant at 50m histogram_stdvar(testhistogram3)
 	{start="positive"} 7.946347039377573
 	{start="negative"} 17.495112615949154
@@ -103,137 +113,282 @@ eval instant at 50m histogram_fraction(0, 0.2, rate(testhistogram3[5m]))
 	{start="positive"} 0.6363636363636364
 	{start="negative"} 0
 
-# Test histogram_quantile.
+# In the classic histogram, we can access the corresponding bucket (if
+# it exists) and divide by the count to get the same result.
+
+eval instant at 50m testhistogram3_bucket{le=".2"} / ignoring(le) testhistogram3_count
+	{start="positive"} 0.6363636363636364
+	
+eval instant at 50m rate(testhistogram3_bucket{le=".2"}[5m]) / ignoring(le) rate(testhistogram3_count[5m])
+	{start="positive"} 0.6363636363636364
+
+# Test histogram_quantile, native and classic.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0, testhistogram3)
+	{start="positive"} 0
+	{start="negative"} -0.25
 
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0, testhistogram3_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0
 	{start="negative"} -0.25
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.25, testhistogram3)
+	{start="positive"} 0.055
+	{start="negative"} -0.225
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.25, testhistogram3_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0.055
 	{start="negative"} -0.225
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, testhistogram3)
+	{start="positive"} 0.125
+	{start="negative"} -0.2
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, testhistogram3_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0.125
 	{start="negative"} -0.2
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.75, testhistogram3)
+	{start="positive"} 0.45
+	{start="negative"} -0.15
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.75, testhistogram3_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0.45
 	{start="negative"} -0.15
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(1, testhistogram3)
+	{start="positive"} 1
+	{start="negative"} -0.1
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(1, testhistogram3_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 1
 	{start="negative"} -0.1
 
 # Quantile too low.
+
+eval_warn instant at 50m histogram_quantile(-0.1, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} -Inf
+	{start="negative"} -Inf
+
 eval_warn instant at 50m histogram_quantile(-0.1, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} -Inf
 	{start="negative"} -Inf
 
 # Quantile too high.
+
+eval_warn instant at 50m histogram_quantile(1.01, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} +Inf
+	{start="negative"} +Inf
+
 eval_warn instant at 50m histogram_quantile(1.01, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} +Inf
 	{start="negative"} +Inf
 
 # Quantile invalid.
+
+eval_warn instant at 50m histogram_quantile(NaN, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} NaN
+	{start="negative"} NaN
+
 eval_warn instant at 50m histogram_quantile(NaN, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} NaN
 	{start="negative"} NaN
 
 # Quantile value in lowest bucket.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} 0
+	{start="negative"} -0.2
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0
 	{start="negative"} -0.2
 
 # Quantile value in highest bucket.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(1, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} 1
+	{start="negative"} 0.3
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(1, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 1
 	{start="negative"} 0.3
 
 # Finally some useful quantiles.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.2, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} 0.048
+	{start="negative"} -0.2
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.2, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0.048
 	{start="negative"} -0.2
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} 0.15
+	{start="negative"} -0.15
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0.15
 	{start="negative"} -0.15
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.8, testhistogram)
+	{start="positive"} 0.72
+	{start="negative"} 0.3
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.8, testhistogram_bucket)
 	{start="positive"} 0.72
 	{start="negative"} 0.3
 
 # More realistic with rates.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.2, rate(testhistogram[5m]))
+	{start="positive"} 0.048
+	{start="negative"} -0.2
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.2, rate(testhistogram_bucket[5m]))
 	{start="positive"} 0.048
 	{start="negative"} -0.2
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(testhistogram[5m]))
+	{start="positive"} 0.15
+	{start="negative"} -0.15
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(testhistogram_bucket[5m]))
 	{start="positive"} 0.15
 	{start="negative"} -0.15
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.8, rate(testhistogram[5m]))
+	{start="positive"} 0.72
+	{start="negative"} 0.3
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.8, rate(testhistogram_bucket[5m]))
 	{start="positive"} 0.72
 	{start="negative"} 0.3
 
 # Want results exactly in the middle of the bucket.
+
+eval instant at 7m histogram_quantile(1./6., testhistogram2)
+	{} 1
+
 eval instant at 7m histogram_quantile(1./6., testhistogram2_bucket)
 	{} 1
 
+eval instant at 7m histogram_quantile(0.5, testhistogram2)
+	{} 3
+
 eval instant at 7m histogram_quantile(0.5, testhistogram2_bucket)
 	{} 3
 
+eval instant at 7m histogram_quantile(5./6., testhistogram2)
+	{} 5
+
 eval instant at 7m histogram_quantile(5./6., testhistogram2_bucket)
 	{} 5
 
+eval instant at 47m histogram_quantile(1./6., rate(testhistogram2[15m]))
+	{} 1
+
 eval instant at 47m histogram_quantile(1./6., rate(testhistogram2_bucket[15m]))
 	{} 1
 
+eval instant at 47m histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(testhistogram2[15m]))
+	{} 3
+
 eval instant at 47m histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(testhistogram2_bucket[15m]))
 	{} 3
 
+eval instant at 47m histogram_quantile(5./6., rate(testhistogram2[15m]))
+	{} 5
+
 eval instant at 47m histogram_quantile(5./6., rate(testhistogram2_bucket[15m]))
 	{} 5
 
-# Aggregated histogram: Everything in one.
+# Aggregated histogram: Everything in one. Note how native histograms
+# don't require aggregation by le.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])))
+	{} 0.075
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))
 	{} 0.075
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])))
+	{} 0.1277777777777778
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))
 	{} 0.1277777777777778
 
 # Aggregated histogram: Everything in one. Now with avg, which does not change anything.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, avg(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])))
+	{} 0.075
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, avg(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))
 	{} 0.075
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, avg(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])))
+	{} 0.12777777777777778
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, avg(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le))
 	{} 0.12777777777777778
 
 # Aggregated histogram: By instance.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])) by (instance))
+	{instance="ins1"} 0.075
+	{instance="ins2"} 0.075
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, instance))
 	{instance="ins1"} 0.075
 	{instance="ins2"} 0.075
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])) by (instance))
+	{instance="ins1"} 0.1333333333
+	{instance="ins2"} 0.125
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, instance))
 	{instance="ins1"} 0.1333333333
 	{instance="ins2"} 0.125
 
 # Aggregated histogram: By job.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])) by (job))
+	{job="job1"} 0.1
+	{job="job2"} 0.0642857142857143
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, job))
 	{job="job1"} 0.1
 	{job="job2"} 0.0642857142857143
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])) by (job))
+	{job="job1"} 0.14
+	{job="job2"} 0.1125
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, job))
 	{job="job1"} 0.14
 	{job="job2"} 0.1125
 
 # Aggregated histogram: By job and instance.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])) by (job, instance))
+	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.11
+	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.09
+	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.06
+	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.0675
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, job, instance))
 	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.11
 	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.09
 	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.06
 	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.0675
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds[5m])) by (job, instance))
+	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.15
+	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.1333333333333333
+	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.1
+	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.1166666666666667
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le, job, instance))
 	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.15
 	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.1333333333333333
@@ -241,18 +396,32 @@ eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, sum(rate(request_duration_seconds_bu
 	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.1166666666666667
 
 # The unaggregated histogram for comparison. Same result as the previous one.
+
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, rate(request_duration_seconds[5m]))
+	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.11
+	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.09
+	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.06
+	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.0675
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.3, rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))
 	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.11
 	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.09
 	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.06
 	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.0675
 
+eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(request_duration_seconds[5m]))
+	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.15
+	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.13333333333333333
+	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.1
+	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.11666666666666667
+
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.5, rate(request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))
 	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} 0.15
 	{instance="ins2", job="job1"} 0.13333333333333333
 	{instance="ins1", job="job2"} 0.1
 	{instance="ins2", job="job2"} 0.11666666666666667
 
+# All NHCBs summed into one.
 eval instant at 50m sum(request_duration_seconds)
 	{} {{schema:-53 count:250 custom_values:[0.1 0.2] buckets:[100 90 60]}}
 
@@ -303,11 +472,13 @@ load_with_nhcb 5m
 eval instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.2, rate(empty_bucket[5m]))
 	{instance="ins1", job="job1"} NaN
 
-# Load a duplicate histogram with a different name to test failure scenario on multiple histograms with the same label set
+# Load a duplicate histogram with a different name to test failure scenario on multiple histograms with the same label set.
 # https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/9910
 load_with_nhcb 5m
-	request_duration_seconds2_bucket{job="job1", instance="ins1", le="0.1"}	0+1x10
-	request_duration_seconds2_bucket{job="job1", instance="ins1", le="0.2"}	0+3x10
-	request_duration_seconds2_bucket{job="job1", instance="ins1", le="+Inf"}	0+4x10
+	request_duration_seconds2_bucket{job="job1", instance="ins1", le="0.1"}	 0+1x10
+	request_duration_seconds2_bucket{job="job1", instance="ins1", le="0.2"}	 0+3x10
+	request_duration_seconds2_bucket{job="job1", instance="ins1", le="+Inf"} 0+4x10
 
-eval_fail instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.99, {__name__=~"request_duration_seconds\\d*_bucket$"})
+eval_fail instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.99, {__name__=~"request_duration_seconds\\d*_bucket"})
+
+eval_fail instant at 50m histogram_quantile(0.99, {__name__=~"request_duration_seconds\\d*"})
diff --git a/promql/promqltest/testdata/staleness.test b/promql/promqltest/testdata/staleness.test
index 76ee2f287..4fdbc997b 100644
--- a/promql/promqltest/testdata/staleness.test
+++ b/promql/promqltest/testdata/staleness.test
@@ -32,6 +32,9 @@ eval instant at 20s count_over_time(metric[1s])
 eval instant at 20s count_over_time(metric[10s])
   {} 1
 
+eval instant at 20s count_over_time(metric[10])
+  {} 1
+
 
 clear
 
diff --git a/promql/promqltest/testdata/subquery.test b/promql/promqltest/testdata/subquery.test
index db85b1622..1d338d976 100644
--- a/promql/promqltest/testdata/subquery.test
+++ b/promql/promqltest/testdata/subquery.test
@@ -76,6 +76,21 @@ eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time(metric1[30s:10s] offset 3s)
 eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time((metric1)[30s:10s] offset 3s)
   {} 297
 
+eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time(metric1[30:10] offset 3)
+  {} 297
+
+eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time((metric1)[30:10s] offset 3s)
+  {} 297
+
+eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time((metric1)[30:10s] offset 3s)
+  {} 297
+
+eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time((metric1)[30:10] offset 3s)
+  {} 297
+
+eval instant at 1010s sum_over_time((metric1)[30:10] offset 3)
+  {} 297
+
 # Nested subqueries
 eval instant at 1000s rate(sum_over_time(metric1[30s:10s])[50s:10s])
   {} 0.4
diff --git a/rules/group.go b/rules/group.go
index 0bc219a11..201d3a67d 100644
--- a/rules/group.go
+++ b/rules/group.go
@@ -621,14 +621,12 @@ func (g *Group) Eval(ctx context.Context, ts time.Time) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		// If the rule has no dependencies, it can run concurrently because no other rules in this group depend on its output.
-		// Try run concurrently if there are slots available.
-		if ctrl := g.concurrencyController; isRuleEligibleForConcurrentExecution(rule) && ctrl.Allow() {
+		if ctrl := g.concurrencyController; ctrl.Allow(ctx, g, rule) {
 			wg.Add(1)
 
 			go eval(i, rule, func() {
 				wg.Done()
-				ctrl.Done()
+				ctrl.Done(ctx)
 			})
 		} else {
 			eval(i, rule, nil)
@@ -1094,7 +1092,3 @@ func buildDependencyMap(rules []Rule) dependencyMap {
 
 	return dependencies
 }
-
-func isRuleEligibleForConcurrentExecution(rule Rule) bool {
-	return rule.NoDependentRules() && rule.NoDependencyRules()
-}
diff --git a/rules/manager.go b/rules/manager.go
index ab33c3c7d..9e5b33fbc 100644
--- a/rules/manager.go
+++ b/rules/manager.go
@@ -457,67 +457,47 @@ func (c ruleDependencyController) AnalyseRules(rules []Rule) {
 // Its purpose is to bound the amount of concurrency in rule evaluations to avoid overwhelming the Prometheus
 // server with additional query load. Concurrency is controlled globally, not on a per-group basis.
 type RuleConcurrencyController interface {
-	// Allow determines whether any concurrent evaluation slots are available.
-	// If Allow() returns true, then Done() must be called to release the acquired slot.
-	Allow() bool
+	// Allow determines if the given rule is allowed to be evaluated concurrently.
+	// If Allow() returns true, then Done() must be called to release the acquired slot and corresponding cleanup is done.
+	// It is important that both *Group and Rule are not retained and only be used for the duration of the call.
+	Allow(ctx context.Context, group *Group, rule Rule) bool
 
 	// Done releases a concurrent evaluation slot.
-	Done()
+	Done(ctx context.Context)
 }
 
 // concurrentRuleEvalController holds a weighted semaphore which controls the concurrent evaluation of rules.
 type concurrentRuleEvalController struct {
-	sema      *semaphore.Weighted
-	depMapsMu sync.Mutex
-	depMaps   map[*Group]dependencyMap
+	sema *semaphore.Weighted
 }
 
 func newRuleConcurrencyController(maxConcurrency int64) RuleConcurrencyController {
 	return &concurrentRuleEvalController{
-		sema:    semaphore.NewWeighted(maxConcurrency),
-		depMaps: map[*Group]dependencyMap{},
+		sema: semaphore.NewWeighted(maxConcurrency),
 	}
 }
 
-func (c *concurrentRuleEvalController) RuleEligible(g *Group, r Rule) bool {
-	c.depMapsMu.Lock()
-	defer c.depMapsMu.Unlock()
-
-	depMap, found := c.depMaps[g]
-	if !found {
-		depMap = buildDependencyMap(g.rules)
-		c.depMaps[g] = depMap
+func (c *concurrentRuleEvalController) Allow(_ context.Context, _ *Group, rule Rule) bool {
+	// To allow a rule to be executed concurrently, we need 3 conditions:
+	// 1. The rule must not have any rules that depend on it.
+	// 2. The rule itself must not depend on any other rules.
+	// 3. If 1 & 2 are true, then and only then we should try to acquire the concurrency slot.
+	if rule.NoDependentRules() && rule.NoDependencyRules() {
+		return c.sema.TryAcquire(1)
 	}
 
-	return depMap.isIndependent(r)
+	return false
 }
 
-func (c *concurrentRuleEvalController) Allow() bool {
-	return c.sema.TryAcquire(1)
-}
-
-func (c *concurrentRuleEvalController) Done() {
+func (c *concurrentRuleEvalController) Done(_ context.Context) {
 	c.sema.Release(1)
 }
 
-func (c *concurrentRuleEvalController) Invalidate() {
-	c.depMapsMu.Lock()
-	defer c.depMapsMu.Unlock()
-
-	// Clear out the memoized dependency maps because some or all groups may have been updated.
-	c.depMaps = map[*Group]dependencyMap{}
-}
-
 // sequentialRuleEvalController is a RuleConcurrencyController that runs every rule sequentially.
 type sequentialRuleEvalController struct{}
 
-func (c sequentialRuleEvalController) RuleEligible(_ *Group, _ Rule) bool {
+func (c sequentialRuleEvalController) Allow(_ context.Context, _ *Group, _ Rule) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (c sequentialRuleEvalController) Allow() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
-func (c sequentialRuleEvalController) Done()       {}
-func (c sequentialRuleEvalController) Invalidate() {}
+func (c sequentialRuleEvalController) Done(_ context.Context) {}
diff --git a/rules/manager_test.go b/rules/manager_test.go
index 51239e6c9..9865cbdfe 100644
--- a/rules/manager_test.go
+++ b/rules/manager_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"go.uber.org/atomic"
-	"go.uber.org/goleak"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
-	goleak.VerifyTestMain(m)
+	prom_testutil.TolerantVerifyLeak(m)
 }
 
 func TestAlertingRule(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/scripts/golangci-lint.yml b/scripts/golangci-lint.yml
index bb65d7f60..83ae3906c 100644
--- a/scripts/golangci-lint.yml
+++ b/scripts/golangci-lint.yml
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@a5ac7e51b41094c92402da3b24376905380afc29 # v4.1.6
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
       - name: Install Go
         uses: actions/setup-go@cdcb36043654635271a94b9a6d1392de5bb323a7 # v5.0.1
         with:
diff --git a/storage/fanout_test.go b/storage/fanout_test.go
index 712f0400f..4613fe757 100644
--- a/storage/fanout_test.go
+++ b/storage/fanout_test.go
@@ -238,11 +238,11 @@ func (errQuerier) Select(context.Context, bool, *storage.SelectHints, ...*labels
 	return storage.ErrSeriesSet(errSelect)
 }
 
-func (errQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (errQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("label values error")
 }
 
-func (errQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (errQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("label names error")
 }
 
diff --git a/storage/interface.go b/storage/interface.go
index 493c2d689..f85f985e9 100644
--- a/storage/interface.go
+++ b/storage/interface.go
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ type MockQuerier struct {
 	SelectMockFunction func(sortSeries bool, hints *SelectHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) SeriesSet
 }
 
-func (q *MockQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *MockQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
-func (q *MockQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *MockQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -161,12 +161,12 @@ type LabelQuerier interface {
 	// It is not safe to use the strings beyond the lifetime of the querier.
 	// If matchers are specified the returned result set is reduced
 	// to label values of metrics matching the matchers.
-	LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error)
+	LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error)
 
 	// LabelNames returns all the unique label names present in the block in sorted order.
 	// If matchers are specified the returned result set is reduced
 	// to label names of metrics matching the matchers.
-	LabelNames(ctx context.Context, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error)
+	LabelNames(ctx context.Context, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error)
 
 	// Close releases the resources of the Querier.
 	Close() error
@@ -190,6 +190,9 @@ type SelectHints struct {
 	Start int64 // Start time in milliseconds for this select.
 	End   int64 // End time in milliseconds for this select.
 
+	// Maximum number of results returned. Use a value of 0 to disable.
+	Limit int
+
 	Step int64  // Query step size in milliseconds.
 	Func string // String representation of surrounding function or aggregation.
 
@@ -217,6 +220,13 @@ type SelectHints struct {
 	DisableTrimming bool
 }
 
+// LabelHints specifies hints passed for label reads.
+// This is used only as an option for implementation to use.
+type LabelHints struct {
+	// Maximum number of results returned. Use a value of 0 to disable.
+	Limit int
+}
+
 // TODO(bwplotka): Move to promql/engine_test.go?
 // QueryableFunc is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as
 // Queryables. It follows the idea of http.HandlerFunc.
diff --git a/storage/memoized_iterator.go b/storage/memoized_iterator.go
index 4ab2aa5d7..273b3caa1 100644
--- a/storage/memoized_iterator.go
+++ b/storage/memoized_iterator.go
@@ -136,6 +136,11 @@ func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) AtFloatHistogram() (int64, *histogram.FloatHist
 	return b.it.AtFloatHistogram(nil)
 }
 
+// AtT returns the timestamp of the current element of the iterator.
+func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) AtT() int64 {
+	return b.it.AtT()
+}
+
 // Err returns the last encountered error.
 func (b *MemoizedSeriesIterator) Err() error {
 	return b.it.Err()
diff --git a/storage/memoized_iterator_test.go b/storage/memoized_iterator_test.go
index d1cd56517..81e517f96 100644
--- a/storage/memoized_iterator_test.go
+++ b/storage/memoized_iterator_test.go
@@ -29,13 +29,15 @@ func TestMemoizedSeriesIterator(t *testing.T) {
 	sampleEq := func(ets int64, ev float64, efh *histogram.FloatHistogram) {
 		if efh == nil {
 			ts, v := it.At()
-			require.Equal(t, ets, ts, "timestamp mismatch")
-			require.Equal(t, ev, v, "value mismatch")
+			require.Equal(t, ets, ts, "At() timestamp mismatch")
+			require.Equal(t, ev, v, "At() value mismatch")
 		} else {
 			ts, fh := it.AtFloatHistogram()
-			require.Equal(t, ets, ts, "timestamp mismatch")
-			require.Equal(t, efh, fh, "histogram mismatch")
+			require.Equal(t, ets, ts, "AtFloatHistogram() timestamp mismatch")
+			require.Equal(t, efh, fh, "AtFloatHistogram() histogram mismatch")
 		}
+
+		require.Equal(t, ets, it.AtT(), "AtT() timestamp mismatch")
 	}
 	prevSampleEq := func(ets int64, ev float64, efh *histogram.FloatHistogram, eok bool) {
 		ts, v, fh, ok := it.PeekPrev()
diff --git a/storage/merge.go b/storage/merge.go
index 6714af5e8..2424b26ab 100644
--- a/storage/merge.go
+++ b/storage/merge.go
@@ -45,25 +45,24 @@ type mergeGenericQuerier struct {
 //
 // In case of overlaps between the data given by primaries' and secondaries' Selects, merge function will be used.
 func NewMergeQuerier(primaries, secondaries []Querier, mergeFn VerticalSeriesMergeFunc) Querier {
+	primaries = filterQueriers(primaries)
+	secondaries = filterQueriers(secondaries)
+
 	switch {
-	case len(primaries)+len(secondaries) == 0:
+	case len(primaries) == 0 && len(secondaries) == 0:
 		return noopQuerier{}
 	case len(primaries) == 1 && len(secondaries) == 0:
 		return primaries[0]
 	case len(primaries) == 0 && len(secondaries) == 1:
-		return secondaries[0]
+		return &querierAdapter{newSecondaryQuerierFrom(secondaries[0])}
 	}
 
 	queriers := make([]genericQuerier, 0, len(primaries)+len(secondaries))
 	for _, q := range primaries {
-		if _, ok := q.(noopQuerier); !ok && q != nil {
-			queriers = append(queriers, newGenericQuerierFrom(q))
-		}
+		queriers = append(queriers, newGenericQuerierFrom(q))
 	}
 	for _, q := range secondaries {
-		if _, ok := q.(noopQuerier); !ok && q != nil {
-			queriers = append(queriers, newSecondaryQuerierFrom(q))
-		}
+		queriers = append(queriers, newSecondaryQuerierFrom(q))
 	}
 
 	concurrentSelect := false
@@ -77,31 +76,40 @@ func NewMergeQuerier(primaries, secondaries []Querier, mergeFn VerticalSeriesMer
 	}}
 }
 
+func filterQueriers(qs []Querier) []Querier {
+	ret := make([]Querier, 0, len(qs))
+	for _, q := range qs {
+		if _, ok := q.(noopQuerier); !ok && q != nil {
+			ret = append(ret, q)
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
 // NewMergeChunkQuerier returns a new Chunk Querier that merges results of given primary and secondary chunk queriers.
 // See NewFanout commentary to learn more about primary vs secondary differences.
 //
 // In case of overlaps between the data given by primaries' and secondaries' Selects, merge function will be used.
 // TODO(bwplotka): Currently merge will compact overlapping chunks with bigger chunk, without limit. Split it: https://github.com/prometheus/tsdb/issues/670
 func NewMergeChunkQuerier(primaries, secondaries []ChunkQuerier, mergeFn VerticalChunkSeriesMergeFunc) ChunkQuerier {
+	primaries = filterChunkQueriers(primaries)
+	secondaries = filterChunkQueriers(secondaries)
+
 	switch {
 	case len(primaries) == 0 && len(secondaries) == 0:
 		return noopChunkQuerier{}
 	case len(primaries) == 1 && len(secondaries) == 0:
 		return primaries[0]
 	case len(primaries) == 0 && len(secondaries) == 1:
-		return secondaries[0]
+		return &chunkQuerierAdapter{newSecondaryQuerierFromChunk(secondaries[0])}
 	}
 
 	queriers := make([]genericQuerier, 0, len(primaries)+len(secondaries))
 	for _, q := range primaries {
-		if _, ok := q.(noopChunkQuerier); !ok && q != nil {
-			queriers = append(queriers, newGenericQuerierFromChunk(q))
-		}
+		queriers = append(queriers, newGenericQuerierFromChunk(q))
 	}
-	for _, querier := range secondaries {
-		if _, ok := querier.(noopChunkQuerier); !ok && querier != nil {
-			queriers = append(queriers, newSecondaryQuerierFromChunk(querier))
-		}
+	for _, q := range secondaries {
+		queriers = append(queriers, newSecondaryQuerierFromChunk(q))
 	}
 
 	concurrentSelect := false
@@ -115,6 +123,16 @@ func NewMergeChunkQuerier(primaries, secondaries []ChunkQuerier, mergeFn Vertica
 	}}
 }
 
+func filterChunkQueriers(qs []ChunkQuerier) []ChunkQuerier {
+	ret := make([]ChunkQuerier, 0, len(qs))
+	for _, q := range qs {
+		if _, ok := q.(noopChunkQuerier); !ok && q != nil {
+			ret = append(ret, q)
+		}
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
 // Select returns a set of series that matches the given label matchers.
 func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) Select(ctx context.Context, sortSeries bool, hints *SelectHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) genericSeriesSet {
 	seriesSets := make([]genericSeriesSet, 0, len(q.queriers))
@@ -169,8 +187,8 @@ func (l labelGenericQueriers) SplitByHalf() (labelGenericQueriers, labelGenericQ
 // LabelValues returns all potential values for a label name.
 // If matchers are specified the returned result set is reduced
 // to label values of metrics matching the matchers.
-func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
-	res, ws, err := q.lvals(ctx, q.queriers, name, matchers...)
+func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	res, ws, err := q.lvals(ctx, q.queriers, name, hints, matchers...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("LabelValues() from merge generic querier for label %s: %w", name, err)
 	}
@@ -178,22 +196,22 @@ func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, matc
 }
 
 // lvals performs merge sort for LabelValues from multiple queriers.
-func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) lvals(ctx context.Context, lq labelGenericQueriers, n string, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) lvals(ctx context.Context, lq labelGenericQueriers, n string, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	if lq.Len() == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
 	if lq.Len() == 1 {
-		return lq.Get(0).LabelValues(ctx, n, matchers...)
+		return lq.Get(0).LabelValues(ctx, n, hints, matchers...)
 	}
 	a, b := lq.SplitByHalf()
 
 	var ws annotations.Annotations
-	s1, w, err := q.lvals(ctx, a, n, matchers...)
+	s1, w, err := q.lvals(ctx, a, n, hints, matchers...)
 	ws.Merge(w)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ws, err
 	}
-	s2, ws, err := q.lvals(ctx, b, n, matchers...)
+	s2, ws, err := q.lvals(ctx, b, n, hints, matchers...)
 	ws.Merge(w)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, ws, err
@@ -229,13 +247,13 @@ func mergeStrings(a, b []string) []string {
 }
 
 // LabelNames returns all the unique label names present in all queriers in sorted order.
-func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *mergeGenericQuerier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	var (
 		labelNamesMap = make(map[string]struct{})
 		warnings      annotations.Annotations
 	)
 	for _, querier := range q.queriers {
-		names, wrn, err := querier.LabelNames(ctx, matchers...)
+		names, wrn, err := querier.LabelNames(ctx, hints, matchers...)
 		if wrn != nil {
 			// TODO(bwplotka): We could potentially wrap warnings.
 			warnings.Merge(wrn)
diff --git a/storage/merge_test.go b/storage/merge_test.go
index 1203b3e7b..b145743c8 100644
--- a/storage/merge_test.go
+++ b/storage/merge_test.go
@@ -912,9 +912,23 @@ func TestConcatenatingChunkIterator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 type mockQuerier struct {
-	LabelQuerier
+	mtx sync.Mutex
 
-	toReturn []Series
+	toReturn []Series // Response for Select.
+
+	closed                bool
+	labelNamesCalls       int
+	labelNamesRequested   []labelNameRequest
+	sortedSeriesRequested []bool
+
+	resp     []string // Response for LabelNames and LabelValues; turned into Select response if toReturn is not supplied.
+	warnings annotations.Annotations
+	err      error
+}
+
+type labelNameRequest struct {
+	name     string
+	matchers []*labels.Matcher
 }
 
 type seriesByLabel []Series
@@ -924,13 +938,47 @@ func (a seriesByLabel) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
 func (a seriesByLabel) Less(i, j int) bool { return labels.Compare(a[i].Labels(), a[j].Labels()) < 0 }
 
 func (m *mockQuerier) Select(_ context.Context, sortSeries bool, _ *SelectHints, _ ...*labels.Matcher) SeriesSet {
-	cpy := make([]Series, len(m.toReturn))
-	copy(cpy, m.toReturn)
+	m.mtx.Lock()
+	defer m.mtx.Unlock()
+	m.sortedSeriesRequested = append(m.sortedSeriesRequested, sortSeries)
+
+	var ret []Series
+	if len(m.toReturn) > 0 {
+		ret = make([]Series, len(m.toReturn))
+		copy(ret, m.toReturn)
+	} else if len(m.resp) > 0 {
+		ret = make([]Series, 0, len(m.resp))
+		for _, l := range m.resp {
+			ret = append(ret, NewListSeries(labels.FromStrings("test", l), nil))
+		}
+	}
 	if sortSeries {
-		sort.Sort(seriesByLabel(cpy))
+		sort.Sort(seriesByLabel(ret))
 	}
 
-	return NewMockSeriesSet(cpy...)
+	return &mockSeriesSet{idx: -1, series: ret, warnings: m.warnings, err: m.err}
+}
+
+func (m *mockQuerier) LabelValues(_ context.Context, name string, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	m.mtx.Lock()
+	m.labelNamesRequested = append(m.labelNamesRequested, labelNameRequest{
+		name:     name,
+		matchers: matchers,
+	})
+	m.mtx.Unlock()
+	return m.resp, m.warnings, m.err
+}
+
+func (m *mockQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	m.mtx.Lock()
+	m.labelNamesCalls++
+	m.mtx.Unlock()
+	return m.resp, m.warnings, m.err
+}
+
+func (m *mockQuerier) Close() error {
+	m.closed = true
+	return nil
 }
 
 type mockChunkQuerier struct {
@@ -960,6 +1008,9 @@ func (m *mockChunkQuerier) Select(_ context.Context, sortSeries bool, _ *SelectH
 type mockSeriesSet struct {
 	idx    int
 	series []Series
+
+	warnings annotations.Annotations
+	err      error
 }
 
 func NewMockSeriesSet(series ...Series) SeriesSet {
@@ -970,15 +1021,18 @@ func NewMockSeriesSet(series ...Series) SeriesSet {
 }
 
 func (m *mockSeriesSet) Next() bool {
+	if m.err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
 	m.idx++
 	return m.idx < len(m.series)
 }
 
 func (m *mockSeriesSet) At() Series { return m.series[m.idx] }
 
-func (m *mockSeriesSet) Err() error { return nil }
+func (m *mockSeriesSet) Err() error { return m.err }
 
-func (m *mockSeriesSet) Warnings() annotations.Annotations { return nil }
+func (m *mockSeriesSet) Warnings() annotations.Annotations { return m.warnings }
 
 type mockChunkSeriesSet struct {
 	idx    int
@@ -1336,105 +1390,44 @@ func BenchmarkMergeSeriesSet(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 }
 
-type mockGenericQuerier struct {
-	mtx sync.Mutex
-
-	closed                bool
-	labelNamesCalls       int
-	labelNamesRequested   []labelNameRequest
-	sortedSeriesRequested []bool
-
-	resp     []string
-	warnings annotations.Annotations
-	err      error
-}
-
-type labelNameRequest struct {
-	name     string
-	matchers []*labels.Matcher
-}
-
-func (m *mockGenericQuerier) Select(_ context.Context, b bool, _ *SelectHints, _ ...*labels.Matcher) genericSeriesSet {
-	m.mtx.Lock()
-	m.sortedSeriesRequested = append(m.sortedSeriesRequested, b)
-	m.mtx.Unlock()
-	return &mockGenericSeriesSet{resp: m.resp, warnings: m.warnings, err: m.err}
-}
-
-func (m *mockGenericQuerier) LabelValues(_ context.Context, name string, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
-	m.mtx.Lock()
-	m.labelNamesRequested = append(m.labelNamesRequested, labelNameRequest{
-		name:     name,
-		matchers: matchers,
-	})
-	m.mtx.Unlock()
-	return m.resp, m.warnings, m.err
-}
-
-func (m *mockGenericQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
-	m.mtx.Lock()
-	m.labelNamesCalls++
-	m.mtx.Unlock()
-	return m.resp, m.warnings, m.err
-}
-
-func (m *mockGenericQuerier) Close() error {
-	m.closed = true
-	return nil
-}
-
-type mockGenericSeriesSet struct {
-	resp     []string
-	warnings annotations.Annotations
-	err      error
-
-	curr int
-}
-
-func (m *mockGenericSeriesSet) Next() bool {
-	if m.err != nil {
-		return false
+func visitMockQueriers(t *testing.T, qr Querier, f func(t *testing.T, q *mockQuerier)) int {
+	count := 0
+	switch x := qr.(type) {
+	case *mockQuerier:
+		count++
+		f(t, x)
+	case *querierAdapter:
+		count += visitMockQueriersInGenericQuerier(t, x.genericQuerier, f)
 	}
-	if m.curr >= len(m.resp) {
-		return false
+	return count
+}
+
+func visitMockQueriersInGenericQuerier(t *testing.T, g genericQuerier, f func(t *testing.T, q *mockQuerier)) int {
+	count := 0
+	switch x := g.(type) {
+	case *mergeGenericQuerier:
+		for _, q := range x.queriers {
+			count += visitMockQueriersInGenericQuerier(t, q, f)
+		}
+	case *genericQuerierAdapter:
+		// Visitor for chunkQuerier not implemented.
+		count += visitMockQueriers(t, x.q, f)
+	case *secondaryQuerier:
+		count += visitMockQueriersInGenericQuerier(t, x.genericQuerier, f)
 	}
-	m.curr++
-	return true
+	return count
 }
 
-func (m *mockGenericSeriesSet) Err() error                        { return m.err }
-func (m *mockGenericSeriesSet) Warnings() annotations.Annotations { return m.warnings }
-
-func (m *mockGenericSeriesSet) At() Labels {
-	return mockLabels(m.resp[m.curr-1])
-}
-
-type mockLabels string
-
-func (l mockLabels) Labels() labels.Labels {
-	return labels.FromStrings("test", string(l))
-}
-
-func unwrapMockGenericQuerier(t *testing.T, qr genericQuerier) *mockGenericQuerier {
-	m, ok := qr.(*mockGenericQuerier)
-	if !ok {
-		s, ok := qr.(*secondaryQuerier)
-		require.True(t, ok, "expected secondaryQuerier got something else")
-		m, ok = s.genericQuerier.(*mockGenericQuerier)
-		require.True(t, ok, "expected mockGenericQuerier got something else")
-	}
-	return m
-}
-
-func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMergeQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		errStorage  = errors.New("storage error")
 		warnStorage = errors.New("storage warning")
 		ctx         = context.Background()
 	)
 	for _, tcase := range []struct {
-		name     string
-		queriers []genericQuerier
+		name        string
+		primaries   []Querier
+		secondaries []Querier
 
 		expectedSelectsSeries []labels.Labels
 		expectedLabels        []string
@@ -1443,10 +1436,8 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		expectedErrs     [4]error
 	}{
 		{
-			// NewMergeQuerier will not create a mergeGenericQuerier
-			// with just one querier inside, but we can test it anyway.
-			name:     "one successful primary querier",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"a", "b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
+			name:      "one successful primary querier",
+			primaries: []Querier{&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"a", "b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
 			expectedSelectsSeries: []labels.Labels{
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "a"),
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "b"),
@@ -1455,9 +1446,9 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "multiple successful primary queriers",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{
-				&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"a", "b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
-				&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"b", "c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+			primaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"a", "b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b", "c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
 			},
 			expectedSelectsSeries: []labels.Labels{
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "a"),
@@ -1468,15 +1459,17 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:         "one failed primary querier",
-			queriers:     []genericQuerier{&mockGenericQuerier{warnings: nil, err: errStorage}},
+			primaries:    []Querier{&mockQuerier{warnings: nil, err: errStorage}},
 			expectedErrs: [4]error{errStorage, errStorage, errStorage, errStorage},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "one successful primary querier with successful secondaries",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{
-				&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"a", "b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
+			primaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"a", "b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+			},
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
 			},
 			expectedSelectsSeries: []labels.Labels{
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "a"),
@@ -1487,10 +1480,12 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "one successful primary querier with empty response and successful secondaries",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{
-				&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
+			primaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+			},
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
 			},
 			expectedSelectsSeries: []labels.Labels{
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "b"),
@@ -1500,19 +1495,42 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "one failed primary querier with successful secondaries",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{
-				&mockGenericQuerier{warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil}},
+			primaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
+			},
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
 			},
 			expectedErrs: [4]error{errStorage, errStorage, errStorage, errStorage},
 		},
+		{
+			name:      "nil primary querier with failed secondary",
+			primaries: nil,
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
+			},
+			expectedLabels:   []string{},
+			expectedWarnings: annotations.New().Add(errStorage),
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "nil primary querier with two failed secondaries",
+			primaries: nil,
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
+			},
+			expectedLabels:   []string{},
+			expectedWarnings: annotations.New().Add(errStorage),
+		},
 		{
 			name: "one successful primary querier with failed secondaries",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{
-				&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"a"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage}},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage}},
+			primaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"a"}, warnings: nil, err: nil},
+			},
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"c"}, warnings: nil, err: errStorage},
 			},
 			expectedSelectsSeries: []labels.Labels{
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "a"),
@@ -1522,9 +1540,11 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name: "successful queriers with warnings",
-			queriers: []genericQuerier{
-				&mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"a"}, warnings: annotations.New().Add(warnStorage), err: nil},
-				&secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: &mockGenericQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: annotations.New().Add(warnStorage), err: nil}},
+			primaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"a"}, warnings: annotations.New().Add(warnStorage), err: nil},
+			},
+			secondaries: []Querier{
+				&mockQuerier{resp: []string{"b"}, warnings: annotations.New().Add(warnStorage), err: nil},
 			},
 			expectedSelectsSeries: []labels.Labels{
 				labels.FromStrings("test", "a"),
@@ -1535,10 +1555,7 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			q := &mergeGenericQuerier{
-				queriers: tcase.queriers,
-				mergeFn:  func(l ...Labels) Labels { return l[0] },
-			}
+			q := NewMergeQuerier(tcase.primaries, tcase.secondaries, func(s ...Series) Series { return s[0] })
 
 			t.Run("Select", func(t *testing.T) {
 				res := q.Select(context.Background(), false, nil)
@@ -1551,65 +1568,70 @@ func TestMergeGenericQuerierWithSecondaries_ErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 				require.ErrorIs(t, res.Err(), tcase.expectedErrs[0], "expected error doesn't match")
 				require.Equal(t, tcase.expectedSelectsSeries, lbls)
 
-				for _, qr := range q.queriers {
-					m := unwrapMockGenericQuerier(t, qr)
-					// mergeGenericQuerier forces all Selects to be sorted.
-					require.Equal(t, []bool{true}, m.sortedSeriesRequested)
-				}
+				n := visitMockQueriers(t, q, func(t *testing.T, m *mockQuerier) {
+					// Single queries should be unsorted; merged queries sorted.
+					exp := len(tcase.primaries)+len(tcase.secondaries) > 1
+					require.Equal(t, []bool{exp}, m.sortedSeriesRequested)
+				})
+				// Check we visited all queriers.
+				require.Equal(t, len(tcase.primaries)+len(tcase.secondaries), n)
 			})
 			t.Run("LabelNames", func(t *testing.T) {
-				res, w, err := q.LabelNames(ctx)
+				res, w, err := q.LabelNames(ctx, nil)
 				require.Subset(t, tcase.expectedWarnings, w)
 				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tcase.expectedErrs[1], "expected error doesn't match")
-				require.Equal(t, tcase.expectedLabels, res)
+				requireEqualSlice(t, tcase.expectedLabels, res)
 
 				if err != nil {
 					return
 				}
-				for _, qr := range q.queriers {
-					m := unwrapMockGenericQuerier(t, qr)
-
+				visitMockQueriers(t, q, func(t *testing.T, m *mockQuerier) {
 					require.Equal(t, 1, m.labelNamesCalls)
-				}
+				})
 			})
 			t.Run("LabelValues", func(t *testing.T) {
-				res, w, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "test")
+				res, w, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "test", nil)
 				require.Subset(t, tcase.expectedWarnings, w)
 				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tcase.expectedErrs[2], "expected error doesn't match")
-				require.Equal(t, tcase.expectedLabels, res)
+				requireEqualSlice(t, tcase.expectedLabels, res)
 
 				if err != nil {
 					return
 				}
-				for _, qr := range q.queriers {
-					m := unwrapMockGenericQuerier(t, qr)
-
+				visitMockQueriers(t, q, func(t *testing.T, m *mockQuerier) {
 					require.Equal(t, []labelNameRequest{{name: "test"}}, m.labelNamesRequested)
-				}
+				})
 			})
 			t.Run("LabelValuesWithMatchers", func(t *testing.T) {
 				matcher := labels.MustNewMatcher(labels.MatchEqual, "otherLabel", "someValue")
-				res, w, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "test2", matcher)
+				res, w, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "test2", nil, matcher)
 				require.Subset(t, tcase.expectedWarnings, w)
 				require.ErrorIs(t, err, tcase.expectedErrs[3], "expected error doesn't match")
-				require.Equal(t, tcase.expectedLabels, res)
+				requireEqualSlice(t, tcase.expectedLabels, res)
 
 				if err != nil {
 					return
 				}
-				for _, qr := range q.queriers {
-					m := unwrapMockGenericQuerier(t, qr)
-
+				visitMockQueriers(t, q, func(t *testing.T, m *mockQuerier) {
 					require.Equal(t, []labelNameRequest{
 						{name: "test"},
 						{name: "test2", matchers: []*labels.Matcher{matcher}},
 					}, m.labelNamesRequested)
-				}
+				})
 			})
 		})
 	}
 }
 
+// Check slice but ignore difference between nil and empty.
+func requireEqualSlice[T any](t require.TestingT, a, b []T, msgAndArgs ...interface{}) {
+	if len(a) == 0 {
+		require.Empty(t, b, msgAndArgs...)
+	} else {
+		require.Equal(t, a, b, msgAndArgs...)
+	}
+}
+
 type errIterator struct {
 	err error
 }
diff --git a/storage/noop.go b/storage/noop.go
index be5741ddd..f5092da7c 100644
--- a/storage/noop.go
+++ b/storage/noop.go
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ func (noopQuerier) Select(context.Context, bool, *SelectHints, ...*labels.Matche
 	return NoopSeriesSet()
 }
 
-func (noopQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (noopQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
-func (noopQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (noopQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ func (noopChunkQuerier) Select(context.Context, bool, *SelectHints, ...*labels.M
 	return NoopChunkedSeriesSet()
 }
 
-func (noopChunkQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (noopChunkQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
-func (noopChunkQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (noopChunkQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/storage/remote/client.go b/storage/remote/client.go
index eff44c606..11e423b6a 100644
--- a/storage/remote/client.go
+++ b/storage/remote/client.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package remote
 
 import (
-	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
@@ -38,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote/azuread"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/storage/remote/googleiam"
 )
 
 const maxErrMsgLen = 1024
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ type ClientConfig struct {
 	HTTPClientConfig config_util.HTTPClientConfig
 	SigV4Config      *sigv4.SigV4Config
 	AzureADConfig    *azuread.AzureADConfig
+	GoogleIAMConfig  *googleiam.Config
 	Headers          map[string]string
 	RetryOnRateLimit bool
 	WriteProtoMsg    config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg
@@ -193,6 +194,13 @@ func NewWriteClient(name string, conf *ClientConfig) (WriteClient, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if conf.GoogleIAMConfig != nil {
+		t, err = googleiam.NewRoundTripper(conf.GoogleIAMConfig, t)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	writeProtoMsg := config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1
 	if conf.WriteProtoMsg != "" {
 		writeProtoMsg = conf.WriteProtoMsg
@@ -235,12 +243,12 @@ type RecoverableError struct {
 
 // Store sends a batch of samples to the HTTP endpoint, the request is the proto marshalled
 // and encoded bytes from codec.go.
-func (c *Client) Store(ctx context.Context, req []byte, attempt int) error {
+func (c *Client) Store(ctx context.Context, req []byte, attempt int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, c.urlString, bytes.NewReader(req))
 	if err != nil {
 		// Errors from NewRequest are from unparsable URLs, so are not
 		// recoverable.
-		return err
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
 	}
 
 	httpReq.Header.Add("Content-Encoding", string(c.writeCompression))
@@ -267,28 +275,34 @@ func (c *Client) Store(ctx context.Context, req []byte, attempt int) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		// Errors from Client.Do are from (for example) network errors, so are
 		// recoverable.
-		return RecoverableError{err, defaultBackoff}
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, RecoverableError{err, defaultBackoff}
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		io.Copy(io.Discard, httpResp.Body)
 		httpResp.Body.Close()
 	}()
 
+	// TODO(bwplotka): Pass logger and emit debug on error?
+	// Parsing error means there were some response header values we can't parse,
+	// we can continue handling.
+	rs, _ := ParseWriteResponseStats(httpResp)
+
 	//nolint:usestdlibvars
-	if httpResp.StatusCode/100 != 2 {
-		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(io.LimitReader(httpResp.Body, maxErrMsgLen))
-		line := ""
-		if scanner.Scan() {
-			line = scanner.Text()
-		}
-		err = fmt.Errorf("server returned HTTP status %s: %s", httpResp.Status, line)
+	if httpResp.StatusCode/100 == 2 {
+		return rs, nil
 	}
+
+	// Handling errors e.g. read potential error in the body.
+	// TODO(bwplotka): Pass logger and emit debug on error?
+	body, _ := io.ReadAll(io.LimitReader(httpResp.Body, maxErrMsgLen))
+	err = fmt.Errorf("server returned HTTP status %s: %s", httpResp.Status, body)
+
 	//nolint:usestdlibvars
 	if httpResp.StatusCode/100 == 5 ||
 		(c.retryOnRateLimit && httpResp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests) {
-		return RecoverableError{err, retryAfterDuration(httpResp.Header.Get("Retry-After"))}
+		return rs, RecoverableError{err, retryAfterDuration(httpResp.Header.Get("Retry-After"))}
 	}
-	return err
+	return rs, err
 }
 
 // retryAfterDuration returns the duration for the Retry-After header. In case of any errors, it
diff --git a/storage/remote/client_test.go b/storage/remote/client_test.go
index 2acb8e279..9184ce100 100644
--- a/storage/remote/client_test.go
+++ b/storage/remote/client_test.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestStoreHTTPErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		c, err := NewWriteClient(hash, conf)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		err = c.Store(context.Background(), []byte{}, 0)
+		_, err = c.Store(context.Background(), []byte{}, 0)
 		if test.err != nil {
 			require.EqualError(t, err, test.err.Error())
 		} else {
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func TestClientRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {
 			c := getClient(getClientConfig(serverURL, tc.retryOnRateLimit))
 
 			var recErr RecoverableError
-			err = c.Store(context.Background(), []byte{}, 0)
+			_, err = c.Store(context.Background(), []byte{}, 0)
 			require.Equal(t, tc.expectedRecoverable, errors.As(err, &recErr), "Mismatch in expected recoverable error status.")
 			if tc.expectedRecoverable {
 				require.Equal(t, tc.expectedRetryAfter, recErr.retryAfter)
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func TestRetryAfterDuration(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestClientHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+func TestClientCustomHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	headersToSend := map[string]string{"Foo": "Bar", "Baz": "qux"}
 
 	var called bool
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func TestClientHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 	c, err := NewWriteClient("c", conf)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	err = c.Store(context.Background(), []byte{}, 0)
+	_, err = c.Store(context.Background(), []byte{}, 0)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	require.True(t, called, "The remote server wasn't called")
diff --git a/storage/remote/codec_test.go b/storage/remote/codec_test.go
index 15f8fe132..279d10e41 100644
--- a/storage/remote/codec_test.go
+++ b/storage/remote/codec_test.go
@@ -36,48 +36,48 @@ import (
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/annotations"
 )
 
-var testHistogram = histogram.Histogram{
-	Schema:          2,
-	ZeroThreshold:   1e-128,
-	ZeroCount:       0,
-	Count:           0,
-	Sum:             20,
-	PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
-	PositiveBuckets: []int64{1},
-	NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
-	NegativeBuckets: []int64{-1},
-}
-
-var writeRequestFixture = &prompb.WriteRequest{
-	Timeseries: []prompb.TimeSeries{
-		{
-			Labels: []prompb.Label{
-				{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
-				{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
-				{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
-				{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
-				{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
-			},
-			Samples:    []prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
-			Exemplars:  []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "f", Value: "g"}}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
-			Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{prompb.FromIntHistogram(0, &testHistogram), prompb.FromFloatHistogram(1, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
-		},
-		{
-			Labels: []prompb.Label{
-				{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
-				{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
-				{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
-				{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
-				{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
-			},
-			Samples:    []prompb.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
-			Exemplars:  []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "h", Value: "i"}}, Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
-			Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{prompb.FromIntHistogram(2, &testHistogram), prompb.FromFloatHistogram(3, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
-		},
-	},
-}
-
 var (
+	testHistogram = histogram.Histogram{
+		Schema:          2,
+		ZeroThreshold:   1e-128,
+		ZeroCount:       0,
+		Count:           0,
+		Sum:             20,
+		PositiveSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
+		PositiveBuckets: []int64{1},
+		NegativeSpans:   []histogram.Span{{Offset: 0, Length: 1}},
+		NegativeBuckets: []int64{-1},
+	}
+
+	writeRequestFixture = &prompb.WriteRequest{
+		Timeseries: []prompb.TimeSeries{
+			{
+				Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
+					{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
+					{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
+					{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
+					{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
+				},
+				Samples:    []prompb.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}},
+				Exemplars:  []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "f", Value: "g"}}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}},
+				Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{prompb.FromIntHistogram(1, &testHistogram), prompb.FromFloatHistogram(2, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
+			},
+			{
+				Labels: []prompb.Label{
+					{Name: "__name__", Value: "test_metric1"},
+					{Name: "b", Value: "c"},
+					{Name: "baz", Value: "qux"},
+					{Name: "d", Value: "e"},
+					{Name: "foo", Value: "bar"},
+				},
+				Samples:    []prompb.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 2}},
+				Exemplars:  []prompb.Exemplar{{Labels: []prompb.Label{{Name: "h", Value: "i"}}, Value: 2, Timestamp: 2}},
+				Histograms: []prompb.Histogram{prompb.FromIntHistogram(3, &testHistogram), prompb.FromFloatHistogram(4, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
 	writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata = metadata.Metadata{
 		Type: model.MetricTypeGauge,
 		Help: "Test gauge for test purposes",
@@ -88,43 +88,78 @@ var (
 		Help: "Test counter for test purposes",
 	}
 
-	// writeV2RequestFixture represents the same request as writeRequestFixture, but using the v2 representation.
-	writeV2RequestFixture = func() *writev2.Request {
-		st := writev2.NewSymbolTable()
-		b := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
-		labelRefs := st.SymbolizeLabels(writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[0].ToLabels(&b, nil), nil)
-		exemplar1LabelRefs := st.SymbolizeLabels(writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[0].Exemplars[0].ToExemplar(&b, nil).Labels, nil)
-		exemplar2LabelRefs := st.SymbolizeLabels(writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[0].Exemplars[0].ToExemplar(&b, nil).Labels, nil)
-		return &writev2.Request{
-			Timeseries: []writev2.TimeSeries{
-				{
-					LabelsRefs: labelRefs,
-					Metadata: writev2.Metadata{
-						Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_GAUGE, // Same as writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Type, but in writev2.
-						HelpRef: st.Symbolize(writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Help),
-						UnitRef: st.Symbolize(writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Unit),
-					},
-					Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
-					Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: exemplar1LabelRefs, Value: 1, Timestamp: 0}},
-					Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(0, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(1, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
-				},
-				{
-					LabelsRefs: labelRefs,
-					Metadata: writev2.Metadata{
-						Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER, // Same as writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata.Type, but in writev2.
-						HelpRef: st.Symbolize(writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata.Help),
-						// No unit.
-					},
-					Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
-					Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: exemplar2LabelRefs, Value: 2, Timestamp: 1}},
-					Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(2, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(3, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
+	// writeV2RequestFixture represents the same request as writeRequestFixture,
+	// but using the v2 representation, plus includes writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata and writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata.
+	// NOTE: Use TestWriteV2RequestFixture and copy the diff to regenerate if needed.
+	writeV2RequestFixture = &writev2.Request{
+		Symbols: []string{"", "__name__", "test_metric1", "b", "c", "baz", "qux", "d", "e", "foo", "bar", "f", "g", "h", "i", "Test gauge for test purposes", "Maybe op/sec who knows (:", "Test counter for test purposes"},
+		Timeseries: []writev2.TimeSeries{
+			{
+				LabelsRefs: []uint32{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, // Symbolized writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[0].Labels
+				Metadata: writev2.Metadata{
+					Type: writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_GAUGE, // writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Type.
+
+					HelpRef: 15, // Symbolized writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Help.
+					UnitRef: 16, // Symbolized writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Unit.
 				},
+				Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}},
+				Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: []uint32{11, 12}, Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}},
+				Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(1, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(2, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
 			},
-			Symbols: st.Symbols(),
-		}
-	}()
+			{
+				LabelsRefs: []uint32{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, // Same series as first.
+				Metadata: writev2.Metadata{
+					Type: writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER, // writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata.Type.
+
+					HelpRef: 17, // Symbolized writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata.Help.
+					// No unit.
+				},
+				Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 2}},
+				Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: []uint32{13, 14}, Value: 2, Timestamp: 2}},
+				Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(3, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(4, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
+			},
+		},
+	}
 )
 
+func TestWriteV2RequestFixture(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate dynamically writeV2RequestFixture, reusing v1 fixture elements.
+	st := writev2.NewSymbolTable()
+	b := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
+	labelRefs := st.SymbolizeLabels(writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[0].ToLabels(&b, nil), nil)
+	exemplar1LabelRefs := st.SymbolizeLabels(writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[0].Exemplars[0].ToExemplar(&b, nil).Labels, nil)
+	exemplar2LabelRefs := st.SymbolizeLabels(writeRequestFixture.Timeseries[1].Exemplars[0].ToExemplar(&b, nil).Labels, nil)
+	expected := &writev2.Request{
+		Timeseries: []writev2.TimeSeries{
+			{
+				LabelsRefs: labelRefs,
+				Metadata: writev2.Metadata{
+					Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_GAUGE,
+					HelpRef: st.Symbolize(writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Help),
+					UnitRef: st.Symbolize(writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata.Unit),
+				},
+				Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}},
+				Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: exemplar1LabelRefs, Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}},
+				Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(1, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(2, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
+			},
+			{
+				LabelsRefs: labelRefs,
+				Metadata: writev2.Metadata{
+					Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER,
+					HelpRef: st.Symbolize(writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata.Help),
+					// No unit.
+				},
+				Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 2, Timestamp: 2}},
+				Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: exemplar2LabelRefs, Value: 2, Timestamp: 2}},
+				Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(3, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(4, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
+			},
+		},
+		Symbols: st.Symbols(),
+	}
+	// Check if it matches static writeV2RequestFixture.
+	require.Equal(t, expected, writeV2RequestFixture)
+}
+
 func TestValidateLabelsAndMetricName(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		input       []prompb.Label
diff --git a/storage/remote/googleiam/googleiam.go b/storage/remote/googleiam/googleiam.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acf3bd5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/storage/remote/googleiam/googleiam.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package googleiam provides an http.RoundTripper that attaches an Google Cloud accessToken
+// to remote write requests.
+package googleiam
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"golang.org/x/oauth2/google"
+	"google.golang.org/api/option"
+	apihttp "google.golang.org/api/transport/http"
+)
+
+type Config struct {
+	CredentialsFile string `yaml:"credentials_file,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// NewRoundTripper creates a round tripper that adds Google Cloud Monitoring authorization to calls
+// using either a credentials file or the default credentials.
+func NewRoundTripper(cfg *Config, next http.RoundTripper) (http.RoundTripper, error) {
+	if next == nil {
+		next = http.DefaultTransport
+	}
+	const scopes = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/monitoring.write"
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	opts := []option.ClientOption{
+		option.WithScopes(scopes),
+	}
+	if cfg.CredentialsFile != "" {
+		opts = append(opts, option.WithCredentialsFile(cfg.CredentialsFile))
+	} else {
+		creds, err := google.FindDefaultCredentials(ctx, scopes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error finding default Google credentials: %w", err)
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, option.WithCredentials(creds))
+	}
+
+	return apihttp.NewTransport(ctx, next, opts...)
+}
diff --git a/storage/remote/max_timestamp.go b/storage/remote/max_timestamp.go
index 3a0a6d6fd..bb67d9bb9 100644
--- a/storage/remote/max_timestamp.go
+++ b/storage/remote/max_timestamp.go
@@ -39,9 +39,3 @@ func (m *maxTimestamp) Get() float64 {
 	defer m.mtx.Unlock()
 	return m.value
 }
-
-func (m *maxTimestamp) Collect(c chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
-	if m.Get() > 0 {
-		m.Gauge.Collect(c)
-	}
-}
diff --git a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper.go b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper.go
index 257133853..f2d7ecd4e 100644
--- a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper.go
+++ b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper.go
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ type bucketBoundsData struct {
 	bound float64
 }
 
-// byBucketBoundsData enables the usage of sort.Sort() with a slice of bucket bounds
+// byBucketBoundsData enables the usage of sort.Sort() with a slice of bucket bounds.
 type byBucketBoundsData []bucketBoundsData
 
 func (m byBucketBoundsData) Len() int           { return len(m) }
 func (m byBucketBoundsData) Less(i, j int) bool { return m[i].bound < m[j].bound }
 func (m byBucketBoundsData) Swap(i, j int)      { m[i], m[j] = m[j], m[i] }
 
-// ByLabelName enables the usage of sort.Sort() with a slice of labels
+// ByLabelName enables the usage of sort.Sort() with a slice of labels.
 type ByLabelName []prompb.Label
 
 func (a ByLabelName) Len() int           { return len(a) }
@@ -115,14 +115,23 @@ var seps = []byte{'\xff'}
 // createAttributes creates a slice of Prometheus Labels with OTLP attributes and pairs of string values.
 // Unpaired string values are ignored. String pairs overwrite OTLP labels if collisions happen and
 // if logOnOverwrite is true, the overwrite is logged. Resulting label names are sanitized.
-func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externalLabels map[string]string,
+// If settings.PromoteResourceAttributes is not empty, it's a set of resource attributes that should be promoted to labels.
+func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, settings Settings,
 	ignoreAttrs []string, logOnOverwrite bool, extras ...string) []prompb.Label {
 	resourceAttrs := resource.Attributes()
 	serviceName, haveServiceName := resourceAttrs.Get(conventions.AttributeServiceName)
 	instance, haveInstanceID := resourceAttrs.Get(conventions.AttributeServiceInstanceID)
 
+	promotedAttrs := make([]prompb.Label, 0, len(settings.PromoteResourceAttributes))
+	for _, name := range settings.PromoteResourceAttributes {
+		if value, exists := resourceAttrs.Get(name); exists {
+			promotedAttrs = append(promotedAttrs, prompb.Label{Name: name, Value: value.AsString()})
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Stable(ByLabelName(promotedAttrs))
+
 	// Calculate the maximum possible number of labels we could return so we can preallocate l
-	maxLabelCount := attributes.Len() + len(externalLabels) + len(extras)/2
+	maxLabelCount := attributes.Len() + len(settings.ExternalLabels) + len(promotedAttrs) + len(extras)/2
 
 	if haveServiceName {
 		maxLabelCount++
@@ -132,9 +141,6 @@ func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externa
 		maxLabelCount++
 	}
 
-	// map ensures no duplicate label name
-	l := make(map[string]string, maxLabelCount)
-
 	// Ensure attributes are sorted by key for consistent merging of keys which
 	// collide when sanitized.
 	labels := make([]prompb.Label, 0, maxLabelCount)
@@ -148,6 +154,8 @@ func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externa
 	})
 	sort.Stable(ByLabelName(labels))
 
+	// map ensures no duplicate label names.
+	l := make(map[string]string, maxLabelCount)
 	for _, label := range labels {
 		var finalKey = prometheustranslator.NormalizeLabel(label.Name)
 		if existingValue, alreadyExists := l[finalKey]; alreadyExists {
@@ -157,6 +165,13 @@ func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externa
 		}
 	}
 
+	for _, lbl := range promotedAttrs {
+		normalized := prometheustranslator.NormalizeLabel(lbl.Name)
+		if _, exists := l[normalized]; !exists {
+			l[normalized] = lbl.Value
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Map service.name + service.namespace to job
 	if haveServiceName {
 		val := serviceName.AsString()
@@ -169,7 +184,7 @@ func createAttributes(resource pcommon.Resource, attributes pcommon.Map, externa
 	if haveInstanceID {
 		l[model.InstanceLabel] = instance.AsString()
 	}
-	for key, value := range externalLabels {
+	for key, value := range settings.ExternalLabels {
 		// External labels have already been sanitized
 		if _, alreadyExists := l[key]; alreadyExists {
 			// Skip external labels if they are overridden by metric attributes
@@ -232,7 +247,7 @@ func (c *PrometheusConverter) addHistogramDataPoints(dataPoints pmetric.Histogra
 	for x := 0; x < dataPoints.Len(); x++ {
 		pt := dataPoints.At(x)
 		timestamp := convertTimeStamp(pt.Timestamp())
-		baseLabels := createAttributes(resource, pt.Attributes(), settings.ExternalLabels, nil, false)
+		baseLabels := createAttributes(resource, pt.Attributes(), settings, nil, false)
 
 		// If the sum is unset, it indicates the _sum metric point should be
 		// omitted
@@ -408,7 +423,7 @@ func (c *PrometheusConverter) addSummaryDataPoints(dataPoints pmetric.SummaryDat
 	for x := 0; x < dataPoints.Len(); x++ {
 		pt := dataPoints.At(x)
 		timestamp := convertTimeStamp(pt.Timestamp())
-		baseLabels := createAttributes(resource, pt.Attributes(), settings.ExternalLabels, nil, false)
+		baseLabels := createAttributes(resource, pt.Attributes(), settings, nil, false)
 
 		// treat sum as a sample in an individual TimeSeries
 		sum := &prompb.Sample{
@@ -554,7 +569,8 @@ func addResourceTargetInfo(resource pcommon.Resource, settings Settings, timesta
 		name = settings.Namespace + "_" + name
 	}
 
-	labels := createAttributes(resource, attributes, settings.ExternalLabels, identifyingAttrs, false, model.MetricNameLabel, name)
+	settings.PromoteResourceAttributes = nil
+	labels := createAttributes(resource, attributes, settings, identifyingAttrs, false, model.MetricNameLabel, name)
 	haveIdentifier := false
 	for _, l := range labels {
 		if l.Name == model.JobLabel || l.Name == model.InstanceLabel {
diff --git a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper_test.go b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4dd781ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/helper_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+package prometheusremotewrite
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/collector/pdata/pcommon"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/prompb"
+)
+
+func TestCreateAttributes(t *testing.T) {
+	resourceAttrs := map[string]string{
+		"service.name":        "service name",
+		"service.instance.id": "service ID",
+		"existent-attr":       "resource value",
+		// This one is for testing conflict with metric attribute.
+		"metric-attr": "resource value",
+		// This one is for testing conflict with auto-generated job attribute.
+		"job": "resource value",
+		// This one is for testing conflict with auto-generated instance attribute.
+		"instance": "resource value",
+	}
+
+	resource := pcommon.NewResource()
+	for k, v := range resourceAttrs {
+		resource.Attributes().PutStr(k, v)
+	}
+	attrs := pcommon.NewMap()
+	attrs.PutStr("__name__", "test_metric")
+	attrs.PutStr("metric-attr", "metric value")
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name                      string
+		promoteResourceAttributes []string
+		expectedLabels            []prompb.Label
+	}{
+		{
+			name:                      "Successful conversion without resource attribute promotion",
+			promoteResourceAttributes: nil,
+			expectedLabels: []prompb.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "test_metric",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "instance",
+					Value: "service ID",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "service name",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "metric_attr",
+					Value: "metric value",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:                      "Successful conversion with resource attribute promotion",
+			promoteResourceAttributes: []string{"non-existent-attr", "existent-attr"},
+			expectedLabels: []prompb.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "test_metric",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "instance",
+					Value: "service ID",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "service name",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "metric_attr",
+					Value: "metric value",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "existent_attr",
+					Value: "resource value",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:                      "Successful conversion with resource attribute promotion, conflicting resource attributes are ignored",
+			promoteResourceAttributes: []string{"non-existent-attr", "existent-attr", "metric-attr", "job", "instance"},
+			expectedLabels: []prompb.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "test_metric",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "instance",
+					Value: "service ID",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "service name",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "existent_attr",
+					Value: "resource value",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "metric_attr",
+					Value: "metric value",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:                      "Successful conversion with resource attribute promotion, attributes are only promoted once",
+			promoteResourceAttributes: []string{"existent-attr", "existent-attr"},
+			expectedLabels: []prompb.Label{
+				{
+					Name:  "__name__",
+					Value: "test_metric",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "instance",
+					Value: "service ID",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "job",
+					Value: "service name",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "existent_attr",
+					Value: "resource value",
+				},
+				{
+					Name:  "metric_attr",
+					Value: "metric value",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			settings := Settings{
+				PromoteResourceAttributes: tc.promoteResourceAttributes,
+			}
+			lbls := createAttributes(resource, attrs, settings, nil, false)
+
+			assert.ElementsMatch(t, lbls, tc.expectedLabels)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/histograms.go b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/histograms.go
index 21b3f5dd9..73528019d 100644
--- a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/histograms.go
+++ b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/histograms.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (c *PrometheusConverter) addExponentialHistogramDataPoints(dataPoints pmetr
 		lbls := createAttributes(
 			resource,
 			pt.Attributes(),
-			settings.ExternalLabels,
+			settings,
 			nil,
 			true,
 			model.MetricNameLabel,
diff --git a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/metrics_to_prw.go b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/metrics_to_prw.go
index 65dac99c5..a3a789723 100644
--- a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/metrics_to_prw.go
+++ b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/metrics_to_prw.go
@@ -30,12 +30,13 @@ import (
 )
 
 type Settings struct {
-	Namespace           string
-	ExternalLabels      map[string]string
-	DisableTargetInfo   bool
-	ExportCreatedMetric bool
-	AddMetricSuffixes   bool
-	SendMetadata        bool
+	Namespace                 string
+	ExternalLabels            map[string]string
+	DisableTargetInfo         bool
+	ExportCreatedMetric       bool
+	AddMetricSuffixes         bool
+	SendMetadata              bool
+	PromoteResourceAttributes []string
 }
 
 // PrometheusConverter converts from OTel write format to Prometheus remote write format.
diff --git a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/number_data_points.go b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/number_data_points.go
index aafebc6c4..80ccb46c7 100644
--- a/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/number_data_points.go
+++ b/storage/remote/otlptranslator/prometheusremotewrite/number_data_points.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (c *PrometheusConverter) addGaugeNumberDataPoints(dataPoints pmetric.Number
 		labels := createAttributes(
 			resource,
 			pt.Attributes(),
-			settings.ExternalLabels,
+			settings,
 			nil,
 			true,
 			model.MetricNameLabel,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ func (c *PrometheusConverter) addSumNumberDataPoints(dataPoints pmetric.NumberDa
 		lbls := createAttributes(
 			resource,
 			pt.Attributes(),
-			settings.ExternalLabels,
+			settings,
 			nil,
 			true,
 			model.MetricNameLabel,
diff --git a/storage/remote/queue_manager.go b/storage/remote/queue_manager.go
index fb13da70d..17ff1850f 100644
--- a/storage/remote/queue_manager.go
+++ b/storage/remote/queue_manager.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func newQueueManagerMetrics(r prometheus.Registerer, rn, e string) *queueManager
 			Namespace:   namespace,
 			Subsystem:   subsystem,
 			Name:        "queue_highest_sent_timestamp_seconds",
-			Help:        "Timestamp from a WAL sample, the highest timestamp successfully sent by this queue, in seconds since epoch.",
+			Help:        "Timestamp from a WAL sample, the highest timestamp successfully sent by this queue, in seconds since epoch. Initialized to 0 when no data has been sent yet.",
 			ConstLabels: constLabels,
 		}),
 	}
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func (m *queueManagerMetrics) unregister() {
 // external timeseries database.
 type WriteClient interface {
 	// Store stores the given samples in the remote storage.
-	Store(ctx context.Context, req []byte, retryAttempt int) error
+	Store(ctx context.Context, req []byte, retryAttempt int) (WriteResponseStats, error)
 	// Name uniquely identifies the remote storage.
 	Name() string
 	// Endpoint is the remote read or write endpoint for the storage client.
@@ -597,14 +597,15 @@ func (t *QueueManager) sendMetadataWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, metadata []p
 		}
 
 		begin := time.Now()
-		err := t.storeClient.Store(ctx, req, try)
+		// Ignoring WriteResponseStats, because there is nothing for metadata, since it's
+		// embedded in v2 calls now, and we do v1 here.
+		_, err := t.storeClient.Store(ctx, req, try)
 		t.metrics.sentBatchDuration.Observe(time.Since(begin).Seconds())
 
 		if err != nil {
 			span.RecordError(err)
 			return err
 		}
-
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -1108,9 +1109,9 @@ func (t *QueueManager) shouldReshard(desiredShards int) bool {
 	if desiredShards == t.numShards {
 		return false
 	}
-	// We shouldn't reshard if Prometheus hasn't been able to send to the
-	// remote endpoint successfully within some period of time.
-	minSendTimestamp := time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Duration(t.cfg.BatchSendDeadline)).Unix()
+	// We shouldn't reshard if Prometheus hasn't been able to send
+	// since the last time it checked if it should reshard.
+	minSendTimestamp := time.Now().Add(-1 * shardUpdateDuration).Unix()
 	lsts := t.lastSendTimestamp.Load()
 	if lsts < minSendTimestamp {
 		level.Warn(t.logger).Log("msg", "Skipping resharding, last successful send was beyond threshold", "lastSendTimestamp", lsts, "minSendTimestamp", minSendTimestamp)
@@ -1468,6 +1469,8 @@ func (q *queue) FlushAndShutdown(done <-chan struct{}) {
 	for q.tryEnqueueingBatch(done) {
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
 	}
+	q.batchMtx.Lock()
+	defer q.batchMtx.Unlock()
 	q.batch = nil
 	close(q.batchQueue)
 }
@@ -1659,8 +1662,8 @@ func populateTimeSeries(batch []timeSeries, pendingData []prompb.TimeSeries, sen
 
 func (s *shards) sendSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte, enc Compression) error {
 	begin := time.Now()
-	err := s.sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx, samples, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, 0, pBuf, buf, enc)
-	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, 0, time.Since(begin))
+	rs, err := s.sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx, samples, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, 0, pBuf, buf, enc)
+	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, 0, rs, time.Since(begin))
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -1668,17 +1671,29 @@ func (s *shards) sendSamples(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, s
 // See https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/14409
 func (s *shards) sendV2Samples(ctx context.Context, samples []writev2.TimeSeries, labels []string, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, pBuf, buf *[]byte, enc Compression) error {
 	begin := time.Now()
-	err := s.sendV2SamplesWithBackoff(ctx, samples, labels, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount, pBuf, buf, enc)
-	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount, time.Since(begin))
+	rs, err := s.sendV2SamplesWithBackoff(ctx, samples, labels, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount, pBuf, buf, enc)
+	s.updateMetrics(ctx, err, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount, rs, time.Since(begin))
 	return err
 }
 
-func (s *shards) updateMetrics(_ context.Context, err error, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, duration time.Duration) {
+func (s *shards) updateMetrics(_ context.Context, err error, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, rs WriteResponseStats, duration time.Duration) {
+	// Partial errors may happen -- account for that.
+	sampleDiff := sampleCount - rs.Samples
+	if sampleDiff > 0 {
+		s.qm.metrics.failedSamplesTotal.Add(float64(sampleDiff))
+	}
+	histogramDiff := histogramCount - rs.Histograms
+	if histogramDiff > 0 {
+		s.qm.metrics.failedHistogramsTotal.Add(float64(histogramDiff))
+	}
+	exemplarDiff := exemplarCount - rs.Exemplars
+	if exemplarDiff > 0 {
+		s.qm.metrics.failedExemplarsTotal.Add(float64(exemplarDiff))
+	}
 	if err != nil {
-		level.Error(s.qm.logger).Log("msg", "non-recoverable error", "count", sampleCount, "exemplarCount", exemplarCount, "histogramCount", histogramCount, "err", err)
-		s.qm.metrics.failedSamplesTotal.Add(float64(sampleCount))
-		s.qm.metrics.failedExemplarsTotal.Add(float64(exemplarCount))
-		s.qm.metrics.failedHistogramsTotal.Add(float64(histogramCount))
+		level.Error(s.qm.logger).Log("msg", "non-recoverable error", "failedSampleCount", sampleDiff, "failedHistogramCount", histogramDiff, "failedExemplarCount", exemplarDiff, "err", err)
+	} else if sampleDiff+exemplarDiff+histogramDiff > 0 {
+		level.Error(s.qm.logger).Log("msg", "we got 2xx status code from the Receiver yet statistics indicate some dat was not written; investigation needed", "failedSampleCount", sampleDiff, "failedHistogramCount", histogramDiff, "failedExemplarCount", exemplarDiff)
 	}
 
 	// These counters are used to calculate the dynamic sharding, and as such
@@ -1686,6 +1701,7 @@ func (s *shards) updateMetrics(_ context.Context, err error, sampleCount, exempl
 	s.qm.dataOut.incr(int64(sampleCount + exemplarCount + histogramCount + metadataCount))
 	s.qm.dataOutDuration.incr(int64(duration))
 	s.qm.lastSendTimestamp.Store(time.Now().Unix())
+
 	// Pending samples/exemplars/histograms also should be subtracted, as an error means
 	// they will not be retried.
 	s.qm.metrics.pendingSamples.Sub(float64(sampleCount))
@@ -1697,19 +1713,29 @@ func (s *shards) updateMetrics(_ context.Context, err error, sampleCount, exempl
 }
 
 // sendSamples to the remote storage with backoff for recoverable errors.
-func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte, enc Compression) error {
+func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.TimeSeries, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, pBuf *proto.Buffer, buf *[]byte, enc Compression) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 	// Build the WriteRequest with no metadata.
 	req, highest, lowest, err := buildWriteRequest(s.qm.logger, samples, nil, pBuf, buf, nil, enc)
 	s.qm.buildRequestLimitTimestamp.Store(lowest)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Failing to build the write request is non-recoverable, since it will
 		// only error if marshaling the proto to bytes fails.
-		return err
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
 	}
 
 	reqSize := len(req)
 	*buf = req
 
+	// Since we retry writes via attemptStore and sendWriteRequestWithBackoff we need
+	// to track the total amount of accepted data across the various attempts.
+	accumulatedStats := WriteResponseStats{}
+	var accumulatedStatsMu sync.Mutex
+	addStats := func(rs WriteResponseStats) {
+		accumulatedStatsMu.Lock()
+		accumulatedStats = accumulatedStats.Add(rs)
+		accumulatedStatsMu.Unlock()
+	}
+
 	// An anonymous function allows us to defer the completion of our per-try spans
 	// without causing a memory leak, and it has the nice effect of not propagating any
 	// parameters for sendSamplesWithBackoff/3.
@@ -1757,15 +1783,19 @@ func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.Ti
 		s.qm.metrics.exemplarsTotal.Add(float64(exemplarCount))
 		s.qm.metrics.histogramsTotal.Add(float64(histogramCount))
 		s.qm.metrics.metadataTotal.Add(float64(metadataCount))
-		err := s.qm.client().Store(ctx, *buf, try)
+		// Technically for v1, we will likely have empty response stats, but for
+		// newer Receivers this might be not, so used it in a best effort.
+		rs, err := s.qm.client().Store(ctx, *buf, try)
 		s.qm.metrics.sentBatchDuration.Observe(time.Since(begin).Seconds())
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Revisit this once we have Receivers doing retriable partial error
+		// so far we don't have those, so it's ok to potentially skew statistics.
+		addStats(rs)
 
-		if err != nil {
-			span.RecordError(err)
-			return err
+		if err == nil {
+			return nil
 		}
-
-		return nil
+		span.RecordError(err)
+		return err
 	}
 
 	onRetry := func() {
@@ -1778,29 +1808,48 @@ func (s *shards) sendSamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []prompb.Ti
 	if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 		// When there is resharding, we cancel the context for this queue, which means the data is not sent.
 		// So we exit early to not update the metrics.
-		return err
+		return accumulatedStats, err
 	}
 
 	s.qm.metrics.sentBytesTotal.Add(float64(reqSize))
 	s.qm.metrics.highestSentTimestamp.Set(float64(highest / 1000))
 
-	return err
+	if err == nil && !accumulatedStats.Confirmed {
+		// No 2.0 response headers, and we sent v1 message, so likely it's 1.0 Receiver.
+		// Assume success, don't rely on headers.
+		return WriteResponseStats{
+			Samples:    sampleCount,
+			Histograms: histogramCount,
+			Exemplars:  exemplarCount,
+		}, nil
+	}
+	return accumulatedStats, err
 }
 
 // sendV2Samples to the remote storage with backoff for recoverable errors.
-func (s *shards) sendV2SamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []writev2.TimeSeries, labels []string, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, pBuf, buf *[]byte, enc Compression) error {
+func (s *shards) sendV2SamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []writev2.TimeSeries, labels []string, sampleCount, exemplarCount, histogramCount, metadataCount int, pBuf, buf *[]byte, enc Compression) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 	// Build the WriteRequest with no metadata.
 	req, highest, lowest, err := buildV2WriteRequest(s.qm.logger, samples, labels, pBuf, buf, nil, enc)
 	s.qm.buildRequestLimitTimestamp.Store(lowest)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Failing to build the write request is non-recoverable, since it will
 		// only error if marshaling the proto to bytes fails.
-		return err
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
 	}
 
 	reqSize := len(req)
 	*buf = req
 
+	// Since we retry writes via attemptStore and sendWriteRequestWithBackoff we need
+	// to track the total amount of accepted data across the various attempts.
+	accumulatedStats := WriteResponseStats{}
+	var accumulatedStatsMu sync.Mutex
+	addStats := func(rs WriteResponseStats) {
+		accumulatedStatsMu.Lock()
+		accumulatedStats = accumulatedStats.Add(rs)
+		accumulatedStatsMu.Unlock()
+	}
+
 	// An anonymous function allows us to defer the completion of our per-try spans
 	// without causing a memory leak, and it has the nice effect of not propagating any
 	// parameters for sendSamplesWithBackoff/3.
@@ -1848,15 +1897,28 @@ func (s *shards) sendV2SamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []writev2
 		s.qm.metrics.exemplarsTotal.Add(float64(exemplarCount))
 		s.qm.metrics.histogramsTotal.Add(float64(histogramCount))
 		s.qm.metrics.metadataTotal.Add(float64(metadataCount))
-		err := s.qm.client().Store(ctx, *buf, try)
+		rs, err := s.qm.client().Store(ctx, *buf, try)
 		s.qm.metrics.sentBatchDuration.Observe(time.Since(begin).Seconds())
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Revisit this once we have Receivers doing retriable partial error
+		// so far we don't have those, so it's ok to potentially skew statistics.
+		addStats(rs)
 
-		if err != nil {
-			span.RecordError(err)
-			return err
+		if err == nil {
+			// Check the case mentioned in PRW 2.0
+			// https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#required-written-response-headers.
+			if sampleCount+histogramCount+exemplarCount > 0 && rs.NoDataWritten() {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("sent v2 request with %v samples, %v histograms and %v exemplars; got 2xx, but PRW 2.0 response header statistics indicate %v samples, %v histograms and %v exemplars were accepted;"+
+					" assumining failure e.g. the target only supports PRW 1.0 prometheus.WriteRequest, but does not check the Content-Type header correctly",
+					sampleCount, histogramCount, exemplarCount,
+					rs.Samples, rs.Histograms, rs.Exemplars,
+				)
+				span.RecordError(err)
+				return err
+			}
+			return nil
 		}
-
-		return nil
+		span.RecordError(err)
+		return err
 	}
 
 	onRetry := func() {
@@ -1869,13 +1931,12 @@ func (s *shards) sendV2SamplesWithBackoff(ctx context.Context, samples []writev2
 	if errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
 		// When there is resharding, we cancel the context for this queue, which means the data is not sent.
 		// So we exit early to not update the metrics.
-		return err
+		return accumulatedStats, err
 	}
 
 	s.qm.metrics.sentBytesTotal.Add(float64(reqSize))
 	s.qm.metrics.highestSentTimestamp.Set(float64(highest / 1000))
-
-	return err
+	return accumulatedStats, err
 }
 
 func populateV2TimeSeries(symbolTable *writev2.SymbolsTable, batch []timeSeries, pendingData []writev2.TimeSeries, sendExemplars, sendNativeHistograms bool) (int, int, int, int) {
diff --git a/storage/remote/queue_manager_test.go b/storage/remote/queue_manager_test.go
index 9ab563eda..1c06173a5 100644
--- a/storage/remote/queue_manager_test.go
+++ b/storage/remote/queue_manager_test.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func newHighestTimestampMetric() *maxTimestamp {
 			Namespace: namespace,
 			Subsystem: subsystem,
 			Name:      "highest_timestamp_in_seconds",
-			Help:      "Highest timestamp that has come into the remote storage via the Appender interface, in seconds since epoch.",
+			Help:      "Highest timestamp that has come into the remote storage via the Appender interface, in seconds since epoch. Initialized to 0 when no data has been received yet",
 		}),
 	}
 }
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ func TestBasicContentNegotiation(t *testing.T) {
 			expectFail: true,
 		},
 		{
-			name:           "v2 talks to v1 that tries to unmarshal v2 payload with v1 proto",
+			name:           "v2 talks to (broken) v1 that tries to unmarshal v2 payload with v1 proto",
 			senderProtoMsg: config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2, receiverProtoMsg: config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1,
 			injectErrs: []error{nil},
-			expectFail: true, // invalid request, no timeseries
+			expectFail: true, // We detect this thanks to https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/14359
 		},
 		// Opposite, v1 talking to v2 only server.
 		{
@@ -130,12 +130,6 @@ func TestBasicContentNegotiation(t *testing.T) {
 			injectErrs: []error{errors.New("pretend unrecoverable err")},
 			expectFail: true,
 		},
-		{
-			name:           "v1 talks to (broken) v2 that tries to unmarshal v1 payload with v2 proto",
-			senderProtoMsg: config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1, receiverProtoMsg: config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2,
-			injectErrs: []error{nil},
-			expectFail: true, // invalid request, no timeseries
-		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			dir := t.TempDir()
@@ -182,7 +176,6 @@ func TestBasicContentNegotiation(t *testing.T) {
 			if !tc.expectFail {
 				// No error expected, so wait for data.
 				c.waitForExpectedData(t, 5*time.Second)
-				require.Equal(t, 1, c.writesReceived)
 				require.Equal(t, 0.0, client_testutil.ToFloat64(qm.metrics.failedSamplesTotal))
 			} else {
 				// Wait for failure to be recorded in metrics.
@@ -190,11 +183,10 @@ func TestBasicContentNegotiation(t *testing.T) {
 				defer cancel()
 				require.NoError(t, runutil.Retry(500*time.Millisecond, ctx.Done(), func() error {
 					if client_testutil.ToFloat64(qm.metrics.failedSamplesTotal) != 1.0 {
-						return errors.New("expected one sample failed in qm metrics")
+						return fmt.Errorf("expected one sample failed in qm metrics; got %v", client_testutil.ToFloat64(qm.metrics.failedSamplesTotal))
 					}
 					return nil
 				}))
-				require.Equal(t, 0, c.writesReceived)
 			}
 
 			// samplesTotal means attempts.
@@ -711,32 +703,35 @@ func TestShouldReshard(t *testing.T) {
 		startingShards                           int
 		samplesIn, samplesOut, lastSendTimestamp int64
 		expectedToReshard                        bool
+		sendDeadline                             model.Duration
 	}
 	cases := []testcase{
 		{
-			// Resharding shouldn't take place if the last successful send was > batch send deadline*2 seconds ago.
+			// resharding shouldn't take place if we haven't successfully sent
+			// since the last shardUpdateDuration, even if the send deadline is very low
 			startingShards:    10,
 			samplesIn:         1000,
 			samplesOut:        10,
-			lastSendTimestamp: time.Now().Unix() - int64(3*time.Duration(config.DefaultQueueConfig.BatchSendDeadline)/time.Second),
+			lastSendTimestamp: time.Now().Unix() - int64(shardUpdateDuration),
 			expectedToReshard: false,
+			sendDeadline:      model.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
 		},
 		{
-			startingShards:    5,
+			startingShards:    10,
 			samplesIn:         1000,
 			samplesOut:        10,
 			lastSendTimestamp: time.Now().Unix(),
 			expectedToReshard: true,
+			sendDeadline:      config.DefaultQueueConfig.BatchSendDeadline,
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, c := range cases {
-		_, m := newTestClientAndQueueManager(t, defaultFlushDeadline, config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1)
+		_, m := newTestClientAndQueueManager(t, time.Duration(c.sendDeadline), config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1)
 		m.numShards = c.startingShards
 		m.dataIn.incr(c.samplesIn)
 		m.dataOut.incr(c.samplesOut)
 		m.lastSendTimestamp.Store(c.lastSendTimestamp)
-
 		m.Start()
 
 		desiredShards := m.calculateDesiredShards()
@@ -764,10 +759,10 @@ func TestDisableReshardOnRetry(t *testing.T) {
 		metrics = newQueueManagerMetrics(nil, "", "")
 
 		client = &MockWriteClient{
-			StoreFunc: func(ctx context.Context, b []byte, i int) error {
+			StoreFunc: func(ctx context.Context, b []byte, i int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 				onStoreCalled()
 
-				return RecoverableError{
+				return WriteResponseStats{}, RecoverableError{
 					error:      fmt.Errorf("fake error"),
 					retryAfter: model.Duration(retryAfter),
 				}
@@ -1113,14 +1108,14 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) SetReturnError(err error) {
 	c.returnError = err
 }
 
-func (c *TestWriteClient) Store(_ context.Context, req []byte, _ int) error {
+func (c *TestWriteClient) Store(_ context.Context, req []byte, _ int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 	c.mtx.Lock()
 	defer c.mtx.Unlock()
 	if c.storeWait > 0 {
 		time.Sleep(c.storeWait)
 	}
 	if c.returnError != nil {
-		return c.returnError
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, c.returnError
 	}
 	// nil buffers are ok for snappy, ignore cast error.
 	if c.buf != nil {
@@ -1130,14 +1125,14 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) Store(_ context.Context, req []byte, _ int) error {
 	reqBuf, err := snappy.Decode(c.buf, req)
 	c.buf = reqBuf
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
 	}
 
 	// Check if we've been told to inject err for this call.
 	if len(c.injectedErrs) > 0 {
 		c.currErr++
 		if err = c.injectedErrs[c.currErr]; err != nil {
-			return err
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, err
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1156,13 +1151,10 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) Store(_ context.Context, req []byte, _ int) error {
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if len(reqProto.Timeseries) == 0 && len(reqProto.Metadata) == 0 {
-		return errors.New("invalid request, no timeseries")
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
 	}
 
+	rs := WriteResponseStats{}
 	b := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
 	for _, ts := range reqProto.Timeseries {
 		labels := ts.ToLabels(&b, nil)
@@ -1170,10 +1162,12 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) Store(_ context.Context, req []byte, _ int) error {
 		if len(ts.Samples) > 0 {
 			c.receivedSamples[tsID] = append(c.receivedSamples[tsID], ts.Samples...)
 		}
+		rs.Samples += len(ts.Samples)
 
 		if len(ts.Exemplars) > 0 {
 			c.receivedExemplars[tsID] = append(c.receivedExemplars[tsID], ts.Exemplars...)
 		}
+		rs.Exemplars += len(ts.Exemplars)
 
 		for _, h := range ts.Histograms {
 			if h.IsFloatHistogram() {
@@ -1182,13 +1176,14 @@ func (c *TestWriteClient) Store(_ context.Context, req []byte, _ int) error {
 				c.receivedHistograms[tsID] = append(c.receivedHistograms[tsID], h)
 			}
 		}
+		rs.Histograms += len(ts.Histograms)
 	}
 	for _, m := range reqProto.Metadata {
 		c.receivedMetadata[m.MetricFamilyName] = append(c.receivedMetadata[m.MetricFamilyName], m)
 	}
 
 	c.writesReceived++
-	return nil
+	return rs, nil
 }
 
 func (c *TestWriteClient) Name() string {
@@ -1256,10 +1251,10 @@ func NewTestBlockedWriteClient() *TestBlockingWriteClient {
 	return &TestBlockingWriteClient{}
 }
 
-func (c *TestBlockingWriteClient) Store(ctx context.Context, _ []byte, _ int) error {
+func (c *TestBlockingWriteClient) Store(ctx context.Context, _ []byte, _ int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 	c.numCalls.Inc()
 	<-ctx.Done()
-	return nil
+	return WriteResponseStats{}, nil
 }
 
 func (c *TestBlockingWriteClient) NumCalls() uint64 {
@@ -1278,19 +1273,19 @@ func (c *TestBlockingWriteClient) Endpoint() string {
 type NopWriteClient struct{}
 
 func NewNopWriteClient() *NopWriteClient { return &NopWriteClient{} }
-func (c *NopWriteClient) Store(context.Context, []byte, int) error {
-	return nil
+func (c *NopWriteClient) Store(context.Context, []byte, int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
+	return WriteResponseStats{}, nil
 }
 func (c *NopWriteClient) Name() string     { return "nopwriteclient" }
 func (c *NopWriteClient) Endpoint() string { return "http://test-remote.com/1234" }
 
 type MockWriteClient struct {
-	StoreFunc    func(context.Context, []byte, int) error
+	StoreFunc    func(context.Context, []byte, int) (WriteResponseStats, error)
 	NameFunc     func() string
 	EndpointFunc func() string
 }
 
-func (c *MockWriteClient) Store(ctx context.Context, bb []byte, n int) error {
+func (c *MockWriteClient) Store(ctx context.Context, bb []byte, n int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
 	return c.StoreFunc(ctx, bb, n)
 }
 func (c *MockWriteClient) Name() string     { return c.NameFunc() }
diff --git a/storage/remote/read.go b/storage/remote/read.go
index 723030091..e54b14f1e 100644
--- a/storage/remote/read.go
+++ b/storage/remote/read.go
@@ -210,13 +210,13 @@ func (q querier) addExternalLabels(ms []*labels.Matcher) ([]*labels.Matcher, []s
 }
 
 // LabelValues implements storage.Querier and is a noop.
-func (q *querier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *querier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	// TODO: Implement: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/3351
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
 // LabelNames implements storage.Querier and is a noop.
-func (q *querier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *querier) LabelNames(context.Context, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	// TODO: Implement: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/issues/3351
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
diff --git a/storage/remote/read_handler.go b/storage/remote/read_handler.go
index 2a00ce897..ffc64c9c3 100644
--- a/storage/remote/read_handler.go
+++ b/storage/remote/read_handler.go
@@ -202,16 +202,34 @@ func (h *readHandler) remoteReadStreamedXORChunks(ctx context.Context, w http.Re
 				return err
 			}
 
-			chunks := h.getChunkSeriesSet(ctx, query, filteredMatchers)
-			if err := chunks.Err(); err != nil {
+			querier, err := h.queryable.ChunkQuerier(query.StartTimestampMs, query.EndTimestampMs)
+			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			defer func() {
+				if err := querier.Close(); err != nil {
+					level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error on chunk querier close", "err", err.Error())
+				}
+			}()
+
+			var hints *storage.SelectHints
+			if query.Hints != nil {
+				hints = &storage.SelectHints{
+					Start:    query.Hints.StartMs,
+					End:      query.Hints.EndMs,
+					Step:     query.Hints.StepMs,
+					Func:     query.Hints.Func,
+					Grouping: query.Hints.Grouping,
+					Range:    query.Hints.RangeMs,
+					By:       query.Hints.By,
+				}
+			}
 
 			ws, err := StreamChunkedReadResponses(
 				NewChunkedWriter(w, f),
 				int64(i),
 				// The streaming API has to provide the series sorted.
-				chunks,
+				querier.Select(ctx, true, hints, filteredMatchers...),
 				sortedExternalLabels,
 				h.remoteReadMaxBytesInFrame,
 				h.marshalPool,
@@ -236,35 +254,6 @@ func (h *readHandler) remoteReadStreamedXORChunks(ctx context.Context, w http.Re
 	}
 }
 
-// getChunkSeriesSet executes a query to retrieve a ChunkSeriesSet,
-// encapsulating the operation in its own function to ensure timely release of
-// the querier resources.
-func (h *readHandler) getChunkSeriesSet(ctx context.Context, query *prompb.Query, filteredMatchers []*labels.Matcher) storage.ChunkSeriesSet {
-	querier, err := h.queryable.ChunkQuerier(query.StartTimestampMs, query.EndTimestampMs)
-	if err != nil {
-		return storage.ErrChunkSeriesSet(err)
-	}
-	defer func() {
-		if err := querier.Close(); err != nil {
-			level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error on chunk querier close", "err", err.Error())
-		}
-	}()
-
-	var hints *storage.SelectHints
-	if query.Hints != nil {
-		hints = &storage.SelectHints{
-			Start:    query.Hints.StartMs,
-			End:      query.Hints.EndMs,
-			Step:     query.Hints.StepMs,
-			Func:     query.Hints.Func,
-			Grouping: query.Hints.Grouping,
-			Range:    query.Hints.RangeMs,
-			By:       query.Hints.By,
-		}
-	}
-	return querier.Select(ctx, true, hints, filteredMatchers...)
-}
-
 // filterExtLabelsFromMatchers change equality matchers which match external labels
 // to a matcher that looks for an empty label,
 // as that label should not be present in the storage.
diff --git a/storage/remote/stats.go b/storage/remote/stats.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..89d00ffc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/storage/remote/stats.go
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+const (
+	rw20WrittenSamplesHeader    = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Samples-Written"
+	rw20WrittenHistogramsHeader = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Histograms-Written"
+	rw20WrittenExemplarsHeader  = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Exemplars-Written"
+)
+
+// WriteResponseStats represents the response write statistics specified in https://github.com/prometheus/docs/pull/2486
+type WriteResponseStats struct {
+	// Samples represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Samples
+	Samples int
+	// Histograms represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Histograms
+	Histograms int
+	// Exemplars represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Exemplars
+	Exemplars int
+
+	// Confirmed means we can trust those statistics from the point of view
+	// of the PRW 2.0 spec. When parsed from headers, it means we got at least one
+	// response header from the Receiver to confirm those numbers, meaning it must
+	// be a at least 2.0 Receiver. See ParseWriteResponseStats for details.
+	Confirmed bool
+}
+
+// NoDataWritten returns true if statistics indicate no data was written.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) NoDataWritten() bool {
+	return (s.Samples + s.Histograms + s.Exemplars) == 0
+}
+
+// AllSamples returns both float and histogram sample numbers.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) AllSamples() int {
+	return s.Samples + s.Histograms
+}
+
+// Add returns the sum of this WriteResponseStats plus the given WriteResponseStats.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) Add(rs WriteResponseStats) WriteResponseStats {
+	s.Confirmed = rs.Confirmed
+	s.Samples += rs.Samples
+	s.Histograms += rs.Histograms
+	s.Exemplars += rs.Exemplars
+	return s
+}
+
+// SetHeaders sets response headers in a given response writer.
+// Make sure to use it before http.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader and .Write.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) SetHeaders(w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	h := w.Header()
+	h.Set(rw20WrittenSamplesHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Samples))
+	h.Set(rw20WrittenHistogramsHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Histograms))
+	h.Set(rw20WrittenExemplarsHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Exemplars))
+}
+
+// ParseWriteResponseStats returns WriteResponseStats parsed from the response headers.
+//
+// As per 2.0 spec, missing header means 0. However, abrupt HTTP errors, 1.0 Receivers
+// or buggy 2.0 Receivers might result in no response headers specified and that
+// might NOT necessarily mean nothing was written. To represent that we set
+// s.Confirmed = true only when see at least on response header.
+//
+// Error is returned when any of the header fails to parse as int64.
+func ParseWriteResponseStats(r *http.Response) (s WriteResponseStats, err error) {
+	var (
+		errs []error
+		h    = r.Header
+	)
+	if v := h.Get(rw20WrittenSamplesHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Samples, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Samples = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := h.Get(rw20WrittenHistogramsHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Histograms, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Histograms = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := h.Get(rw20WrittenExemplarsHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Exemplars, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Exemplars = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return s, errors.Join(errs...)
+}
diff --git a/storage/remote/write.go b/storage/remote/write.go
index cd8cd588c..3d2f1fdfc 100644
--- a/storage/remote/write.go
+++ b/storage/remote/write.go
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func NewWriteStorage(logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer, dir string, f
 				Namespace: namespace,
 				Subsystem: subsystem,
 				Name:      "highest_timestamp_in_seconds",
-				Help:      "Highest timestamp that has come into the remote storage via the Appender interface, in seconds since epoch.",
+				Help:      "Highest timestamp that has come into the remote storage via the Appender interface, in seconds since epoch. Initialized to 0 when no data has been received yet.",
 			}),
 		},
 	}
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ func (rws *WriteStorage) ApplyConfig(conf *config.Config) error {
 			HTTPClientConfig: rwConf.HTTPClientConfig,
 			SigV4Config:      rwConf.SigV4Config,
 			AzureADConfig:    rwConf.AzureADConfig,
+			GoogleIAMConfig:  rwConf.GoogleIAMConfig,
 			Headers:          rwConf.Headers,
 			RetryOnRateLimit: rwConf.QueueConfig.RetryOnRateLimit,
 		})
diff --git a/storage/remote/write_handler.go b/storage/remote/write_handler.go
index 9997811ab..aba79a561 100644
--- a/storage/remote/write_handler.go
+++ b/storage/remote/write_handler.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/golang/snappy"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/config"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/exemplar"
@@ -43,7 +44,8 @@ type writeHandler struct {
 	logger     log.Logger
 	appendable storage.Appendable
 
-	samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal prometheus.Counter
+	samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal  prometheus.Counter
+	samplesAppendedWithoutMetadata prometheus.Counter
 
 	acceptedProtoMsgs map[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg]struct{}
 }
@@ -52,6 +54,9 @@ const maxAheadTime = 10 * time.Minute
 
 // NewWriteHandler creates a http.Handler that accepts remote write requests with
 // the given message in acceptedProtoMsgs and writes them to the provided appendable.
+//
+// NOTE(bwplotka): When accepting v2 proto and spec, partial writes are possible
+// as per https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#partial-write.
 func NewWriteHandler(logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer, appendable storage.Appendable, acceptedProtoMsgs []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg) http.Handler {
 	protoMsgs := map[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg]struct{}{}
 	for _, acc := range acceptedProtoMsgs {
@@ -61,15 +66,18 @@ func NewWriteHandler(logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.Registerer, appendable st
 		logger:            logger,
 		appendable:        appendable,
 		acceptedProtoMsgs: protoMsgs,
-		samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal: prometheus.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal: promauto.With(reg).NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
 			Namespace: "prometheus",
 			Subsystem: "api",
 			Name:      "remote_write_invalid_labels_samples_total",
-			Help:      "The total number of remote write samples which contains invalid labels.",
+			Help:      "The total number of received remote write samples and histogram samples which were rejected due to invalid labels.",
+		}),
+		samplesAppendedWithoutMetadata: promauto.With(reg).NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Namespace: "prometheus",
+			Subsystem: "api",
+			Name:      "remote_write_without_metadata_appended_samples_total",
+			Help:      "The total number of received remote write samples (and histogram samples) which were ingested without corresponding metadata.",
 		}),
-	}
-	if reg != nil {
-		reg.MustRegister(h.samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal)
 	}
 	return h
 }
@@ -108,15 +116,15 @@ func (h *writeHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		contentType = appProtoContentType
 	}
 
-	msg, err := h.parseProtoMsg(contentType)
+	msgType, err := h.parseProtoMsg(contentType)
 	if err != nil {
 		level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error decoding remote write request", "err", err)
 		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType)
 		return
 	}
 
-	if _, ok := h.acceptedProtoMsgs[msg]; !ok {
-		err := fmt.Errorf("%v protobuf message is not accepted by this server; accepted %v", msg, func() (ret []string) {
+	if _, ok := h.acceptedProtoMsgs[msgType]; !ok {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("%v protobuf message is not accepted by this server; accepted %v", msgType, func() (ret []string) {
 			for k := range h.acceptedProtoMsgs {
 				ret = append(ret, string(k))
 			}
@@ -154,100 +162,111 @@ func (h *writeHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 
 	// Now we have a decompressed buffer we can unmarshal it.
-	switch msg {
-	case config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1:
+
+	if msgType == config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1 {
+		// PRW 1.0 flow has different proto message and no partial write handling.
 		var req prompb.WriteRequest
 		if err := proto.Unmarshal(decompressed, &req); err != nil {
 			// TODO(bwplotka): Add more context to responded error?
-			level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error decoding v1 remote write request", "protobuf_message", msg, "err", err.Error())
+			level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error decoding v1 remote write request", "protobuf_message", msgType, "err", err.Error())
 			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
 			return
 		}
-		err = h.write(r.Context(), &req)
-	case config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2:
-		var req writev2.Request
-		if err := proto.Unmarshal(decompressed, &req); err != nil {
-			// TODO(bwplotka): Add more context to responded error?
-			level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error decoding v2 remote write request", "protobuf_message", msg, "err", err.Error())
-			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
-			return
+		if err = h.write(r.Context(), &req); err != nil {
+			switch {
+			case errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample), errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfBounds), errors.Is(err, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp), errors.Is(err, storage.ErrTooOldSample):
+				// Indicated an out-of-order sample is a bad request to prevent retries.
+				http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+				return
+			default:
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error while remote writing the v1 request", "err", err.Error())
+				http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+				return
+			}
 		}
-		err = h.writeV2(r.Context(), &req)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+		return
 	}
 
-	switch {
-	case err == nil:
-	case errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample), errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfBounds), errors.Is(err, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp), errors.Is(err, storage.ErrTooOldSample):
-		// Indicated an out of order sample is a bad request to prevent retries.
+	// Remote Write 2.x proto message handling.
+	var req writev2.Request
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(decompressed, &req); err != nil {
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Add more context to responded error?
+		level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error decoding v2 remote write request", "protobuf_message", msgType, "err", err.Error())
 		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
-	default:
-		level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error appending remote write", "err", err.Error())
-		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	}
+
+	respStats, errHTTPCode, err := h.writeV2(r.Context(), &req)
+
+	// Set required X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-* response headers, in all cases.
+	respStats.SetHeaders(w)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		if errHTTPCode/5 == 100 { // 5xx
+			level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error while remote writing the v2 request", "err", err.Error())
+		}
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), errHTTPCode)
 		return
 	}
-
 	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
 }
 
-// checkAppendExemplarError modifies the AppendExemplar's returned error based on the error cause.
-func (h *writeHandler) checkAppendExemplarError(err error, e exemplar.Exemplar, outOfOrderErrs *int) error {
-	unwrappedErr := errors.Unwrap(err)
-	if unwrappedErr == nil {
-		unwrappedErr = err
-	}
-	switch {
-	case errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrNotFound):
-		return storage.ErrNotFound
-	case errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar):
-		*outOfOrderErrs++
-		level.Debug(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order exemplar", "exemplar", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", e))
-		return nil
-	default:
-		return err
-	}
-}
-
 func (h *writeHandler) write(ctx context.Context, req *prompb.WriteRequest) (err error) {
 	outOfOrderExemplarErrs := 0
 	samplesWithInvalidLabels := 0
+	samplesAppended := 0
 
-	timeLimitApp := &timeLimitAppender{
+	app := &timeLimitAppender{
 		Appender: h.appendable.Appender(ctx),
 		maxTime:  timestamp.FromTime(time.Now().Add(maxAheadTime)),
 	}
 
 	defer func() {
 		if err != nil {
-			_ = timeLimitApp.Rollback()
+			_ = app.Rollback()
 			return
 		}
-		err = timeLimitApp.Commit()
+		err = app.Commit()
+		if err != nil {
+			h.samplesAppendedWithoutMetadata.Add(float64(samplesAppended))
+		}
 	}()
 
 	b := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
 	for _, ts := range req.Timeseries {
 		ls := ts.ToLabels(&b, nil)
-		if !ls.IsValid() {
+		if !ls.Has(labels.MetricName) || !ls.IsValid() {
 			level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Invalid metric names or labels", "got", ls.String())
 			samplesWithInvalidLabels++
+			// TODO(bwplotka): Even as per 1.0 spec, this should be a 400 error, while other samples are
+			// potentially written. Perhaps unify with fixed writeV2 implementation a bit.
 			continue
 		}
 
-		err := h.appendSamples(timeLimitApp, ts.Samples, ls)
-		if err != nil {
+		if err := h.appendV1Samples(app, ts.Samples, ls); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		samplesAppended += len(ts.Samples)
 
 		for _, ep := range ts.Exemplars {
 			e := ep.ToExemplar(&b, nil)
-			h.appendExemplar(timeLimitApp, e, ls, &outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
+			if _, err := app.AppendExemplar(0, ls, e); err != nil {
+				switch {
+				case errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar):
+					outOfOrderExemplarErrs++
+					level.Debug(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order exemplar", "series", ls.String(), "exemplar", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", e))
+				default:
+					// Since exemplar storage is still experimental, we don't fail the request on ingestion errors
+					level.Debug(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error while adding exemplar in AppendExemplar", "series", ls.String(), "exemplar", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", e), "err", err)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
-		err = h.appendHistograms(timeLimitApp, ts.Histograms, ls)
-		if err != nil {
+		if err = h.appendV1Histograms(app, ts.Histograms, ls); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		samplesAppended += len(ts.Histograms)
 	}
 
 	if outOfOrderExemplarErrs > 0 {
@@ -256,170 +275,220 @@ func (h *writeHandler) write(ctx context.Context, req *prompb.WriteRequest) (err
 	if samplesWithInvalidLabels > 0 {
 		h.samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal.Add(float64(samplesWithInvalidLabels))
 	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (h *writeHandler) writeV2(ctx context.Context, req *writev2.Request) (err error) {
-	outOfOrderExemplarErrs := 0
+func (h *writeHandler) appendV1Samples(app storage.Appender, ss []prompb.Sample, labels labels.Labels) error {
+	var ref storage.SeriesRef
+	var err error
+	for _, s := range ss {
+		ref, err = app.Append(ref, labels, s.GetTimestamp(), s.GetValue())
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order sample from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", labels.String(), "timestamp", s.Timestamp)
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 
-	timeLimitApp := &timeLimitAppender{
+func (h *writeHandler) appendV1Histograms(app storage.Appender, hh []prompb.Histogram, labels labels.Labels) error {
+	var err error
+	for _, hp := range hh {
+		if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
+			_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, labels, hp.Timestamp, nil, hp.ToFloatHistogram())
+		} else {
+			_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, labels, hp.Timestamp, hp.ToIntHistogram(), nil)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			// Although AppendHistogram does not currently return ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp there is
+			// a note indicating its inclusion in the future.
+			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order histogram from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", labels.String(), "timestamp", hp.Timestamp)
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeV2 is similar to write, but it works with v2 proto message,
+// allows partial 4xx writes and gathers statistics.
+//
+// writeV2 returns the statistics.
+// In error cases, writeV2, also returns statistics, but also the error that
+// should be propagated to the remote write sender and httpCode to use for status.
+//
+// NOTE(bwplotka): TSDB storage is NOT idempotent, so we don't allow "partial retry-able" errors.
+// Once we have 5xx type of error, we immediately stop and rollback all appends.
+func (h *writeHandler) writeV2(ctx context.Context, req *writev2.Request) (_ WriteResponseStats, errHTTPCode int, _ error) {
+	app := &timeLimitAppender{
 		Appender: h.appendable.Appender(ctx),
 		maxTime:  timestamp.FromTime(time.Now().Add(maxAheadTime)),
 	}
 
-	defer func() {
-		if err != nil {
-			_ = timeLimitApp.Rollback()
-			return
+	s := WriteResponseStats{}
+	samplesWithoutMetadata, errHTTPCode, err := h.appendV2(app, req, &s)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errHTTPCode/5 == 100 {
+			// On 5xx, we always rollback, because we expect
+			// sender to retry and TSDB is not idempotent.
+			if rerr := app.Rollback(); rerr != nil {
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "writev2 rollback failed on retry-able error", "err", rerr)
+			}
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, errHTTPCode, err
 		}
-		err = timeLimitApp.Commit()
-	}()
 
-	b := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
+		// Non-retriable (e.g. bad request error case). Can be partially written.
+		commitErr := app.Commit()
+		if commitErr != nil {
+			// Bad requests does not matter as we have internal error (retryable).
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, http.StatusInternalServerError, commitErr
+		}
+		// Bad request error happened, but rest of data (if any) was written.
+		h.samplesAppendedWithoutMetadata.Add(float64(samplesWithoutMetadata))
+		return s, errHTTPCode, err
+	}
+
+	// All good just commit.
+	if err := app.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, http.StatusInternalServerError, err
+	}
+	h.samplesAppendedWithoutMetadata.Add(float64(samplesWithoutMetadata))
+	return s, 0, nil
+}
+
+func (h *writeHandler) appendV2(app storage.Appender, req *writev2.Request, rs *WriteResponseStats) (samplesWithoutMetadata, errHTTPCode int, err error) {
+	var (
+		badRequestErrs                                   []error
+		outOfOrderExemplarErrs, samplesWithInvalidLabels int
+
+		b = labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
+	)
 	for _, ts := range req.Timeseries {
 		ls := ts.ToLabels(&b, req.Symbols)
-
-		err := h.appendSamplesV2(timeLimitApp, ts.Samples, ls)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+		// Validate series labels early.
+		// NOTE(bwplotka): While spec allows UTF-8, Prometheus Receiver may impose
+		// specific limits and follow https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#invalid-samples case.
+		if !ls.Has(labels.MetricName) || !ls.IsValid() {
+			badRequestErrs = append(badRequestErrs, fmt.Errorf("invalid metric name or labels, got %v", ls.String()))
+			samplesWithInvalidLabels += len(ts.Samples) + len(ts.Histograms)
+			continue
 		}
 
+		allSamplesSoFar := rs.AllSamples()
+		var ref storage.SeriesRef
+
+		// Samples.
+		for _, s := range ts.Samples {
+			ref, err = app.Append(ref, ls, s.GetTimestamp(), s.GetValue())
+			if err == nil {
+				rs.Samples++
+				continue
+			}
+			// Handle append error.
+			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrTooOldSample) {
+				// TODO(bwplotka): Not too spammy log?
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order sample from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", ls.String(), "timestamp", s.Timestamp)
+				badRequestErrs = append(badRequestErrs, fmt.Errorf("%w for series %v", err, ls.String()))
+				continue
+			}
+			return 0, http.StatusInternalServerError, err
+		}
+
+		// Native Histograms.
+		for _, hp := range ts.Histograms {
+			if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
+				ref, err = app.AppendHistogram(ref, ls, hp.Timestamp, nil, hp.ToFloatHistogram())
+			} else {
+				ref, err = app.AppendHistogram(ref, ls, hp.Timestamp, hp.ToIntHistogram(), nil)
+			}
+			if err == nil {
+				rs.Histograms++
+				continue
+			}
+			// Handle append error.
+			// Although AppendHistogram does not currently return ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp there is
+			// a note indicating its inclusion in the future.
+			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) ||
+				errors.Is(err, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
+				// TODO(bwplotka): Not too spammy log?
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order histogram from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", ls.String(), "timestamp", hp.Timestamp)
+				badRequestErrs = append(badRequestErrs, fmt.Errorf("%w for series %v", err, ls.String()))
+				continue
+			}
+			return 0, http.StatusInternalServerError, err
+		}
+
+		// Exemplars.
 		for _, ep := range ts.Exemplars {
 			e := ep.ToExemplar(&b, req.Symbols)
-			h.appendExemplar(timeLimitApp, e, ls, &outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
-		}
-
-		err = h.appendHistogramsV2(timeLimitApp, ts.Histograms, ls)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			ref, err = app.AppendExemplar(ref, ls, e)
+			if err == nil {
+				rs.Exemplars++
+				continue
+			}
+			// Handle append error.
+			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar) {
+				outOfOrderExemplarErrs++ // Maintain old metrics, but technically not needed, given we fail here.
+				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order exemplar", "err", err.Error(), "series", ls.String(), "exemplar", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", e))
+				badRequestErrs = append(badRequestErrs, fmt.Errorf("%w for series %v", err, ls.String()))
+				continue
+			}
+			// TODO(bwplotka): Add strict mode which would trigger rollback of everything if needed.
+			// For now we keep the previously released flow (just error not debug leve) of dropping them without rollback and 5xx.
+			level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "failed to ingest exemplar, emitting error log, but no error for PRW caller", "err", err.Error(), "series", ls.String(), "exemplar", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", e))
 		}
 
 		m := ts.ToMetadata(req.Symbols)
-		if _, err = timeLimitApp.UpdateMetadata(0, ls, m); err != nil {
+		if _, err = app.UpdateMetadata(ref, ls, m); err != nil {
 			level.Debug(h.logger).Log("msg", "error while updating metadata from remote write", "err", err)
+			// Metadata is attached to each series, so since Prometheus does not reject sample without metadata information,
+			// we don't report remote write error either. We increment metric instead.
+			samplesWithoutMetadata += rs.AllSamples() - allSamplesSoFar
 		}
 	}
 
 	if outOfOrderExemplarErrs > 0 {
-		_ = level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error on ingesting out-of-order exemplars", "num_dropped", outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
+		level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error on ingesting out-of-order exemplars", "num_dropped", outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
 	}
+	h.samplesWithInvalidLabelsTotal.Add(float64(samplesWithInvalidLabels))
 
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (h *writeHandler) appendExemplar(app storage.Appender, e exemplar.Exemplar, labels labels.Labels, outOfOrderExemplarErrs *int) {
-	_, err := app.AppendExemplar(0, labels, e)
-	err = h.checkAppendExemplarError(err, e, outOfOrderExemplarErrs)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Since exemplar storage is still experimental, we don't fail the request on ingestion errors
-		level.Debug(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error while adding exemplar in AddExemplar", "exemplar", fmt.Sprintf("%+v", e), "err", err)
+	if len(badRequestErrs) == 0 {
+		return samplesWithoutMetadata, 0, nil
 	}
-}
-
-func (h *writeHandler) appendSamples(app storage.Appender, ss []prompb.Sample, labels labels.Labels) error {
-	var ref storage.SeriesRef
-	var err error
-	for _, s := range ss {
-		ref, err = app.Append(ref, labels, s.GetTimestamp(), s.GetValue())
-		if err != nil {
-			unwrappedErr := errors.Unwrap(err)
-			if unwrappedErr == nil {
-				unwrappedErr = err
-			}
-			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
-				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order sample from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", labels.String(), "timestamp", s.Timestamp)
-			}
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (h *writeHandler) appendSamplesV2(app storage.Appender, ss []writev2.Sample, labels labels.Labels) error {
-	var ref storage.SeriesRef
-	var err error
-	for _, s := range ss {
-		ref, err = app.Append(ref, labels, s.GetTimestamp(), s.GetValue())
-		if err != nil {
-			unwrappedErr := errors.Unwrap(err)
-			if unwrappedErr == nil {
-				unwrappedErr = err
-			}
-			if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
-				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order sample from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", labels.String(), "timestamp", s.Timestamp)
-			}
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (h *writeHandler) appendHistograms(app storage.Appender, hh []prompb.Histogram, labels labels.Labels) error {
-	var err error
-	for _, hp := range hh {
-		if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
-			_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, labels, hp.Timestamp, nil, hp.ToFloatHistogram())
-		} else {
-			_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, labels, hp.Timestamp, hp.ToIntHistogram(), nil)
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			unwrappedErr := errors.Unwrap(err)
-			if unwrappedErr == nil {
-				unwrappedErr = err
-			}
-			// Although AppendHistogram does not currently return ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp there is
-			// a note indicating its inclusion in the future.
-			if errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
-				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order histogram from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", labels.String(), "timestamp", hp.Timestamp)
-			}
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (h *writeHandler) appendHistogramsV2(app storage.Appender, hh []writev2.Histogram, labels labels.Labels) error {
-	var err error
-	for _, hp := range hh {
-		if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
-			_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, labels, hp.Timestamp, nil, hp.ToFloatHistogram())
-		} else {
-			_, err = app.AppendHistogram(0, labels, hp.Timestamp, hp.ToIntHistogram(), nil)
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			unwrappedErr := errors.Unwrap(err)
-			if unwrappedErr == nil {
-				unwrappedErr = err
-			}
-			// Although AppendHistogram does not currently return ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp there is
-			// a note indicating its inclusion in the future.
-			if errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrOutOfBounds) || errors.Is(unwrappedErr, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp) {
-				level.Error(h.logger).Log("msg", "Out of order histogram from remote write", "err", err.Error(), "series", labels.String(), "timestamp", hp.Timestamp)
-			}
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
+	// TODO(bwplotka): Better concat formatting? Perhaps add size limit?
+	return samplesWithoutMetadata, http.StatusBadRequest, errors.Join(badRequestErrs...)
 }
 
 // NewOTLPWriteHandler creates a http.Handler that accepts OTLP write requests and
 // writes them to the provided appendable.
-func NewOTLPWriteHandler(logger log.Logger, appendable storage.Appendable) http.Handler {
+func NewOTLPWriteHandler(logger log.Logger, appendable storage.Appendable, configFunc func() config.Config) http.Handler {
 	rwHandler := &writeHandler{
 		logger:     logger,
 		appendable: appendable,
 	}
 
 	return &otlpWriteHandler{
-		logger:    logger,
-		rwHandler: rwHandler,
+		logger:     logger,
+		rwHandler:  rwHandler,
+		configFunc: configFunc,
 	}
 }
 
 type otlpWriteHandler struct {
-	logger    log.Logger
-	rwHandler *writeHandler
+	logger     log.Logger
+	rwHandler  *writeHandler
+	configFunc func() config.Config
 }
 
 func (h *otlpWriteHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -430,9 +499,12 @@ func (h *otlpWriteHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	otlpCfg := h.configFunc().OTLPConfig
+
 	converter := otlptranslator.NewPrometheusConverter()
 	if err := converter.FromMetrics(req.Metrics(), otlptranslator.Settings{
-		AddMetricSuffixes: true,
+		AddMetricSuffixes:         true,
+		PromoteResourceAttributes: otlpCfg.PromoteResourceAttributes,
 	}); err != nil {
 		level.Warn(h.logger).Log("msg", "Error translating OTLP metrics to Prometheus write request", "err", err)
 	}
diff --git a/storage/remote/write_handler_test.go b/storage/remote/write_handler_test.go
index 24bd7059a..af2229b9a 100644
--- a/storage/remote/write_handler_test.go
+++ b/storage/remote/write_handler_test.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package remote
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
@@ -290,64 +292,224 @@ func TestRemoteWriteHandler_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func expectHeaderValue(t testing.TB, expected int, got string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	require.NotEmpty(t, got)
+	i, err := strconv.Atoi(got)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, expected, i)
+}
+
 func TestRemoteWriteHandler_V2Message(t *testing.T) {
-	payload, _, _, err := buildV2WriteRequest(log.NewNopLogger(), writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries, writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols, nil, nil, nil, "snappy")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// V2 supports partial writes for non-retriable errors, so test them.
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		desc             string
+		input            []writev2.TimeSeries
+		expectedCode     int
+		expectedRespBody string
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+		commitErr          error
+		appendSampleErr    error
+		appendHistogramErr error
+		appendExemplarErr  error
+		updateMetadataErr  error
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:         "All timeseries accepted",
+			input:        writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries,
+			expectedCode: http.StatusNoContent,
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Partial write; first series with invalid labels (no metric name)",
+			input: append(
+				// Series with test_metric1="test_metric1" labels.
+				[]writev2.TimeSeries{{LabelsRefs: []uint32{2, 2}, Samples: []writev2.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}}}},
+				writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries...),
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusBadRequest,
+			expectedRespBody: "invalid metric name or labels, got {test_metric1=\"test_metric1\"}\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Partial write; first series with invalid labels (empty metric name)",
+			input: append(
+				// Series with __name__="" labels.
+				[]writev2.TimeSeries{{LabelsRefs: []uint32{1, 0}, Samples: []writev2.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1}}}},
+				writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries...),
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusBadRequest,
+			expectedRespBody: "invalid metric name or labels, got {__name__=\"\"}\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Partial write; first series with one OOO sample",
+			input: func() []writev2.TimeSeries {
+				f := proto.Clone(writeV2RequestFixture).(*writev2.Request)
+				f.Timeseries[0].Samples = append(f.Timeseries[0].Samples, writev2.Sample{Value: 2, Timestamp: 0})
+				return f.Timeseries
+			}(),
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusBadRequest,
+			expectedRespBody: "out of order sample for series {__name__=\"test_metric1\", b=\"c\", baz=\"qux\", d=\"e\", foo=\"bar\"}\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Partial write; first series with one dup sample",
+			input: func() []writev2.TimeSeries {
+				f := proto.Clone(writeV2RequestFixture).(*writev2.Request)
+				f.Timeseries[0].Samples = append(f.Timeseries[0].Samples, f.Timeseries[0].Samples[0])
+				return f.Timeseries
+			}(),
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusBadRequest,
+			expectedRespBody: "duplicate sample for timestamp for series {__name__=\"test_metric1\", b=\"c\", baz=\"qux\", d=\"e\", foo=\"bar\"}\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Partial write; first series with one OOO histogram sample",
+			input: func() []writev2.TimeSeries {
+				f := proto.Clone(writeV2RequestFixture).(*writev2.Request)
+				f.Timeseries[0].Histograms = append(f.Timeseries[0].Histograms, writev2.FromFloatHistogram(1, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil)))
+				return f.Timeseries
+			}(),
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusBadRequest,
+			expectedRespBody: "out of order sample for series {__name__=\"test_metric1\", b=\"c\", baz=\"qux\", d=\"e\", foo=\"bar\"}\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Partial write; first series with one dup histogram sample",
+			input: func() []writev2.TimeSeries {
+				f := proto.Clone(writeV2RequestFixture).(*writev2.Request)
+				f.Timeseries[0].Histograms = append(f.Timeseries[0].Histograms, f.Timeseries[0].Histograms[1])
+				return f.Timeseries
+			}(),
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusBadRequest,
+			expectedRespBody: "duplicate sample for timestamp for series {__name__=\"test_metric1\", b=\"c\", baz=\"qux\", d=\"e\", foo=\"bar\"}\n",
+		},
+		// Non retriable errors from various parts.
+		{
+			desc:            "Internal sample append error; rollback triggered",
+			input:           writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries,
+			appendSampleErr: errors.New("some sample internal append error"),
 
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", remoteWriteContentTypeHeaders[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2])
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Encoding", string(SnappyBlockCompression))
-	req.Header.Set(RemoteWriteVersionHeader, RemoteWriteVersion20HeaderValue)
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusInternalServerError,
+			expectedRespBody: "some sample internal append error\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:               "Internal histogram sample append error; rollback triggered",
+			input:              writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries,
+			appendHistogramErr: errors.New("some histogram sample internal append error"),
 
-	appendable := &mockAppendable{}
-	handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2})
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusInternalServerError,
+			expectedRespBody: "some histogram sample internal append error\n",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:              "Partial write; skipped exemplar; exemplar storage errs are noop",
+			input:             writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries,
+			appendExemplarErr: errors.New("some exemplar internal append error"),
 
-	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+			expectedCode: http.StatusNoContent,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:              "Partial write; skipped metadata; metadata storage errs are noop",
+			input:             writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries,
+			updateMetadataErr: errors.New("some metadata update error"),
 
-	resp := recorder.Result()
-	require.Equal(t, http.StatusNoContent, resp.StatusCode)
+			expectedCode: http.StatusNoContent,
+		},
+		{
+			desc:      "Internal commit error; rollback triggered",
+			input:     writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries,
+			commitErr: errors.New("storage error"),
 
-	b := labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
-	i := 0
-	j := 0
-	k := 0
-	for _, ts := range writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries {
-		ls := ts.ToLabels(&b, writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols)
+			expectedCode:     http.StatusInternalServerError,
+			expectedRespBody: "storage error\n",
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			payload, _, _, err := buildV2WriteRequest(log.NewNopLogger(), tc.input, writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols, nil, nil, nil, "snappy")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-		for _, s := range ts.Samples {
-			requireEqual(t, mockSample{ls, s.Timestamp, s.Value}, appendable.samples[i])
+			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			switch i {
-			case 0:
-				requireEqual(t, mockMetadata{ls, writeV2RequestSeries1Metadata}, appendable.metadata[i])
-			case 1:
-				requireEqual(t, mockMetadata{ls, writeV2RequestSeries2Metadata}, appendable.metadata[i])
-			default:
-				t.Fatal("more series/samples then expected")
+			req.Header.Set("Content-Type", remoteWriteContentTypeHeaders[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2])
+			req.Header.Set("Content-Encoding", string(SnappyBlockCompression))
+			req.Header.Set(RemoteWriteVersionHeader, RemoteWriteVersion20HeaderValue)
+
+			appendable := &mockAppendable{
+				commitErr:          tc.commitErr,
+				appendSampleErr:    tc.appendSampleErr,
+				appendHistogramErr: tc.appendHistogramErr,
+				appendExemplarErr:  tc.appendExemplarErr,
+				updateMetadataErr:  tc.updateMetadataErr,
 			}
-			i++
-		}
-		for _, e := range ts.Exemplars {
-			exemplarLabels := e.ToExemplar(&b, writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols).Labels
-			requireEqual(t, mockExemplar{ls, exemplarLabels, e.Timestamp, e.Value}, appendable.exemplars[j])
-			j++
-		}
-		for _, hp := range ts.Histograms {
-			if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
-				fh := hp.ToFloatHistogram()
-				requireEqual(t, mockHistogram{ls, hp.Timestamp, nil, fh}, appendable.histograms[k])
+			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2})
+
+			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
+			handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
+
+			resp := recorder.Result()
+			require.Equal(t, tc.expectedCode, resp.StatusCode)
+			respBody, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, tc.expectedRespBody, string(respBody))
+
+			if tc.expectedCode == http.StatusInternalServerError {
+				// We don't expect writes for partial writes with retry-able code.
+				expectHeaderValue(t, 0, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenSamplesHeader))
+				expectHeaderValue(t, 0, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenHistogramsHeader))
+				expectHeaderValue(t, 0, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenExemplarsHeader))
+
+				require.Empty(t, len(appendable.samples))
+				require.Empty(t, len(appendable.histograms))
+				require.Empty(t, len(appendable.exemplars))
+				require.Empty(t, len(appendable.metadata))
+				return
+			}
+
+			// Double check mandatory 2.0 stats.
+			// writeV2RequestFixture has 2 series with 1 sample, 2 histograms, 1 exemplar each.
+			expectHeaderValue(t, 2, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenSamplesHeader))
+			expectHeaderValue(t, 4, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenHistogramsHeader))
+			if tc.appendExemplarErr != nil {
+				expectHeaderValue(t, 0, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenExemplarsHeader))
 			} else {
-				h := hp.ToIntHistogram()
-				requireEqual(t, mockHistogram{ls, hp.Timestamp, h, nil}, appendable.histograms[k])
+				expectHeaderValue(t, 2, resp.Header.Get(rw20WrittenExemplarsHeader))
 			}
-			k++
-		}
+
+			// Double check what was actually appended.
+			var (
+				b          = labels.NewScratchBuilder(0)
+				i, j, k, m int
+			)
+			for _, ts := range writeV2RequestFixture.Timeseries {
+				ls := ts.ToLabels(&b, writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols)
+
+				for _, s := range ts.Samples {
+					requireEqual(t, mockSample{ls, s.Timestamp, s.Value}, appendable.samples[i])
+					i++
+				}
+				for _, hp := range ts.Histograms {
+					if hp.IsFloatHistogram() {
+						fh := hp.ToFloatHistogram()
+						requireEqual(t, mockHistogram{ls, hp.Timestamp, nil, fh}, appendable.histograms[k])
+					} else {
+						h := hp.ToIntHistogram()
+						requireEqual(t, mockHistogram{ls, hp.Timestamp, h, nil}, appendable.histograms[k])
+					}
+					k++
+				}
+				if tc.appendExemplarErr == nil {
+					for _, e := range ts.Exemplars {
+						exemplarLabels := e.ToExemplar(&b, writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols).Labels
+						requireEqual(t, mockExemplar{ls, exemplarLabels, e.Timestamp, e.Value}, appendable.exemplars[j])
+						j++
+					}
+				}
+				if tc.updateMetadataErr == nil {
+					expectedMeta := ts.ToMetadata(writeV2RequestFixture.Symbols)
+					requireEqual(t, mockMetadata{ls, expectedMeta}, appendable.metadata[m])
+					m++
+				}
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
+// NOTE: V2 Message is tested in TestRemoteWriteHandler_V2Message.
 func TestOutOfOrderSample_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		Name      string
@@ -372,7 +534,7 @@ func TestOutOfOrderSample_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestSample: 100}
+			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestSample: map[uint64]int64{labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_metric").Hash(): 100}}
 			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1})
 
 			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -384,49 +546,10 @@ func TestOutOfOrderSample_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestOutOfOrderSample_V2Message(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		Name      string
-		Timestamp int64
-	}{
-		{
-			Name:      "historic",
-			Timestamp: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			Name:      "future",
-			Timestamp: math.MaxInt64,
-		},
-	} {
-		t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			payload, _, _, err := buildV2WriteRequest(nil, []writev2.TimeSeries{{
-				LabelsRefs: []uint32{1, 2},
-				Samples:    []writev2.Sample{{Value: 1, Timestamp: tc.Timestamp}},
-			}}, []string{"", "__name__", "metric1"}, nil, nil, nil, "snappy")
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			req.Header.Set("Content-Type", remoteWriteContentTypeHeaders[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2])
-			req.Header.Set("Content-Encoding", string(SnappyBlockCompression))
-			req.Header.Set(RemoteWriteVersionHeader, RemoteWriteVersion20HeaderValue)
-
-			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestSample: 100}
-			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2})
-
-			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
-
-			resp := recorder.Result()
-			require.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, resp.StatusCode)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 // This test case currently aims to verify that the WriteHandler endpoint
 // don't fail on exemplar ingestion errors since the exemplar storage is
 // still experimental.
+// NOTE: V2 Message is tested in TestRemoteWriteHandler_V2Message.
 func TestOutOfOrderExemplar_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		Name      string
@@ -453,7 +576,7 @@ func TestOutOfOrderExemplar_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestExemplar: 100}
+			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestSample: map[uint64]int64{labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_metric").Hash(): 100}}
 			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1})
 
 			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -466,49 +589,7 @@ func TestOutOfOrderExemplar_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestOutOfOrderExemplar_V2Message(t *testing.T) {
-	tests := []struct {
-		Name      string
-		Timestamp int64
-	}{
-		{
-			Name:      "historic",
-			Timestamp: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			Name:      "future",
-			Timestamp: math.MaxInt64,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range tests {
-		t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			payload, _, _, err := buildV2WriteRequest(nil, []writev2.TimeSeries{{
-				LabelsRefs: []uint32{1, 2},
-				Exemplars:  []writev2.Exemplar{{LabelsRefs: []uint32{3, 4}, Value: 1, Timestamp: tc.Timestamp}},
-			}}, []string{"", "__name__", "metric1", "foo", "bar"}, nil, nil, nil, "snappy")
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			req.Header.Set("Content-Type", remoteWriteContentTypeHeaders[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2])
-			req.Header.Set("Content-Encoding", string(SnappyBlockCompression))
-			req.Header.Set(RemoteWriteVersionHeader, RemoteWriteVersion20HeaderValue)
-
-			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestExemplar: 100}
-			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2})
-
-			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
-
-			resp := recorder.Result()
-			// TODO: update to require.Equal(t, http.StatusConflict, resp.StatusCode) once exemplar storage is not experimental.
-			require.Equal(t, http.StatusNoContent, resp.StatusCode)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
+// NOTE: V2 Message is tested in TestRemoteWriteHandler_V2Message.
 func TestOutOfOrderHistogram_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		Name      string
@@ -533,7 +614,7 @@ func TestOutOfOrderHistogram_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestHistogram: 100}
+			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestSample: map[uint64]int64{labels.FromStrings("__name__", "test_metric").Hash(): 100}}
 			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV1})
 
 			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
@@ -545,46 +626,6 @@ func TestOutOfOrderHistogram_V1Message(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestOutOfOrderHistogram_V2Message(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, tc := range []struct {
-		Name      string
-		Timestamp int64
-	}{
-		{
-			Name:      "historic",
-			Timestamp: 0,
-		},
-		{
-			Name:      "future",
-			Timestamp: math.MaxInt64,
-		},
-	} {
-		t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			payload, _, _, err := buildV2WriteRequest(nil, []writev2.TimeSeries{{
-				LabelsRefs: []uint32{0, 1},
-				Histograms: []writev2.Histogram{writev2.FromIntHistogram(0, &testHistogram), writev2.FromFloatHistogram(1, testHistogram.ToFloat(nil))},
-			}}, []string{"__name__", "metric1"}, nil, nil, nil, "snappy")
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			req, err := http.NewRequest("", "", bytes.NewReader(payload))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			req.Header.Set("Content-Type", remoteWriteContentTypeHeaders[config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2])
-			req.Header.Set("Content-Encoding", string(SnappyBlockCompression))
-			req.Header.Set(RemoteWriteVersionHeader, RemoteWriteVersion20HeaderValue)
-
-			appendable := &mockAppendable{latestHistogram: 100}
-			handler := NewWriteHandler(log.NewNopLogger(), nil, appendable, []config.RemoteWriteProtoMsg{config.RemoteWriteProtoMsgV2})
-
-			recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
-			handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
-
-			resp := recorder.Result()
-			require.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, resp.StatusCode)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 func BenchmarkRemoteWriteHandler(b *testing.B) {
 	const labelValue = "abcdefg'hijlmn234!@#$%^&*()_+~`\"{}[],./<>?hello0123hiOlá你好Dzieńdobry9Zd8ra765v4stvuyte"
 	var reqs []*http.Request
@@ -719,15 +760,20 @@ func genSeriesWithSample(numSeries int, ts int64) []prompb.TimeSeries {
 }
 
 type mockAppendable struct {
-	latestSample    int64
+	latestSample    map[uint64]int64
 	samples         []mockSample
-	latestExemplar  int64
+	latestExemplar  map[uint64]int64
 	exemplars       []mockExemplar
-	latestHistogram int64
+	latestHistogram map[uint64]int64
 	histograms      []mockHistogram
 	metadata        []mockMetadata
 
-	commitErr error
+	// optional errors to inject.
+	commitErr          error
+	appendSampleErr    error
+	appendHistogramErr error
+	appendExemplarErr  error
+	updateMetadataErr  error
 }
 
 type mockSample struct {
@@ -765,48 +811,92 @@ func requireEqual(t *testing.T, expected, actual interface{}, msgAndArgs ...inte
 }
 
 func (m *mockAppendable) Appender(_ context.Context) storage.Appender {
+	if m.latestSample == nil {
+		m.latestSample = map[uint64]int64{}
+	}
+	if m.latestHistogram == nil {
+		m.latestHistogram = map[uint64]int64{}
+	}
+	if m.latestExemplar == nil {
+		m.latestExemplar = map[uint64]int64{}
+	}
 	return m
 }
 
 func (m *mockAppendable) Append(_ storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, v float64) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
-	if t < m.latestSample {
-		return 0, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample
+	if m.appendSampleErr != nil {
+		return 0, m.appendSampleErr
 	}
 
-	m.latestSample = t
+	latestTs := m.latestSample[l.Hash()]
+	if t < latestTs {
+		return 0, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample
+	}
+	if t == latestTs {
+		return 0, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp
+	}
+
+	m.latestSample[l.Hash()] = t
 	m.samples = append(m.samples, mockSample{l, t, v})
 	return 0, nil
 }
 
 func (m *mockAppendable) Commit() error {
+	if m.commitErr != nil {
+		_ = m.Rollback() // As per Commit method contract.
+	}
 	return m.commitErr
 }
 
-func (*mockAppendable) Rollback() error {
-	return fmt.Errorf("not implemented")
+func (m *mockAppendable) Rollback() error {
+	m.samples = m.samples[:0]
+	m.exemplars = m.exemplars[:0]
+	m.histograms = m.histograms[:0]
+	m.metadata = m.metadata[:0]
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (m *mockAppendable) AppendExemplar(_ storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, e exemplar.Exemplar) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
-	if e.Ts < m.latestExemplar {
-		return 0, storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar
+	if m.appendExemplarErr != nil {
+		return 0, m.appendExemplarErr
 	}
 
-	m.latestExemplar = e.Ts
+	latestTs := m.latestExemplar[l.Hash()]
+	if e.Ts < latestTs {
+		return 0, storage.ErrOutOfOrderExemplar
+	}
+	if e.Ts == latestTs {
+		return 0, storage.ErrDuplicateExemplar
+	}
+
+	m.latestExemplar[l.Hash()] = e.Ts
 	m.exemplars = append(m.exemplars, mockExemplar{l, e.Labels, e.Ts, e.Value})
 	return 0, nil
 }
 
 func (m *mockAppendable) AppendHistogram(_ storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, t int64, h *histogram.Histogram, fh *histogram.FloatHistogram) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
-	if t < m.latestHistogram {
-		return 0, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample
+	if m.appendHistogramErr != nil {
+		return 0, m.appendHistogramErr
 	}
 
-	m.latestHistogram = t
+	latestTs := m.latestHistogram[l.Hash()]
+	if t < latestTs {
+		return 0, storage.ErrOutOfOrderSample
+	}
+	if t == latestTs {
+		return 0, storage.ErrDuplicateSampleForTimestamp
+	}
+
+	m.latestHistogram[l.Hash()] = t
 	m.histograms = append(m.histograms, mockHistogram{l, t, h, fh})
 	return 0, nil
 }
 
 func (m *mockAppendable) UpdateMetadata(_ storage.SeriesRef, l labels.Labels, mp metadata.Metadata) (storage.SeriesRef, error) {
+	if m.updateMetadataErr != nil {
+		return 0, m.updateMetadataErr
+	}
+
 	m.metadata = append(m.metadata, mockMetadata{l: l, m: mp})
 	return 0, nil
 }
diff --git a/storage/remote/write_test.go b/storage/remote/write_test.go
index 648ec4b17..83dfffbae 100644
--- a/storage/remote/write_test.go
+++ b/storage/remote/write_test.go
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ func TestWriteStorageApplyConfig_PartialUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestOTLPWriteHandler(t *testing.T) {
-	exportRequest := generateOTLPWriteRequest(t)
+	exportRequest := generateOTLPWriteRequest()
 
 	buf, err := exportRequest.MarshalProto()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -379,7 +379,11 @@ func TestOTLPWriteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-protobuf")
 
 	appendable := &mockAppendable{}
-	handler := NewOTLPWriteHandler(nil, appendable)
+	handler := NewOTLPWriteHandler(nil, appendable, func() config.Config {
+		return config.Config{
+			OTLPConfig: config.DefaultOTLPConfig,
+		}
+	})
 
 	recorder := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	handler.ServeHTTP(recorder, req)
@@ -392,7 +396,7 @@ func TestOTLPWriteHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Len(t, appendable.exemplars, 1)  // 1 (exemplar)
 }
 
-func generateOTLPWriteRequest(t *testing.T) pmetricotlp.ExportRequest {
+func generateOTLPWriteRequest() pmetricotlp.ExportRequest {
 	d := pmetric.NewMetrics()
 
 	// Generate One Counter, One Gauge, One Histogram, One Exponential-Histogram
@@ -422,6 +426,7 @@ func generateOTLPWriteRequest(t *testing.T) pmetricotlp.ExportRequest {
 	counterDataPoint.Attributes().PutStr("foo.bar", "baz")
 
 	counterExemplar := counterDataPoint.Exemplars().AppendEmpty()
+
 	counterExemplar.SetTimestamp(pcommon.NewTimestampFromTime(timestamp))
 	counterExemplar.SetDoubleValue(10.0)
 	counterExemplar.SetSpanID(pcommon.SpanID{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7})
diff --git a/storage/secondary.go b/storage/secondary.go
index 44d978183..1cf8024b6 100644
--- a/storage/secondary.go
+++ b/storage/secondary.go
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ func newSecondaryQuerierFromChunk(cq ChunkQuerier) genericQuerier {
 	return &secondaryQuerier{genericQuerier: newGenericQuerierFromChunk(cq)}
 }
 
-func (s *secondaryQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
-	vals, w, err := s.genericQuerier.LabelValues(ctx, name, matchers...)
+func (s *secondaryQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	vals, w, err := s.genericQuerier.LabelValues(ctx, name, hints, matchers...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, w.Add(err), nil
 	}
 	return vals, w, nil
 }
 
-func (s *secondaryQuerier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
-	names, w, err := s.genericQuerier.LabelNames(ctx, matchers...)
+func (s *secondaryQuerier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, hints *LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+	names, w, err := s.genericQuerier.LabelNames(ctx, hints, matchers...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, w.Add(err), nil
 	}
diff --git a/tracing/tracing.go b/tracing/tracing.go
index 3b1c61532..6b9319ecb 100644
--- a/tracing/tracing.go
+++ b/tracing/tracing.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/propagation"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/resource"
 	tracesdk "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/trace"
-	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.25.0"
+	semconv "go.opentelemetry.io/otel/semconv/v1.26.0"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
 	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace/noop"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/credentials"
diff --git a/tsdb/db_test.go b/tsdb/db_test.go
index 770b1a1b4..c8dad8699 100644
--- a/tsdb/db_test.go
+++ b/tsdb/db_test.go
@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	flag.Parse()
 	defaultIsolationDisabled = !isolationEnabled
 
-	goleak.VerifyTestMain(m, goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb.(*SegmentWAL).cut.func1"), goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb.(*SegmentWAL).cut.func2"))
+	goleak.VerifyTestMain(m,
+		goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb.(*SegmentWAL).cut.func1"),
+		goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb.(*SegmentWAL).cut.func2"),
+		goleak.IgnoreTopFunction("go.opencensus.io/stats/view.(*worker).start"))
 }
 
 func openTestDB(t testing.TB, opts *Options, rngs []int64) (db *DB) {
@@ -1001,7 +1004,7 @@ func TestWALFlushedOnDBClose(t *testing.T) {
 	q, err := db.Querier(0, 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	values, ws, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "labelname")
+	values, ws, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "labelname", nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Empty(t, ws)
 	require.Equal(t, []string{"labelvalue"}, values)
@@ -1976,7 +1979,7 @@ func TestQuerierWithBoundaryChunks(t *testing.T) {
 	defer q.Close()
 
 	// The requested interval covers 2 blocks, so the querier's label values for blockID should give us 2 values, one from each block.
-	b, ws, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "blockID")
+	b, ws, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "blockID", nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	var nilAnnotations annotations.Annotations
 	require.Equal(t, nilAnnotations, ws)
@@ -2288,7 +2291,7 @@ func TestDB_LabelNames(t *testing.T) {
 		q, err := db.Querier(math.MinInt64, math.MaxInt64)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		var ws annotations.Annotations
-		labelNames, ws, err = q.LabelNames(ctx)
+		labelNames, ws, err = q.LabelNames(ctx, nil)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.Empty(t, ws)
 		require.NoError(t, q.Close())
diff --git a/tsdb/head.go b/tsdb/head.go
index 30ad8139a..9d81b24ae 100644
--- a/tsdb/head.go
+++ b/tsdb/head.go
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ type HeadOptions struct {
 	WALReplayConcurrency int
 
 	// EnableSharding enables ShardedPostings() support in the Head.
+	// EnableSharding is temporarily disabled during Init().
 	EnableSharding bool
 }
 
@@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ const cardinalityCacheExpirationTime = time.Duration(30) * time.Second
 // Init loads data from the write ahead log and prepares the head for writes.
 // It should be called before using an appender so that it
 // limits the ingested samples to the head min valid time.
-func (h *Head) Init(minValidTime int64) error {
+func (h *Head) Init(minValidTime int64) (err error) {
 	h.minValidTime.Store(minValidTime)
 	defer func() {
 		h.postings.EnsureOrder(h.opts.WALReplayConcurrency)
@@ -623,6 +624,24 @@ func (h *Head) Init(minValidTime int64) error {
 		}
 	}()
 
+	// If sharding is enabled, disable it while initializing, and calculate the shards later.
+	// We're going to use that field for other purposes during WAL replay,
+	// so we don't want to waste time on calculating the shard that we're going to lose anyway.
+	if h.opts.EnableSharding {
+		h.opts.EnableSharding = false
+		defer func() {
+			h.opts.EnableSharding = true
+			if err == nil {
+				// No locking is needed here as nobody should be writing while we're in Init.
+				for _, stripe := range h.series.series {
+					for _, s := range stripe {
+						s.shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime = labels.StableHash(s.lset)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
 	level.Info(h.logger).Log("msg", "Replaying on-disk memory mappable chunks if any")
 	start := time.Now()
 
@@ -683,7 +702,6 @@ func (h *Head) Init(minValidTime int64) error {
 		mmappedChunks    map[chunks.HeadSeriesRef][]*mmappedChunk
 		oooMmappedChunks map[chunks.HeadSeriesRef][]*mmappedChunk
 		lastMmapRef      chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef
-		err              error
 
 		mmapChunkReplayDuration time.Duration
 	)
@@ -2068,9 +2086,11 @@ type memSeries struct {
 	ref  chunks.HeadSeriesRef
 	meta *metadata.Metadata
 
-	// Series labels hash to use for sharding purposes. The value is always 0 when sharding has not
-	// been explicitly enabled in TSDB.
-	shardHash uint64
+	// Series labels hash to use for sharding purposes.
+	// The value is always 0 when sharding has not been explicitly enabled in TSDB.
+	// While the WAL replay the value stored here is the max time of any mmapped chunk,
+	// and the shard hash is re-calculated after WAL replay is complete.
+	shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime uint64
 
 	// Everything after here should only be accessed with the lock held.
 	sync.Mutex
@@ -2095,10 +2115,9 @@ type memSeries struct {
 
 	ooo *memSeriesOOOFields
 
-	mmMaxTime int64 // Max time of any mmapped chunk, only used during WAL replay.
-
 	nextAt                           int64 // Timestamp at which to cut the next chunk.
 	histogramChunkHasComputedEndTime bool  // True if nextAt has been predicted for the current histograms chunk; false otherwise.
+	pendingCommit                    bool  // Whether there are samples waiting to be committed to this series.
 
 	// We keep the last value here (in addition to appending it to the chunk) so we can check for duplicates.
 	lastValue float64
@@ -2114,8 +2133,6 @@ type memSeries struct {
 
 	// txs is nil if isolation is disabled.
 	txs *txRing
-
-	pendingCommit bool // Whether there are samples waiting to be committed to this series.
 }
 
 // memSeriesOOOFields contains the fields required by memSeries
@@ -2128,10 +2145,10 @@ type memSeriesOOOFields struct {
 
 func newMemSeries(lset labels.Labels, id chunks.HeadSeriesRef, shardHash uint64, isolationDisabled bool) *memSeries {
 	s := &memSeries{
-		lset:      lset,
-		ref:       id,
-		nextAt:    math.MinInt64,
-		shardHash: shardHash,
+		lset:                           lset,
+		ref:                            id,
+		nextAt:                         math.MinInt64,
+		shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime: shardHash,
 	}
 	if !isolationDisabled {
 		s.txs = newTxRing(0)
@@ -2219,6 +2236,12 @@ func (s *memSeries) truncateChunksBefore(mint int64, minOOOMmapRef chunks.ChunkD
 	return removedInOrder + removedOOO
 }
 
+// shardHash returns the shard hash of the series, only available after WAL replay.
+func (s *memSeries) shardHash() uint64 { return s.shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime }
+
+// mmMaxTime returns the max time of any mmapped chunk in the series, only available during WAL replay.
+func (s *memSeries) mmMaxTime() int64 { return int64(s.shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime) }
+
 // cleanupAppendIDsBelow cleans up older appendIDs. Has to be called after
 // acquiring lock.
 func (s *memSeries) cleanupAppendIDsBelow(bound uint64) {
diff --git a/tsdb/head_append.go b/tsdb/head_append.go
index f45ab606b..8d66d1e81 100644
--- a/tsdb/head_append.go
+++ b/tsdb/head_append.go
@@ -846,16 +846,17 @@ func (a *headAppender) Commit() (err error) {
 		// number of samples rejected due to: out of bounds: with t < minValidTime (OOO support disabled)
 		floatOOBRejected int
 
-		inOrderMint     int64 = math.MaxInt64
-		inOrderMaxt     int64 = math.MinInt64
-		ooomint         int64 = math.MaxInt64
-		ooomaxt         int64 = math.MinInt64
-		wblSamples      []record.RefSample
-		oooMmapMarkers  map[chunks.HeadSeriesRef]chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef
-		oooRecords      [][]byte
-		oooCapMax       = a.head.opts.OutOfOrderCapMax.Load()
-		series          *memSeries
-		appendChunkOpts = chunkOpts{
+		inOrderMint         int64 = math.MaxInt64
+		inOrderMaxt         int64 = math.MinInt64
+		oooMinT             int64 = math.MaxInt64
+		oooMaxT             int64 = math.MinInt64
+		wblSamples          []record.RefSample
+		oooMmapMarkers      map[chunks.HeadSeriesRef][]chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef
+		oooMmapMarkersCount int
+		oooRecords          [][]byte
+		oooCapMax           = a.head.opts.OutOfOrderCapMax.Load()
+		series              *memSeries
+		appendChunkOpts     = chunkOpts{
 			chunkDiskMapper: a.head.chunkDiskMapper,
 			chunkRange:      a.head.chunkRange.Load(),
 			samplesPerChunk: a.head.opts.SamplesPerChunk,
@@ -872,6 +873,7 @@ func (a *headAppender) Commit() (err error) {
 			// WBL is not enabled. So no need to collect.
 			wblSamples = nil
 			oooMmapMarkers = nil
+			oooMmapMarkersCount = 0
 			return
 		}
 		// The m-map happens before adding a new sample. So we collect
@@ -880,12 +882,14 @@ func (a *headAppender) Commit() (err error) {
 		//   WBL Before this Commit(): [old samples before this commit for chunk 1]
 		//   WBL After this Commit():  [old samples before this commit for chunk 1][new samples in this commit for chunk 1]mmapmarker1[samples for chunk 2]mmapmarker2[samples for chunk 3]
 		if oooMmapMarkers != nil {
-			markers := make([]record.RefMmapMarker, 0, len(oooMmapMarkers))
-			for ref, mmapRef := range oooMmapMarkers {
-				markers = append(markers, record.RefMmapMarker{
-					Ref:     ref,
-					MmapRef: mmapRef,
-				})
+			markers := make([]record.RefMmapMarker, 0, oooMmapMarkersCount)
+			for ref, mmapRefs := range oooMmapMarkers {
+				for _, mmapRef := range mmapRefs {
+					markers = append(markers, record.RefMmapMarker{
+						Ref:     ref,
+						MmapRef: mmapRef,
+					})
+				}
 			}
 			r := enc.MmapMarkers(markers, a.head.getBytesBuffer())
 			oooRecords = append(oooRecords, r)
@@ -928,32 +932,39 @@ func (a *headAppender) Commit() (err error) {
 		case oooSample:
 			// Sample is OOO and OOO handling is enabled
 			// and the delta is within the OOO tolerance.
-			var mmapRef chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef
-			ok, chunkCreated, mmapRef = series.insert(s.T, s.V, a.head.chunkDiskMapper, oooCapMax)
+			var mmapRefs []chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef
+			ok, chunkCreated, mmapRefs = series.insert(s.T, s.V, a.head.chunkDiskMapper, oooCapMax)
 			if chunkCreated {
 				r, ok := oooMmapMarkers[series.ref]
-				if !ok || r != 0 {
+				if !ok || r != nil {
 					// !ok means there are no markers collected for these samples yet. So we first flush the samples
 					// before setting this m-map marker.
 
-					// r != 0 means we have already m-mapped a chunk for this series in the same Commit().
+					// r != nil means we have already m-mapped a chunk for this series in the same Commit().
 					// Hence, before we m-map again, we should add the samples and m-map markers
 					// seen till now to the WBL records.
 					collectOOORecords()
 				}
 
 				if oooMmapMarkers == nil {
-					oooMmapMarkers = make(map[chunks.HeadSeriesRef]chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef)
+					oooMmapMarkers = make(map[chunks.HeadSeriesRef][]chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef)
+				}
+				if len(mmapRefs) > 0 {
+					oooMmapMarkers[series.ref] = mmapRefs
+					oooMmapMarkersCount += len(mmapRefs)
+				} else {
+					// No chunk was written to disk, so we need to set an initial marker for this series.
+					oooMmapMarkers[series.ref] = []chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef{0}
+					oooMmapMarkersCount++
 				}
-				oooMmapMarkers[series.ref] = mmapRef
 			}
 			if ok {
 				wblSamples = append(wblSamples, s)
-				if s.T < ooomint {
-					ooomint = s.T
+				if s.T < oooMinT {
+					oooMinT = s.T
 				}
-				if s.T > ooomaxt {
-					ooomaxt = s.T
+				if s.T > oooMaxT {
+					oooMaxT = s.T
 				}
 				floatOOOAccepted++
 			} else {
@@ -1053,7 +1064,7 @@ func (a *headAppender) Commit() (err error) {
 	a.head.metrics.samplesAppended.WithLabelValues(sampleMetricTypeHistogram).Add(float64(histogramsAppended))
 	a.head.metrics.outOfOrderSamplesAppended.WithLabelValues(sampleMetricTypeFloat).Add(float64(floatOOOAccepted))
 	a.head.updateMinMaxTime(inOrderMint, inOrderMaxt)
-	a.head.updateMinOOOMaxOOOTime(ooomint, ooomaxt)
+	a.head.updateMinOOOMaxOOOTime(oooMinT, oooMaxT)
 
 	collectOOORecords()
 	if a.head.wbl != nil {
@@ -1069,14 +1080,14 @@ func (a *headAppender) Commit() (err error) {
 }
 
 // insert is like append, except it inserts. Used for OOO samples.
-func (s *memSeries) insert(t int64, v float64, chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDiskMapper, oooCapMax int64) (inserted, chunkCreated bool, mmapRef chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef) {
+func (s *memSeries) insert(t int64, v float64, chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDiskMapper, oooCapMax int64) (inserted, chunkCreated bool, mmapRefs []chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef) {
 	if s.ooo == nil {
 		s.ooo = &memSeriesOOOFields{}
 	}
 	c := s.ooo.oooHeadChunk
 	if c == nil || c.chunk.NumSamples() == int(oooCapMax) {
 		// Note: If no new samples come in then we rely on compaction to clean up stale in-memory OOO chunks.
-		c, mmapRef = s.cutNewOOOHeadChunk(t, chunkDiskMapper)
+		c, mmapRefs = s.cutNewOOOHeadChunk(t, chunkDiskMapper)
 		chunkCreated = true
 	}
 
@@ -1089,7 +1100,7 @@ func (s *memSeries) insert(t int64, v float64, chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDisk
 			c.maxTime = t
 		}
 	}
-	return ok, chunkCreated, mmapRef
+	return ok, chunkCreated, mmapRefs
 }
 
 // chunkOpts are chunk-level options that are passed when appending to a memSeries.
@@ -1431,7 +1442,7 @@ func (s *memSeries) cutNewHeadChunk(mint int64, e chunkenc.Encoding, chunkRange
 
 // cutNewOOOHeadChunk cuts a new OOO chunk and m-maps the old chunk.
 // The caller must ensure that s.ooo is not nil.
-func (s *memSeries) cutNewOOOHeadChunk(mint int64, chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDiskMapper) (*oooHeadChunk, chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef) {
+func (s *memSeries) cutNewOOOHeadChunk(mint int64, chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDiskMapper) (*oooHeadChunk, []chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef) {
 	ref := s.mmapCurrentOOOHeadChunk(chunkDiskMapper)
 
 	s.ooo.oooHeadChunk = &oooHeadChunk{
@@ -1443,21 +1454,29 @@ func (s *memSeries) cutNewOOOHeadChunk(mint int64, chunkDiskMapper *chunks.Chunk
 	return s.ooo.oooHeadChunk, ref
 }
 
-func (s *memSeries) mmapCurrentOOOHeadChunk(chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDiskMapper) chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef {
+func (s *memSeries) mmapCurrentOOOHeadChunk(chunkDiskMapper *chunks.ChunkDiskMapper) []chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef {
 	if s.ooo == nil || s.ooo.oooHeadChunk == nil {
-		// There is no head chunk, so nothing to m-map here.
-		return 0
+		// OOO is not enabled or there is no head chunk, so nothing to m-map here.
+		return nil
+	}
+	chks, err := s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.chunk.ToEncodedChunks(math.MinInt64, math.MaxInt64)
+	if err != nil {
+		handleChunkWriteError(err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	chunkRefs := make([]chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef, 0, 1)
+	for _, memchunk := range chks {
+		chunkRef := chunkDiskMapper.WriteChunk(s.ref, s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.minTime, s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.maxTime, memchunk.chunk, true, handleChunkWriteError)
+		chunkRefs = append(chunkRefs, chunkRef)
+		s.ooo.oooMmappedChunks = append(s.ooo.oooMmappedChunks, &mmappedChunk{
+			ref:        chunkRef,
+			numSamples: uint16(memchunk.chunk.NumSamples()),
+			minTime:    memchunk.minTime,
+			maxTime:    memchunk.maxTime,
+		})
 	}
-	xor, _ := s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.chunk.ToXOR() // Encode to XorChunk which is more compact and implements all of the needed functionality.
-	chunkRef := chunkDiskMapper.WriteChunk(s.ref, s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.minTime, s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.maxTime, xor, true, handleChunkWriteError)
-	s.ooo.oooMmappedChunks = append(s.ooo.oooMmappedChunks, &mmappedChunk{
-		ref:        chunkRef,
-		numSamples: uint16(xor.NumSamples()),
-		minTime:    s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.minTime,
-		maxTime:    s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.maxTime,
-	})
 	s.ooo.oooHeadChunk = nil
-	return chunkRef
+	return chunkRefs
 }
 
 // mmapChunks will m-map all but first chunk on s.headChunks list.
diff --git a/tsdb/head_read.go b/tsdb/head_read.go
index 9ba8785ad..3a50f316b 100644
--- a/tsdb/head_read.go
+++ b/tsdb/head_read.go
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func (h *headIndexReader) ShardedPostings(p index.Postings, shardIndex, shardCou
 		}
 
 		// Check if the series belong to the shard.
-		if s.shardHash%shardCount != shardIndex {
+		if s.shardHash()%shardCount != shardIndex {
 			continue
 		}
 
diff --git a/tsdb/head_test.go b/tsdb/head_test.go
index fa4834516..09927c23c 100644
--- a/tsdb/head_test.go
+++ b/tsdb/head_test.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"runtime/pprof"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -89,6 +90,43 @@ func newTestHeadWithOptions(t testing.TB, compressWAL wlog.CompressionType, opts
 	return h, wal
 }
 
+// BenchmarkLoadRealWLs will be skipped unless the BENCHMARK_LOAD_REAL_WLS_DIR environment variable is set.
+// BENCHMARK_LOAD_REAL_WLS_DIR should be the folder where `wal` and `chunks_head` are located.
+// Optionally, BENCHMARK_LOAD_REAL_WLS_PROFILE can be set to a file path to write a CPU profile.
+func BenchmarkLoadRealWLs(b *testing.B) {
+	dir := os.Getenv("BENCHMARK_LOAD_REAL_WLS_DIR")
+	if dir == "" {
+		b.Skipped()
+	}
+
+	profileFile := os.Getenv("BENCHMARK_LOAD_REAL_WLS_PROFILE")
+	if profileFile != "" {
+		b.Logf("Will profile in %s", profileFile)
+		f, err := os.Create(profileFile)
+		require.NoError(b, err)
+		b.Cleanup(func() { f.Close() })
+		require.NoError(b, pprof.StartCPUProfile(f))
+		b.Cleanup(pprof.StopCPUProfile)
+	}
+
+	wal, err := wlog.New(nil, nil, filepath.Join(dir, "wal"), wlog.CompressionNone)
+	require.NoError(b, err)
+	b.Cleanup(func() { wal.Close() })
+
+	wbl, err := wlog.New(nil, nil, filepath.Join(dir, "wbl"), wlog.CompressionNone)
+	require.NoError(b, err)
+	b.Cleanup(func() { wbl.Close() })
+
+	// Load the WAL.
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		opts := DefaultHeadOptions()
+		opts.ChunkDirRoot = dir
+		h, err := NewHead(nil, nil, wal, wbl, opts, nil)
+		require.NoError(b, err)
+		h.Init(0)
+	}
+}
+
 func BenchmarkCreateSeries(b *testing.B) {
 	series := genSeries(b.N, 10, 0, 0)
 	h, _ := newTestHead(b, 10000, wlog.CompressionNone, false)
@@ -4730,6 +4768,14 @@ func TestChunkSnapshotTakenAfterIncompleteSnapshot(t *testing.T) {
 
 // TestWBLReplay checks the replay at a low level.
 func TestWBLReplay(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, scenario := range sampleTypeScenarios {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			testWBLReplay(t, scenario)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func testWBLReplay(t *testing.T, scenario sampleTypeScenario) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	wal, err := wlog.NewSize(nil, nil, filepath.Join(dir, "wal"), 32768, wlog.CompressionSnappy)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -4745,11 +4791,11 @@ func TestWBLReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NoError(t, h.Init(0))
 
-	var expOOOSamples []sample
+	var expOOOSamples []chunks.Sample
 	l := labels.FromStrings("foo", "bar")
-	appendSample := func(mins int64, isOOO bool) {
+	appendSample := func(mins int64, val float64, isOOO bool) {
 		app := h.Appender(context.Background())
-		ts, v := mins*time.Minute.Milliseconds(), float64(mins)
+		ts, v := mins*time.Minute.Milliseconds(), val
 		_, err := app.Append(0, l, ts, v)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		require.NoError(t, app.Commit())
@@ -4760,15 +4806,15 @@ func TestWBLReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// In-order sample.
-	appendSample(60, false)
+	appendSample(60, 60, false)
 
 	// Out of order samples.
-	appendSample(40, true)
-	appendSample(35, true)
-	appendSample(50, true)
-	appendSample(55, true)
-	appendSample(59, true)
-	appendSample(31, true)
+	appendSample(40, 40, true)
+	appendSample(35, 35, true)
+	appendSample(50, 50, true)
+	appendSample(55, 55, true)
+	appendSample(59, 59, true)
+	appendSample(31, 31, true)
 
 	// Check that Head's time ranges are set properly.
 	require.Equal(t, 60*time.Minute.Milliseconds(), h.MinTime())
@@ -4792,22 +4838,23 @@ func TestWBLReplay(t *testing.T) {
 	require.False(t, ok)
 	require.NotNil(t, ms)
 
-	xor, err := ms.ooo.oooHeadChunk.chunk.ToXOR()
+	chks, err := ms.ooo.oooHeadChunk.chunk.ToEncodedChunks(math.MinInt64, math.MaxInt64)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, chks, 1)
 
-	it := xor.Iterator(nil)
-	actOOOSamples := make([]sample, 0, len(expOOOSamples))
-	for it.Next() == chunkenc.ValFloat {
-		ts, v := it.At()
-		actOOOSamples = append(actOOOSamples, sample{t: ts, f: v})
-	}
+	it := chks[0].chunk.Iterator(nil)
+	actOOOSamples, err := storage.ExpandSamples(it, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// OOO chunk will be sorted. Hence sort the expected samples.
 	sort.Slice(expOOOSamples, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return expOOOSamples[i].t < expOOOSamples[j].t
+		return expOOOSamples[i].T() < expOOOSamples[j].T()
 	})
 
-	require.Equal(t, expOOOSamples, actOOOSamples)
+	// Passing in true for the 'ignoreCounterResets' parameter prevents differences in counter reset headers
+	// from being factored in to the sample comparison
+	// TODO(fionaliao): understand counter reset behaviour, might want to modify this later
+	requireEqualSamples(t, l.String(), expOOOSamples, actOOOSamples, true)
 
 	require.NoError(t, h.Close())
 }
diff --git a/tsdb/head_wal.go b/tsdb/head_wal.go
index 787cb7c26..2852709a0 100644
--- a/tsdb/head_wal.go
+++ b/tsdb/head_wal.go
@@ -435,6 +435,8 @@ Outer:
 	return nil
 }
 
+func minInt64() int64 { return math.MinInt64 }
+
 // resetSeriesWithMMappedChunks is only used during the WAL replay.
 func (h *Head) resetSeriesWithMMappedChunks(mSeries *memSeries, mmc, oooMmc []*mmappedChunk, walSeriesRef chunks.HeadSeriesRef) (overlapped bool) {
 	if mSeries.ref != walSeriesRef {
@@ -481,10 +483,11 @@ func (h *Head) resetSeriesWithMMappedChunks(mSeries *memSeries, mmc, oooMmc []*m
 	}
 	// Cache the last mmapped chunk time, so we can skip calling append() for samples it will reject.
 	if len(mmc) == 0 {
-		mSeries.mmMaxTime = math.MinInt64
+		mSeries.shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime = uint64(minInt64())
 	} else {
-		mSeries.mmMaxTime = mmc[len(mmc)-1].maxTime
-		h.updateMinMaxTime(mmc[0].minTime, mSeries.mmMaxTime)
+		mmMaxTime := mmc[len(mmc)-1].maxTime
+		mSeries.shardHashOrMemoryMappedMaxTime = uint64(mmMaxTime)
+		h.updateMinMaxTime(mmc[0].minTime, mmMaxTime)
 	}
 	if len(oooMmc) != 0 {
 		// Mint and maxt can be in any chunk, they are not sorted.
@@ -585,7 +588,7 @@ func (wp *walSubsetProcessor) processWALSamples(h *Head, mmappedChunks, oooMmapp
 				unknownRefs++
 				continue
 			}
-			if s.T <= ms.mmMaxTime {
+			if s.T <= ms.mmMaxTime() {
 				continue
 			}
 			if _, chunkCreated := ms.append(s.T, s.V, 0, appendChunkOpts); chunkCreated {
@@ -614,7 +617,7 @@ func (wp *walSubsetProcessor) processWALSamples(h *Head, mmappedChunks, oooMmapp
 				unknownHistogramRefs++
 				continue
 			}
-			if s.t <= ms.mmMaxTime {
+			if s.t <= ms.mmMaxTime() {
 				continue
 			}
 			var chunkCreated bool
diff --git a/tsdb/ooo_head.go b/tsdb/ooo_head.go
index 7f2110fa6..b2556d62e 100644
--- a/tsdb/ooo_head.go
+++ b/tsdb/ooo_head.go
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
 
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
+
 	"github.com/oklog/ulid"
 
-	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunkenc"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/chunks"
 	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/tsdb/tombstones"
 )
@@ -74,24 +75,22 @@ func (o *OOOChunk) NumSamples() int {
 	return len(o.samples)
 }
 
-func (o *OOOChunk) ToXOR() (*chunkenc.XORChunk, error) {
-	x := chunkenc.NewXORChunk()
-	app, err := x.Appender()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	for _, s := range o.samples {
-		app.Append(s.t, s.f)
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-func (o *OOOChunk) ToXORBetweenTimestamps(mint, maxt int64) (*chunkenc.XORChunk, error) {
-	x := chunkenc.NewXORChunk()
-	app, err := x.Appender()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+// ToEncodedChunks returns chunks with the samples in the OOOChunk.
+//
+//nolint:revive // unexported-return.
+func (o *OOOChunk) ToEncodedChunks(mint, maxt int64) (chks []memChunk, err error) {
+	if len(o.samples) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
 	}
+	// The most common case is that there will be a single chunk, with the same type of samples in it - this is always true for float samples.
+	chks = make([]memChunk, 0, 1)
+	var (
+		cmint int64
+		cmaxt int64
+		chunk chunkenc.Chunk
+		app   chunkenc.Appender
+	)
+	prevEncoding := chunkenc.EncNone // Yes we could call the chunk for this, but this is more efficient.
 	for _, s := range o.samples {
 		if s.t < mint {
 			continue
@@ -99,9 +98,77 @@ func (o *OOOChunk) ToXORBetweenTimestamps(mint, maxt int64) (*chunkenc.XORChunk,
 		if s.t > maxt {
 			break
 		}
-		app.Append(s.t, s.f)
+		encoding := chunkenc.EncXOR
+		if s.h != nil {
+			encoding = chunkenc.EncHistogram
+		} else if s.fh != nil {
+			encoding = chunkenc.EncFloatHistogram
+		}
+
+		// prevApp is the appender for the previous sample.
+		prevApp := app
+
+		if encoding != prevEncoding { // For the first sample, this will always be true as EncNone != EncXOR | EncHistogram | EncFloatHistogram
+			if prevEncoding != chunkenc.EncNone {
+				chks = append(chks, memChunk{chunk, cmint, cmaxt, nil})
+			}
+			cmint = s.t
+			switch encoding {
+			case chunkenc.EncXOR:
+				chunk = chunkenc.NewXORChunk()
+			case chunkenc.EncHistogram:
+				chunk = chunkenc.NewHistogramChunk()
+			case chunkenc.EncFloatHistogram:
+				chunk = chunkenc.NewFloatHistogramChunk()
+			default:
+				chunk = chunkenc.NewXORChunk()
+			}
+			app, err = chunk.Appender()
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		switch encoding {
+		case chunkenc.EncXOR:
+			app.Append(s.t, s.f)
+		case chunkenc.EncHistogram:
+			// Ignoring ok is ok, since we don't want to compare to the wrong previous appender anyway.
+			prevHApp, _ := prevApp.(*chunkenc.HistogramAppender)
+			var (
+				newChunk chunkenc.Chunk
+				recoded  bool
+			)
+			newChunk, recoded, app, _ = app.AppendHistogram(prevHApp, s.t, s.h, false)
+			if newChunk != nil { // A new chunk was allocated.
+				if !recoded {
+					chks = append(chks, memChunk{chunk, cmint, cmaxt, nil})
+				}
+				chunk = newChunk
+				cmint = s.t
+			}
+		case chunkenc.EncFloatHistogram:
+			// Ignoring ok is ok, since we don't want to compare to the wrong previous appender anyway.
+			prevHApp, _ := prevApp.(*chunkenc.FloatHistogramAppender)
+			var (
+				newChunk chunkenc.Chunk
+				recoded  bool
+			)
+			newChunk, recoded, app, _ = app.AppendFloatHistogram(prevHApp, s.t, s.fh, false)
+			if newChunk != nil { // A new chunk was allocated.
+				if !recoded {
+					chks = append(chks, memChunk{chunk, cmint, cmaxt, nil})
+				}
+				chunk = newChunk
+				cmint = s.t
+			}
+		}
+		cmaxt = s.t
+		prevEncoding = encoding
 	}
-	return x, nil
+	if prevEncoding != chunkenc.EncNone {
+		chks = append(chks, memChunk{chunk, cmint, cmaxt, nil})
+	}
+	return chks, nil
 }
 
 var _ BlockReader = &OOORangeHead{}
diff --git a/tsdb/ooo_head_read.go b/tsdb/ooo_head_read.go
index 4e8329c99..a35276af5 100644
--- a/tsdb/ooo_head_read.go
+++ b/tsdb/ooo_head_read.go
@@ -108,11 +108,19 @@ func (oh *OOOHeadIndexReader) series(ref storage.SeriesRef, builder *labels.Scra
 		c := s.ooo.oooHeadChunk
 		if c.OverlapsClosedInterval(oh.mint, oh.maxt) && maxMmapRef == 0 {
 			ref := chunks.ChunkRef(chunks.NewHeadChunkRef(s.ref, s.oooHeadChunkID(len(s.ooo.oooMmappedChunks))))
-			var xor chunkenc.Chunk
 			if len(c.chunk.samples) > 0 { // Empty samples happens in tests, at least.
-				xor, _ = c.chunk.ToXOR() // Ignoring error because it can't fail.
+				chks, err := s.ooo.oooHeadChunk.chunk.ToEncodedChunks(c.minTime, c.maxTime)
+				if err != nil {
+					handleChunkWriteError(err)
+					return nil
+				}
+				for _, chk := range chks {
+					addChunk(c.minTime, c.maxTime, ref, chk.chunk)
+				}
+			} else {
+				var emptyChunk chunkenc.Chunk
+				addChunk(c.minTime, c.maxTime, ref, emptyChunk)
 			}
-			addChunk(c.minTime, c.maxTime, ref, xor)
 		}
 	}
 	for i := len(s.ooo.oooMmappedChunks) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
@@ -341,14 +349,20 @@ func NewOOOCompactionHead(ctx context.Context, head *Head) (*OOOCompactionHead,
 			continue
 		}
 
-		mmapRef := ms.mmapCurrentOOOHeadChunk(head.chunkDiskMapper)
-		if mmapRef == 0 && len(ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks) > 0 {
+		var lastMmapRef chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef
+		mmapRefs := ms.mmapCurrentOOOHeadChunk(head.chunkDiskMapper)
+		if len(mmapRefs) == 0 && len(ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks) > 0 {
 			// Nothing was m-mapped. So take the mmapRef from the existing slice if it exists.
-			mmapRef = ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks[len(ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks)-1].ref
+			mmapRefs = []chunks.ChunkDiskMapperRef{ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks[len(ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks)-1].ref}
 		}
-		seq, off := mmapRef.Unpack()
+		if len(mmapRefs) == 0 {
+			lastMmapRef = 0
+		} else {
+			lastMmapRef = mmapRefs[len(mmapRefs)-1]
+		}
+		seq, off := lastMmapRef.Unpack()
 		if seq > lastSeq || (seq == lastSeq && off > lastOff) {
-			ch.lastMmapRef, lastSeq, lastOff = mmapRef, seq, off
+			ch.lastMmapRef, lastSeq, lastOff = lastMmapRef, seq, off
 		}
 		if len(ms.ooo.oooMmappedChunks) > 0 {
 			ch.postings = append(ch.postings, seriesRef)
diff --git a/tsdb/querier.go b/tsdb/querier.go
index fb4a87cc8..910c2d7fc 100644
--- a/tsdb/querier.go
+++ b/tsdb/querier.go
@@ -77,12 +77,12 @@ func newBlockBaseQuerier(b BlockReader, mint, maxt int64) (*blockBaseQuerier, er
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (q *blockBaseQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *blockBaseQuerier) LabelValues(ctx context.Context, name string, hints *storage.LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	res, err := q.index.SortedLabelValues(ctx, name, matchers...)
 	return res, nil, err
 }
 
-func (q *blockBaseQuerier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (q *blockBaseQuerier) LabelNames(ctx context.Context, hints *storage.LabelHints, matchers ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	res, err := q.index.LabelNames(ctx, matchers...)
 	return res, nil, err
 }
diff --git a/tsdb/querier_test.go b/tsdb/querier_test.go
index a1af49465..ffdf8dc02 100644
--- a/tsdb/querier_test.go
+++ b/tsdb/querier_test.go
@@ -3022,7 +3022,7 @@ func TestQuerierIndexQueriesRace(t *testing.T) {
 				q, err := db.Querier(math.MinInt64, math.MaxInt64)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 
-				values, _, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "seq", c.matchers...)
+				values, _, err := q.LabelValues(ctx, "seq", nil, c.matchers...)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				require.Emptyf(t, values, `label values for label "seq" should be empty`)
 
diff --git a/tsdb/tsdbutil/histogram.go b/tsdb/tsdbutil/histogram.go
index 3c7349cf7..ce934a638 100644
--- a/tsdb/tsdbutil/histogram.go
+++ b/tsdb/tsdbutil/histogram.go
@@ -30,12 +30,10 @@ func GenerateTestHistograms(n int) (r []*histogram.Histogram) {
 	return r
 }
 
-func GenerateTestHistogramsWithUnknownResetHint(n int) []*histogram.Histogram {
-	hs := GenerateTestHistograms(n)
-	for i := range hs {
-		hs[i].CounterResetHint = histogram.UnknownCounterReset
-	}
-	return hs
+func GenerateTestHistogramWithHint(n int, hint histogram.CounterResetHint) *histogram.Histogram {
+	h := GenerateTestHistogram(n)
+	h.CounterResetHint = hint
+	return h
 }
 
 // GenerateTestHistogram but it is up to the user to set any known counter reset hint.
diff --git a/tsdb/wlog/watcher.go b/tsdb/wlog/watcher.go
index 3d74a551d..bc7a144e6 100644
--- a/tsdb/wlog/watcher.go
+++ b/tsdb/wlog/watcher.go
@@ -265,6 +265,11 @@ func (w *Watcher) loop() {
 // Run the watcher, which will tail the WAL until the quit channel is closed
 // or an error case is hit.
 func (w *Watcher) Run() error {
+	_, lastSegment, err := w.firstAndLast()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("wal.Segments: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	// We want to ensure this is false across iterations since
 	// Run will be called again if there was a failure to read the WAL.
 	w.sendSamples = false
@@ -289,20 +294,14 @@ func (w *Watcher) Run() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	level.Debug(w.logger).Log("msg", "Tailing WAL", "lastCheckpoint", lastCheckpoint, "checkpointIndex", checkpointIndex, "currentSegment", currentSegment)
+	level.Debug(w.logger).Log("msg", "Tailing WAL", "lastCheckpoint", lastCheckpoint, "checkpointIndex", checkpointIndex, "currentSegment", currentSegment, "lastSegment", lastSegment)
 	for !isClosed(w.quit) {
 		w.currentSegmentMetric.Set(float64(currentSegment))
 
-		// Re-check on each iteration in case a new segment was added,
-		// because watch() will wait for notifications on the last segment.
-		_, lastSegment, err := w.firstAndLast()
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("wal.Segments: %w", err)
-		}
-		tail := currentSegment >= lastSegment
-
-		level.Debug(w.logger).Log("msg", "Processing segment", "currentSegment", currentSegment, "lastSegment", lastSegment)
-		if err := w.watch(currentSegment, tail); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrIgnorable) {
+		// On start, after reading the existing WAL for series records, we have a pointer to what is the latest segment.
+		// On subsequent calls to this function, currentSegment will have been incremented and we should open that segment.
+		level.Debug(w.logger).Log("msg", "Processing segment", "currentSegment", currentSegment)
+		if err := w.watch(currentSegment, currentSegment >= lastSegment); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, ErrIgnorable) {
 			return err
 		}
 
diff --git a/tsdb/wlog/watcher_test.go b/tsdb/wlog/watcher_test.go
index 824010f30..70c84b4ff 100644
--- a/tsdb/wlog/watcher_test.go
+++ b/tsdb/wlog/watcher_test.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"math/rand"
 	"os"
 	"path"
+	"runtime"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -700,11 +701,46 @@ func TestRun_StartupTime(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func generateWALRecords(w *WL, segment, seriesCount, samplesCount int) error {
+	enc := record.Encoder{}
+	for j := 0; j < seriesCount; j++ {
+		ref := j + (segment * 100)
+		series := enc.Series([]record.RefSeries{
+			{
+				Ref:    chunks.HeadSeriesRef(ref),
+				Labels: labels.FromStrings("__name__", fmt.Sprintf("metric_%d", segment)),
+			},
+		}, nil)
+		if err := w.Log(series); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for k := 0; k < samplesCount; k++ {
+			inner := rand.Intn(ref + 1)
+			sample := enc.Samples([]record.RefSample{
+				{
+					Ref: chunks.HeadSeriesRef(inner),
+					T:   int64(segment),
+					V:   float64(segment),
+				},
+			}, nil)
+			if err := w.Log(sample); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func TestRun_AvoidNotifyWhenBehind(t *testing.T) {
-	const pageSize = 32 * 1024
-	const segments = 10
-	const seriesCount = 20
-	const samplesCount = 300
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" { // Takes a really long time, perhaps because min sleep time is 15ms.
+		t.SkipNow()
+	}
+	const segmentSize = pageSize // Smallest allowed segment size.
+	const segmentsToWrite = 5
+	const segmentsToRead = segmentsToWrite - 1
+	const seriesCount = 10
+	const samplesCount = 50
 
 	// This test can take longer than intended to finish in cloud CI.
 	readTimeout := 10 * time.Second
@@ -717,73 +753,37 @@ func TestRun_AvoidNotifyWhenBehind(t *testing.T) {
 			err := os.Mkdir(wdir, 0o777)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
-			enc := record.Encoder{}
-			w, err := NewSize(nil, nil, wdir, pageSize, compress)
+			w, err := NewSize(nil, nil, wdir, segmentSize, compress)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			var wg sync.WaitGroup
-			// add one segment initially to ensure there's a value > 0 for the last segment id
-			for i := 0; i < 1; i++ {
-				for j := 0; j < seriesCount; j++ {
-					ref := j + (i * 100)
-					series := enc.Series([]record.RefSeries{
-						{
-							Ref:    chunks.HeadSeriesRef(ref),
-							Labels: labels.FromStrings("__name__", fmt.Sprintf("metric_%d", i)),
-						},
-					}, nil)
-					require.NoError(t, w.Log(series))
-
-					for k := 0; k < samplesCount; k++ {
-						inner := rand.Intn(ref + 1)
-						sample := enc.Samples([]record.RefSample{
-							{
-								Ref: chunks.HeadSeriesRef(inner),
-								T:   int64(i),
-								V:   float64(i),
-							},
-						}, nil)
-						require.NoError(t, w.Log(sample))
-					}
-				}
-			}
+			// Generate one segment initially to ensure that watcher.Run() finds at least one segment on disk.
+			require.NoError(t, generateWALRecords(w, 0, seriesCount, samplesCount))
+			w.NextSegment() // Force creation of the next segment
 			wg.Add(1)
 			go func() {
 				defer wg.Done()
-				for i := 1; i < segments; i++ {
-					for j := 0; j < seriesCount; j++ {
-						ref := j + (i * 100)
-						series := enc.Series([]record.RefSeries{
-							{
-								Ref:    chunks.HeadSeriesRef(ref),
-								Labels: labels.FromStrings("__name__", fmt.Sprintf("metric_%d", i)),
-							},
-						}, nil)
-						require.NoError(t, w.Log(series))
-
-						for k := 0; k < samplesCount; k++ {
-							inner := rand.Intn(ref + 1)
-							sample := enc.Samples([]record.RefSample{
-								{
-									Ref: chunks.HeadSeriesRef(inner),
-									T:   int64(i),
-									V:   float64(i),
-								},
-							}, nil)
-							require.NoError(t, w.Log(sample))
-						}
-					}
+				for i := 1; i < segmentsToWrite; i++ {
+					require.NoError(t, generateWALRecords(w, i, seriesCount, samplesCount))
+					w.NextSegment()
 				}
 			}()
 
 			wt := newWriteToMock(time.Millisecond)
 			watcher := NewWatcher(wMetrics, nil, nil, "", wt, dir, false, false, false)
-			watcher.MaxSegment = segments
+			watcher.MaxSegment = segmentsToRead
 
 			watcher.setMetrics()
 			startTime := time.Now()
 			err = watcher.Run()
 			wg.Wait()
 			require.Less(t, time.Since(startTime), readTimeout)
+
+			// But samples records shouldn't get dropped
+			retry(t, defaultRetryInterval, defaultRetries, func() bool {
+				return wt.checkNumSeries() > 0
+			})
+			require.Equal(t, segmentsToRead*seriesCount*samplesCount, wt.samplesAppended)
+
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NoError(t, w.Close())
 		})
diff --git a/util/documentcli/documentcli.go b/util/documentcli/documentcli.go
index 720a7c9c7..9de2bb8d4 100644
--- a/util/documentcli/documentcli.go
+++ b/util/documentcli/documentcli.go
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func createFlagRow(flag *kingpin.FlagModel) []string {
 		name = fmt.Sprintf(`<code class="text-nowrap">-%c</code>, <code class="text-nowrap">--%s</code>`, flag.Short, flag.Name)
 	}
 
-	return []string{name, flag.Help, defaultVal}
+	return []string{name, strings.ReplaceAll(flag.Help, "|", `\|`), defaultVal}
 }
 
 func writeFlagTable(writer io.Writer, level int, fgm *kingpin.FlagGroupModel) error {
diff --git a/util/junitxml/junitxml.go b/util/junitxml/junitxml.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14e4b6dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/junitxml/junitxml.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package junitxml
+
+import (
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"io"
+)
+
+type JUnitXML struct {
+	XMLName xml.Name     `xml:"testsuites"`
+	Suites  []*TestSuite `xml:"testsuite"`
+}
+
+type TestSuite struct {
+	Name         string      `xml:"name,attr"`
+	TestCount    int         `xml:"tests,attr"`
+	FailureCount int         `xml:"failures,attr"`
+	ErrorCount   int         `xml:"errors,attr"`
+	SkippedCount int         `xml:"skipped,attr"`
+	Timestamp    string      `xml:"timestamp,attr"`
+	Cases        []*TestCase `xml:"testcase"`
+}
+type TestCase struct {
+	Name     string   `xml:"name,attr"`
+	Failures []string `xml:"failure,omitempty"`
+	Error    string   `xml:"error,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (j *JUnitXML) WriteXML(h io.Writer) error {
+	return xml.NewEncoder(h).Encode(j)
+}
+
+func (j *JUnitXML) Suite(name string) *TestSuite {
+	ts := &TestSuite{Name: name}
+	j.Suites = append(j.Suites, ts)
+	return ts
+}
+
+func (ts *TestSuite) Fail(f string) {
+	ts.FailureCount++
+	curt := ts.lastCase()
+	curt.Failures = append(curt.Failures, f)
+}
+
+func (ts *TestSuite) lastCase() *TestCase {
+	if len(ts.Cases) == 0 {
+		ts.Case("unknown")
+	}
+	return ts.Cases[len(ts.Cases)-1]
+}
+
+func (ts *TestSuite) Case(name string) *TestSuite {
+	j := &TestCase{
+		Name: name,
+	}
+	ts.Cases = append(ts.Cases, j)
+	ts.TestCount++
+	return ts
+}
+
+func (ts *TestSuite) Settime(name string) {
+	ts.Timestamp = name
+}
+
+func (ts *TestSuite) Abort(e error) {
+	ts.ErrorCount++
+	curt := ts.lastCase()
+	curt.Error = e.Error()
+}
diff --git a/util/junitxml/junitxml_test.go b/util/junitxml/junitxml_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad4d0293d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/util/junitxml/junitxml_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package junitxml
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/xml"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestJunitOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	var test JUnitXML
+	x := FakeTestSuites()
+	if err := x.WriteXML(&buf); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to encode XML: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	output := buf.Bytes()
+
+	err := xml.Unmarshal(output, &test)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Unmarshal failed with error: %v", err)
+	}
+	var total int
+	var cases int
+	total = len(test.Suites)
+	if total != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("JUnit output had %d testsuite elements; expected 3\n", total)
+	}
+	for _, i := range test.Suites {
+		cases += len(i.Cases)
+	}
+
+	if cases != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("JUnit output had %d testcase; expected 7\n", cases)
+	}
+}
+
+func FakeTestSuites() *JUnitXML {
+	ju := &JUnitXML{}
+	good := ju.Suite("all good")
+	good.Case("alpha")
+	good.Case("beta")
+	good.Case("gamma")
+	mixed := ju.Suite("mixed")
+	mixed.Case("good")
+	bad := mixed.Case("bad")
+	bad.Fail("once")
+	bad.Fail("twice")
+	mixed.Case("ugly").Abort(errors.New("buggy"))
+	ju.Suite("fast").Fail("fail early")
+	return ju
+}
diff --git a/web/api/v1/api.go b/web/api/v1/api.go
index dc43350aa..d58be211f 100644
--- a/web/api/v1/api.go
+++ b/web/api/v1/api.go
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func NewAPI(
 		a.remoteWriteHandler = remote.NewWriteHandler(logger, registerer, ap, acceptRemoteWriteProtoMsgs)
 	}
 	if otlpEnabled {
-		a.otlpWriteHandler = remote.NewOTLPWriteHandler(logger, ap)
+		a.otlpWriteHandler = remote.NewOTLPWriteHandler(logger, ap, configFunc)
 	}
 
 	return a
@@ -660,6 +660,10 @@ func (api *API) labelNames(r *http.Request) apiFuncResult {
 		return apiFuncResult{nil, &apiError{errorBadData, err}, nil, nil}
 	}
 
+	hints := &storage.LabelHints{
+		Limit: toHintLimit(limit),
+	}
+
 	q, err := api.Queryable.Querier(timestamp.FromTime(start), timestamp.FromTime(end))
 	if err != nil {
 		return apiFuncResult{nil, returnAPIError(err), nil, nil}
@@ -674,7 +678,7 @@ func (api *API) labelNames(r *http.Request) apiFuncResult {
 		labelNamesSet := make(map[string]struct{})
 
 		for _, matchers := range matcherSets {
-			vals, callWarnings, err := q.LabelNames(r.Context(), matchers...)
+			vals, callWarnings, err := q.LabelNames(r.Context(), hints, matchers...)
 			if err != nil {
 				return apiFuncResult{nil, returnAPIError(err), warnings, nil}
 			}
@@ -696,7 +700,7 @@ func (api *API) labelNames(r *http.Request) apiFuncResult {
 		if len(matcherSets) == 1 {
 			matchers = matcherSets[0]
 		}
-		names, warnings, err = q.LabelNames(r.Context(), matchers...)
+		names, warnings, err = q.LabelNames(r.Context(), hints, matchers...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return apiFuncResult{nil, &apiError{errorExec, err}, warnings, nil}
 		}
@@ -706,7 +710,7 @@ func (api *API) labelNames(r *http.Request) apiFuncResult {
 		names = []string{}
 	}
 
-	if len(names) > limit {
+	if limit > 0 && len(names) > limit {
 		names = names[:limit]
 		warnings = warnings.Add(errors.New("results truncated due to limit"))
 	}
@@ -740,6 +744,10 @@ func (api *API) labelValues(r *http.Request) (result apiFuncResult) {
 		return apiFuncResult{nil, &apiError{errorBadData, err}, nil, nil}
 	}
 
+	hints := &storage.LabelHints{
+		Limit: toHintLimit(limit),
+	}
+
 	q, err := api.Queryable.Querier(timestamp.FromTime(start), timestamp.FromTime(end))
 	if err != nil {
 		return apiFuncResult{nil, &apiError{errorExec, err}, nil, nil}
@@ -764,7 +772,7 @@ func (api *API) labelValues(r *http.Request) (result apiFuncResult) {
 		var callWarnings annotations.Annotations
 		labelValuesSet := make(map[string]struct{})
 		for _, matchers := range matcherSets {
-			vals, callWarnings, err = q.LabelValues(ctx, name, matchers...)
+			vals, callWarnings, err = q.LabelValues(ctx, name, hints, matchers...)
 			if err != nil {
 				return apiFuncResult{nil, &apiError{errorExec, err}, warnings, closer}
 			}
@@ -783,7 +791,7 @@ func (api *API) labelValues(r *http.Request) (result apiFuncResult) {
 		if len(matcherSets) == 1 {
 			matchers = matcherSets[0]
 		}
-		vals, warnings, err = q.LabelValues(ctx, name, matchers...)
+		vals, warnings, err = q.LabelValues(ctx, name, hints, matchers...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return apiFuncResult{nil, &apiError{errorExec, err}, warnings, closer}
 		}
@@ -795,7 +803,7 @@ func (api *API) labelValues(r *http.Request) (result apiFuncResult) {
 
 	slices.Sort(vals)
 
-	if len(vals) > limit {
+	if limit > 0 && len(vals) > limit {
 		vals = vals[:limit]
 		warnings = warnings.Add(errors.New("results truncated due to limit"))
 	}
@@ -865,6 +873,7 @@ func (api *API) series(r *http.Request) (result apiFuncResult) {
 		Start: timestamp.FromTime(start),
 		End:   timestamp.FromTime(end),
 		Func:  "series", // There is no series function, this token is used for lookups that don't need samples.
+		Limit: toHintLimit(limit),
 	}
 	var set storage.SeriesSet
 
@@ -891,7 +900,7 @@ func (api *API) series(r *http.Request) (result apiFuncResult) {
 		}
 		metrics = append(metrics, set.At().Labels())
 
-		if len(metrics) > limit {
+		if limit > 0 && len(metrics) > limit {
 			metrics = metrics[:limit]
 			warnings.Add(errors.New("results truncated due to limit"))
 			return apiFuncResult{metrics, nil, warnings, closer}
@@ -1908,8 +1917,8 @@ OUTER:
 	return matcherSets, nil
 }
 
+// parseLimitParam returning 0 means no limit is to be applied.
 func parseLimitParam(limitStr string) (limit int, err error) {
-	limit = math.MaxInt
 	if limitStr == "" {
 		return limit, nil
 	}
@@ -1918,9 +1927,19 @@ func parseLimitParam(limitStr string) (limit int, err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return limit, err
 	}
-	if limit <= 0 {
-		return limit, errors.New("limit must be positive")
+	if limit < 0 {
+		return limit, errors.New("limit must be non-negative")
 	}
 
 	return limit, nil
 }
+
+// toHintLimit increases the API limit, as returned by parseLimitParam, by 1.
+// This allows for emitting warnings when the results are truncated.
+func toHintLimit(limit int) int {
+	// 0 means no limit and avoid int overflow
+	if limit > 0 && limit < math.MaxInt {
+		return limit + 1
+	}
+	return limit
+}
diff --git a/web/api/v1/api_test.go b/web/api/v1/api_test.go
index d76446f08..ba38ddc97 100644
--- a/web/api/v1/api_test.go
+++ b/web/api/v1/api_test.go
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ var samplePrometheusCfg = config.Config{
 	ScrapeConfigs:      []*config.ScrapeConfig{},
 	RemoteWriteConfigs: []*config.RemoteWriteConfig{},
 	RemoteReadConfigs:  []*config.RemoteReadConfig{},
+	OTLPConfig:         config.OTLPConfig{},
 }
 
 var sampleFlagMap = map[string]string{
@@ -766,13 +767,16 @@ func TestLabelNames(t *testing.T) {
 	api := &API{
 		Queryable: storage,
 	}
-	request := func(method string, matchers ...string) (*http.Request, error) {
+	request := func(method, limit string, matchers ...string) (*http.Request, error) {
 		u, err := url.Parse("http://example.com")
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		q := u.Query()
 		for _, matcher := range matchers {
 			q.Add("match[]", matcher)
 		}
+		if limit != "" {
+			q.Add("limit", limit)
+		}
 		u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
 
 		r, err := http.NewRequest(method, u.String(), nil)
@@ -786,6 +790,7 @@ func TestLabelNames(t *testing.T) {
 		name              string
 		api               *API
 		matchers          []string
+		limit             string
 		expected          []string
 		expectedErrorType errorType
 	}{
@@ -800,6 +805,13 @@ func TestLabelNames(t *testing.T) {
 			expected: []string{"__name__", "abc", "foo", "xyz"},
 			api:      api,
 		},
+		{
+			name:     "non empty label matcher with limit",
+			matchers: []string{`{foo=~".+"}`},
+			expected: []string{"__name__", "abc"},
+			limit:    "2",
+			api:      api,
+		},
 		{
 			name:     "exact label matcher",
 			matchers: []string{`{foo="boo"}`},
@@ -832,7 +844,7 @@ func TestLabelNames(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			for _, method := range []string{http.MethodGet, http.MethodPost} {
 				ctx := context.Background()
-				req, err := request(method, tc.matchers...)
+				req, err := request(method, tc.limit, tc.matchers...)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				res := tc.api.labelNames(req.WithContext(ctx))
 				assertAPIError(t, res.err, tc.expectedErrorType)
@@ -1457,6 +1469,15 @@ func testEndpoints(t *testing.T, api *API, tr *testTargetRetriever, es storage.E
 			responseLen:   2, // API does not specify which particular value will come back.
 			warningsCount: 0, // No warnings if limit isn't exceeded.
 		},
+		{
+			endpoint: api.series,
+			query: url.Values{
+				"match[]": []string{"test_metric1"},
+				"limit":   []string{"0"},
+			},
+			responseLen:   2, // API does not specify which particular value will come back.
+			warningsCount: 0, // No warnings if limit isn't exceeded.
+		},
 		// Missing match[] query params in series requests.
 		{
 			endpoint: api.series,
diff --git a/web/api/v1/errors_test.go b/web/api/v1/errors_test.go
index a83bfe017..99ef81018 100644
--- a/web/api/v1/errors_test.go
+++ b/web/api/v1/errors_test.go
@@ -171,11 +171,11 @@ type errorTestQuerier struct {
 	err error
 }
 
-func (t errorTestQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (t errorTestQuerier) LabelValues(context.Context, string, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, t.err
 }
 
-func (t errorTestQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
+func (t errorTestQuerier) LabelNames(context.Context, *storage.LabelHints, ...*labels.Matcher) ([]string, annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	return nil, nil, t.err
 }
 
diff --git a/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/ScrapePoolsList.tsx b/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/ScrapePoolsList.tsx
index f8084117a..a6554ac63 100644
--- a/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/ScrapePoolsList.tsx
+++ b/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/ScrapePoolsList.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   Table,
   Text,
 } from "@mantine/core";
-import { KVSearch, Query, QueryNode } from "@nexucis/kvsearch";
+import { KVSearch } from "@nexucis/kvsearch";
 import { IconAlertTriangle, IconInfoCircle } from "@tabler/icons-react";
 import { useSuspenseAPIQuery } from "../../api/api";
 import { Target, TargetsResult } from "../../api/responseTypes/targets";
diff --git a/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/TargetsPage.tsx b/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/TargetsPage.tsx
index 8733ab7d3..5e3be0a8e 100644
--- a/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/TargetsPage.tsx
+++ b/web/ui/mantine-ui/src/pages/targets/TargetsPage.tsx
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import {
   ActionIcon,
   Box,
   Group,
-  Input,
   Select,
   Skeleton,
   TextInput,
diff --git a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/package.json b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/package.json
index fb6775090..0cce9ca46 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/package.json
+++ b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql",
-  "version": "0.53.0",
+  "version": "0.53.1",
   "description": "a CodeMirror mode for the PromQL language",
   "types": "dist/esm/index.d.ts",
   "module": "dist/esm/index.js",
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@
   },
   "homepage": "https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/README.md",
   "dependencies": {
-    "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": "0.53.0",
+    "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": "0.53.1",
     "lru-cache": "^7.18.3"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.16.2",
+    "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.17.0",
     "@codemirror/language": "^6.10.2",
-    "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.0",
+    "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.1",
     "@codemirror/state": "^6.3.3",
-    "@codemirror/view": "^6.22.1",
+    "@codemirror/view": "^6.28.3",
     "@lezer/common": "^1.2.1",
     "@lezer/highlight": "^1.2.0",
     "@lezer/lr": "^1.4.1",
diff --git a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.test.ts b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.test.ts
index 7b20bfce3..02d2e99f5 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.test.ts
+++ b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.test.ts
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ describe('computeStartCompletePosition test', () => {
     it(value.title, () => {
       const state = createEditorState(value.expr);
       const node = syntaxTree(state).resolve(value.pos, -1);
-      const result = computeStartCompletePosition(node, value.pos);
+      const result = computeStartCompletePosition(state, node, value.pos);
       expect(value.expectedStart).toEqual(result);
     });
   });
diff --git a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.ts b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.ts
index 46748d5dc..28fef816d 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.ts
+++ b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/complete/hybrid.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import {
   BinaryExpr,
   BoolModifier,
   Div,
-  Duration,
   Eql,
   EqlRegex,
   EqlSingle,
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ import {
   Mul,
   Neq,
   NeqRegex,
-  NumberLiteral,
   OffsetExpr,
   Or,
   Pow,
@@ -54,6 +52,8 @@ import {
   UnquotedLabelMatcher,
   QuotedLabelMatcher,
   QuotedLabelName,
+  NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext,
+  NumberDurationLiteral,
 } from '@prometheus-io/lezer-promql';
 import { Completion, CompletionContext, CompletionResult } from '@codemirror/autocomplete';
 import { EditorState } from '@codemirror/state';
@@ -179,7 +179,8 @@ function computeStartCompleteLabelPositionInLabelMatcherOrInGroupingLabel(node:
 // It is an important step because the start position will be used by CMN to find the string and then to use it to filter the CompletionResult.
 // A wrong `start` position will lead to have the completion not working.
 // Note: this method is exported only for testing purpose.
-export function computeStartCompletePosition(node: SyntaxNode, pos: number): number {
+export function computeStartCompletePosition(state: EditorState, node: SyntaxNode, pos: number): number {
+  const currentText = state.doc.slice(node.from, pos).toString();
   let start = node.from;
   if (node.type.id === LabelMatchers || node.type.id === GroupingLabels) {
     start = computeStartCompleteLabelPositionInLabelMatcherOrInGroupingLabel(node, pos);
@@ -191,11 +192,16 @@ export function computeStartCompletePosition(node: SyntaxNode, pos: number): num
     start++;
   } else if (
     node.type.id === OffsetExpr ||
-    (node.type.id === NumberLiteral && node.parent?.type.id === 0 && node.parent.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr) ||
+    // Since duration and number are equivalent, writing go[5] or go[5d] is syntactically accurate.
+    // Before we were able to guess when we had to autocomplete the duration later based on the error node,
+    // which is not possible anymore.
+    // So we have to analyze the string about the current node to see if the duration unit is already present or not.
+    (node.type.id === NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext && !durationTerms.map((v) => v.label).includes(currentText[currentText.length - 1])) ||
+    (node.type.id === NumberDurationLiteral && node.parent?.type.id === 0 && node.parent.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr) ||
     (node.type.id === 0 &&
       (node.parent?.type.id === OffsetExpr ||
         node.parent?.type.id === MatrixSelector ||
-        (node.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr && containsAtLeastOneChild(node.parent, Duration))))
+        (node.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr && containsAtLeastOneChild(node.parent, NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext))))
   ) {
     start = pos;
   }
@@ -230,7 +236,7 @@ export function analyzeCompletion(state: EditorState, node: SyntaxNode): Context
         result.push({ kind: ContextKind.Duration });
         break;
       }
-      if (node.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr && containsAtLeastOneChild(node.parent, Duration)) {
+      if (node.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr && containsAtLeastOneChild(node.parent, NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext)) {
         // we are likely in the given situation:
         //    `rate(foo[5d:5])`
         // so we should autocomplete a duration
@@ -434,7 +440,7 @@ export function analyzeCompletion(state: EditorState, node: SyntaxNode): Context
         result.push({ kind: ContextKind.MetricName, metricName: state.sliceDoc(node.from, node.to).slice(1, -1) });
       }
       break;
-    case NumberLiteral:
+    case NumberDurationLiteral:
       if (node.parent?.type.id === 0 && node.parent.parent?.type.id === SubqueryExpr) {
         // Here we are likely in this situation:
         //     `go[5d:4]`
@@ -449,7 +455,7 @@ export function analyzeCompletion(state: EditorState, node: SyntaxNode): Context
         result.push({ kind: ContextKind.Number });
       }
       break;
-    case Duration:
+    case NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext:
     case OffsetExpr:
       result.push({ kind: ContextKind.Duration });
       break;
@@ -591,7 +597,7 @@ export class HybridComplete implements CompleteStrategy {
       }
     }
     return asyncResult.then((result) => {
-      return arrayToCompletionResult(result, computeStartCompletePosition(tree, pos), pos, completeSnippet, span);
+      return arrayToCompletionResult(result, computeStartCompletePosition(state, tree, pos), pos, completeSnippet, span);
     });
   }
 
diff --git a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/parser/type.ts b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/parser/type.ts
index 4a4276da1..ca712c54c 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/parser/type.ts
+++ b/web/ui/module/codemirror-promql/src/parser/type.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {
   BinaryExpr,
   FunctionCall,
   MatrixSelector,
-  NumberLiteral,
+  NumberDurationLiteral,
   OffsetExpr,
   ParenExpr,
   StepInvariantExpr,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ export function getType(node: SyntaxNode | null): ValueType {
       return getType(node.firstChild);
     case StringLiteral:
       return ValueType.string;
-    case NumberLiteral:
+    case NumberDurationLiteral:
       return ValueType.scalar;
     case MatrixSelector:
       return ValueType.matrix;
diff --git a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/package.json b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/package.json
index ea80a4af7..44a7a9259 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/package.json
+++ b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql",
-  "version": "0.53.0",
+  "version": "0.53.1",
   "description": "lezer-based PromQL grammar",
   "main": "dist/index.cjs",
   "type": "module",
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
     "test": "NODE_OPTIONS=--experimental-vm-modules jest"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
-    "@lezer/generator": "^1.7.0",
+    "@lezer/generator": "^1.7.1",
     "@lezer/highlight": "^1.2.0",
     "@lezer/lr": "^1.4.1",
     "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^15.2.3"
diff --git a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/highlight.js b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/highlight.js
index b8bdab76d..92f27c847 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/highlight.js
+++ b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/highlight.js
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ export const promQLHighLight = styleTags({
     LineComment: tags.comment,
     LabelName: tags.labelName,
     StringLiteral: tags.string,
-    NumberLiteral: tags.number,
-    Duration: tags.number,
+    NumberDurationLiteral: tags.number,
+    NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext: tags.number,
     Identifier: tags.variableName,
     'Abs Absent AbsentOverTime Acos Acosh Asin Asinh Atan Atanh AvgOverTime Ceil Changes Clamp ClampMax ClampMin Cos Cosh CountOverTime DaysInMonth DayOfMonth DayOfWeek DayOfYear Deg Delta Deriv Exp Floor HistogramAvg HistogramCount HistogramFraction HistogramQuantile HistogramSum HoltWinters Hour Idelta Increase Irate LabelReplace LabelJoin LastOverTime Ln Log10 Log2 MaxOverTime MinOverTime Minute Month Pi PredictLinear PresentOverTime QuantileOverTime Rad Rate Resets Round Scalar Sgn Sin Sinh Sort SortDesc SortByLabel SortByLabelDesc Sqrt StddevOverTime StdvarOverTime SumOverTime Tan Tanh Time Timestamp Vector Year':
         tags.function(tags.variableName),
diff --git a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/promql.grammar b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/promql.grammar
index 735fede24..95c09d25a 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/promql.grammar
+++ b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/src/promql.grammar
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ expr[@isGroup=Expr] {
   BinaryExpr |
   FunctionCall |
   MatrixSelector |
-  NumberLiteral |
+  NumberDurationLiteral |
   OffsetExpr |
   ParenExpr |
   StringLiteral |
@@ -194,16 +194,16 @@ ParenExpr {
 }
 
 OffsetExpr {
-  expr Offset Sub? Duration
+  expr Offset NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext
 }
 
 MatrixSelector {
   // TODO: Can this not be more specific than "expr"?
-  expr "[" Duration "]"
+  expr "[" NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext "]"
 }
 
 SubqueryExpr {
-  expr "[" Duration ":" ("" | Duration) "]"
+  expr "[" NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext ":" ("" | NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext) "]"
 }
 
 UnaryExpr {
@@ -245,14 +245,18 @@ QuotedLabelName {
 }
 
 StepInvariantExpr {
-  expr At ( NumberLiteral | AtModifierPreprocessors "(" ")" )
+  expr At ( NumberDurationLiteral | AtModifierPreprocessors "(" ")" )
 }
 
 AtModifierPreprocessors {
   Start | End
 }
 
-NumberLiteral  {
+NumberDurationLiteral  {
+ ("-"|"+")?~signed (number | inf | nan)
+}
+
+NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext {
  ("-"|"+")?~signed (number | inf | nan)
 }
 
@@ -264,7 +268,7 @@ NumberLiteral  {
 
   number {
       (std.digit+ (("_")? std.digit)* ("." std.digit+ (("_")? std.digit)*)? | "." std.digit+ (("_")? std.digit)*) (("e" | "E") ("+" | "-")? std.digit+ (("_")? std.digit)*)? |
-      "0x" (std.digit | $[a-fA-F])+
+      "0x" (std.digit | $[a-fA-F])+ | duration
   }
   StringLiteral { // TODO: This is for JS, make this work for PromQL.
     '"' (![\\\n"] | "\\" _)* '"'? |
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ NumberLiteral  {
     "`" ![`]* "`"
   }
 
-  Duration {
+  duration {
     // Each line below is just the same regex repeated over and over, but each time with one of the units made non-optional,
     // to ensure that at least one <number>+<unit> pair is provided and an empty string is not recognized as a valid duration.
     ( ( std.digit+ "y" ) ( std.digit+ "w" )? ( std.digit+ "d" )? ( std.digit+ "h" )? ( std.digit+ "m" )? ( std.digit+ "s" )? ( std.digit+ "ms" )? ) |
diff --git a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/test/expression.txt b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/test/expression.txt
index daba7d800..fda8a3ba5 100644
--- a/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/test/expression.txt
+++ b/web/ui/module/lezer-promql/test/expression.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 ==>
 
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Double-quoted string literal
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ PromQL(StringLiteral)
 
 ==>
 
-PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberLiteral, Add, NumberLiteral))
+PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberDurationLiteral, Add, NumberDurationLiteral))
 
 # Complex expression
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ PromQL(
                             VectorSelector(
                                 Identifier
                             ),
-                          Duration
+                          NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext
                         )
                   )
                 )
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ PromQL(
                             VectorSelector(
                                 Identifier
                             ),
-                          Duration
+                          NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext
                       )
                   )
               )
@@ -240,21 +240,21 @@ PromQL(
   )
 )
 
-# Duration units
+# NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext units
 
 foo[1y2w3d4h5m6s7ms]
 
 ==>
 
-PromQL(MatrixSelector(VectorSelector(Identifier),Duration))
+PromQL(MatrixSelector(VectorSelector(Identifier),NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext))
 
-# Incorrectly ordered duration units
+# Incorrectly ordered NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext units
 
 foo[1m2h]
 
 ==>
 
-PromQL(SubqueryExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier),Duration,⚠,Duration))
+PromQL(MatrixSelector(VectorSelector(Identifier),NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext,⚠))
 
 # Using a function name as a metric name
 
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ PromQL(
         ),
       Gtr,
       BoolModifier(Bool),
-      NumberLiteral
+      NumberDurationLiteral
     )
 )
 
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ PromQL(
                 VectorSelector(
                     Identifier
                 ),
-              Duration
+              NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext
             )
       )
     )
@@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ PromQL(
       FunctionIdentifier(Clamp),
       FunctionCallBody(
         VectorSelector(Identifier),
-        NumberLiteral,
-        NumberLiteral
+        NumberDurationLiteral,
+        NumberDurationLiteral
       )
     )
 )
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ PromQL(
             Identifier
         ),
       At,
-      NumberLiteral
+      NumberDurationLiteral
   )
 )
 
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ PromQL(
           FunctionCallBody(
                 MatrixSelector(
                   VectorSelector(Identifier),
-                  Duration
+                  NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext
                 )
           )
         ),
@@ -491,14 +491,14 @@ PromQL(
         AggregateExpr(
           AggregateOp(Topk),
           FunctionCallBody(
-            NumberLiteral,
+            NumberDurationLiteral,
             FunctionCall(
               FunctionIdentifier(Rate),
               FunctionCallBody(
                 StepInvariantExpr(
-                  MatrixSelector(VectorSelector(Identifier), Duration),
+                  MatrixSelector(VectorSelector(Identifier), NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext),
                   At,
-                  NumberLiteral
+                  NumberDurationLiteral
                 )
               )
             )
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ PromQL(
             Identifier
         ),
       At,
-      NumberLiteral
+      NumberDurationLiteral
     )
 )
 
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ PromQL(
             Identifier
         ),
       At,
-      NumberLiteral
+      NumberDurationLiteral
     )
 )
 
@@ -556,98 +556,98 @@ PromQL(VectorSelector(Identifier))
 NaN
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Lower-cased NaN.
 
 nan
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Inf.
 
 Inf
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Negative Inf.
 
 -Inf
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Positive Inf.
 
 +Inf
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Lower-cased Inf.
 
 inf
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Upper-cased Inf.
 
 INF
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Negative number literal.
 
 -42
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Explicitly positive number literal.
 
 +42
 
 ==>
-PromQL(NumberLiteral)
+PromQL(NumberDurationLiteral)
 
 # Trying to illegally use NaN as a metric name.
 
 NaN{foo="bar"}
 
 ==>
-PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberLiteral,⚠,VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(UnquotedLabelMatcher(LabelName,MatchOp(EqlSingle),StringLiteral)))))
+PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberDurationLiteral,⚠,VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(UnquotedLabelMatcher(LabelName,MatchOp(EqlSingle),StringLiteral)))))
 
 # Trying to illegally use Inf as a metric name.
 
 Inf{foo="bar"}
 
 ==>
-PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberLiteral,⚠,VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(UnquotedLabelMatcher(LabelName,MatchOp(EqlSingle),StringLiteral)))))
+PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberDurationLiteral,⚠,VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(UnquotedLabelMatcher(LabelName,MatchOp(EqlSingle),StringLiteral)))))
 
 # Negative offset
 
 foo offset -5d
 
 ==>
-PromQL(OffsetExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier), Offset, Sub, Duration))
+PromQL(OffsetExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier), Offset, NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext))
 
 # Negative offset with space
 
 foo offset - 5d
 
 ==>
-PromQL(OffsetExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier), Offset, Sub, Duration))
+PromQL(OffsetExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier), Offset, NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext))
 
 # Positive offset
 
 foo offset 5d
 
 ==>
-PromQL(OffsetExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier), Offset, Duration))
+PromQL(OffsetExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier), Offset, NumberDurationLiteralInDurationContext))
 
 # Parsing only metric names with alternative @top { "top": "MetricName" }
 
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ MetricName(Identifier)
 1 + foo atan2 bar
 
 ==>
-PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberLiteral,Add,BinaryExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier),Atan2,VectorSelector(Identifier))))
+PromQL(BinaryExpr(NumberDurationLiteral,Add,BinaryExpr(VectorSelector(Identifier),Atan2,VectorSelector(Identifier))))
 
 # Testing quoted metric name
 
@@ -682,4 +682,4 @@ PromQL(VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(QuotedLabelMatcher(QuotedLabelName(StringLit
 {"metric_name", "foo"="bar"}
 
 ==>
-PromQL(VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(QuotedLabelName(StringLiteral), QuotedLabelMatcher(QuotedLabelName(StringLiteral), MatchOp(EqlSingle), StringLiteral))))
\ No newline at end of file
+PromQL(VectorSelector(LabelMatchers(QuotedLabelName(StringLiteral), QuotedLabelMatcher(QuotedLabelName(StringLiteral), MatchOp(EqlSingle), StringLiteral))))
diff --git a/web/ui/package-lock.json b/web/ui/package-lock.json
index e2e72e9d3..bc3aff9fb 100644
--- a/web/ui/package-lock.json
+++ b/web/ui/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "prometheus-io",
-  "version": "0.53.0",
+  "version": "0.53.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "prometheus-io",
-      "version": "0.53.0",
+      "version": "0.53.1",
       "workspaces": [
         "mantine-ui",
         "module/*"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
         "@types/jest": "^29.5.12",
         "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^6.21.0",
         "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^6.21.0",
-        "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
+        "ts-jest": "^29.2.2",
         "typescript": "^5.2.2",
         "vite": "^5.1.0"
       }
@@ -308,18 +308,18 @@
     },
     "module/codemirror-promql": {
       "name": "@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql",
-      "version": "0.53.0",
+      "version": "0.53.1",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": "0.53.0",
+        "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": "0.53.1",
         "lru-cache": "^7.18.3"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.16.2",
+        "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.17.0",
         "@codemirror/language": "^6.10.2",
-        "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.0",
+        "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.1",
         "@codemirror/state": "^6.3.3",
-        "@codemirror/view": "^6.22.1",
+        "@codemirror/view": "^6.28.3",
         "@lezer/common": "^1.2.1",
         "@lezer/highlight": "^1.2.0",
         "@lezer/lr": "^1.4.1",
@@ -349,10 +349,10 @@
     },
     "module/lezer-promql": {
       "name": "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql",
-      "version": "0.53.0",
+      "version": "0.53.1",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@lezer/generator": "^1.7.0",
+        "@lezer/generator": "^1.7.1",
         "@lezer/highlight": "^1.2.0",
         "@lezer/lr": "^1.4.1",
         "@rollup/plugin-node-resolve": "^15.2.3"
@@ -1095,9 +1095,10 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@codemirror/view": {
-      "version": "6.24.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/view/-/view-6.24.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-sBfP4rniPBRQzNakwuQEqjEuiJDWJyF2kqLLqij4WXRoVwPPJfjx966Eq3F7+OPQxDtMt/Q9MWLoZLWjeveBlg==",
+      "version": "6.29.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/view/-/view-6.29.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-7r+DlO/QFwPqKp73uq5mmrS4TuLPUVotbNOKYzN3OLP5ScrOVXcm4g13/48b6ZXGhdmzMinzFYqH0vo+qihIkQ==",
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@codemirror/state": "^6.4.0",
         "style-mod": "^4.1.0",
@@ -3117,6 +3118,13 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/async": {
+      "version": "3.2.5",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/async/-/async-3.2.5.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-baNZyqaaLhyLVKm/DlvdW051MSgO6b8eVfIezl9E5PqWxFgzLm/wQntEW4zOytVburDEr0JlALEpdOFwvErLsg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/babel-jest": {
       "version": "29.7.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/babel-jest/-/babel-jest-29.7.0.tgz",
@@ -3787,6 +3795,22 @@
         "csstype": "^3.0.2"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/ejs": {
+      "version": "3.1.10",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ejs/-/ejs-3.1.10.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-UeJmFfOrAQS8OJWPZ4qtgHyWExa088/MtK5UEyoJGFH67cDEXkZSviOiKRCZ4Xij0zxI3JECgYs3oKx+AizQBA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "jake": "^10.8.5"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "ejs": "bin/cli.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/electron-to-chromium": {
       "version": "1.5.4",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/electron-to-chromium/-/electron-to-chromium-1.5.4.tgz",
@@ -4265,6 +4289,29 @@
         "node": "^10.12.0 || >=12.0.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/filelist": {
+      "version": "1.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/filelist/-/filelist-1.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-w1cEuf3S+DrLCQL7ET6kz+gmlJdbq9J7yXCSjK/OZCPA+qEN1WyF4ZAf0YYJa4/shHJra2t/d/r8SV4Ji+x+8Q==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "minimatch": "^5.0.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/filelist/node_modules/minimatch": {
+      "version": "5.1.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/minimatch/-/minimatch-5.1.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-lKwV/1brpG6mBUFHtb7NUmtABCb2WZZmm2wNiOA5hAb8VdCS4B3dtMWyvcoViccwAW/COERjXLt0zP1zXUN26g==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/fill-range": {
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/fill-range/-/fill-range-7.0.1.tgz",
@@ -4847,6 +4894,49 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/jake": {
+      "version": "10.9.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/jake/-/jake-10.9.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2P4SQ0HrLQ+fw6llpLnOaGAvN2Zu6778SJMrCUwns4fOoG9ayrTiZk3VV8sCPkVZF8ab0zksVpS8FDY5pRCNBA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "async": "^3.2.3",
+        "chalk": "^4.0.2",
+        "filelist": "^1.0.4",
+        "minimatch": "^3.1.2"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "jake": "bin/cli.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=10"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/jake/node_modules/brace-expansion": {
+      "version": "1.1.11",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/brace-expansion/-/brace-expansion-1.1.11.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-iCuPHDFgrHX7H2vEI/5xpz07zSHB00TpugqhmYtVmMO6518mCuRMoOYFldEBl0g187ufozdaHgWKcYFb61qGiA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
+        "concat-map": "0.0.1"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/jake/node_modules/minimatch": {
+      "version": "3.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/minimatch/-/minimatch-3.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-J7p63hRiAjw1NDEww1W7i37+ByIrOWO5XQQAzZ3VOcL0PNybwpfmV/N05zFAzwQ9USyEcX6t3UO+K5aqBQOIHw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "*"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/jest": {
       "version": "29.7.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/jest/-/jest-29.7.0.tgz",
@@ -7153,12 +7243,14 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/ts-jest": {
-      "version": "29.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ts-jest/-/ts-jest-29.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-br6GJoH/WUX4pu7FbZXuWGKGNDuU7b8Uj77g/Sp7puZV6EXzuByl6JrECvm0MzVzSTkSHWTihsXt+5XYER5b+g==",
+      "version": "29.2.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ts-jest/-/ts-jest-29.2.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-yCcfVdiBFngVz9/keHin9EnsrQtQtEu3nRykNy9RVp+FiPFFbPJ3Sg6Qg4+TkmH0vMP5qsTKgXSsk80HRwvdgQ==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "bs-logger": "0.x",
+        "ejs": "^3.1.10",
         "fast-json-stable-stringify": "2.x",
         "jest-util": "^29.0.0",
         "json5": "^2.2.3",
@@ -7171,10 +7263,11 @@
         "ts-jest": "cli.js"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": "^16.10.0 || ^18.0.0 || >=20.0.0"
+        "node": "^14.15.0 || ^16.10.0 || ^18.0.0 || >=20.0.0"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {
         "@babel/core": ">=7.0.0-beta.0 <8",
+        "@jest/transform": "^29.0.0",
         "@jest/types": "^29.0.0",
         "babel-jest": "^29.0.0",
         "jest": "^29.0.0",
@@ -7184,6 +7277,9 @@
         "@babel/core": {
           "optional": true
         },
+        "@jest/transform": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
         "@jest/types": {
           "optional": true
         },
diff --git a/web/ui/package.json b/web/ui/package.json
index 67e829744..dfa933f26 100644
--- a/web/ui/package.json
+++ b/web/ui/package.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "prometheus-io",
   "description": "Monorepo for the Prometheus UI",
-  "version": "0.53.0",
+  "version": "0.53.1",
   "private": true,
   "scripts": {
     "build": "bash build_ui.sh --all",
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
     "@types/jest": "^29.5.12",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "^6.21.0",
     "@typescript-eslint/parser": "^6.21.0",
-    "ts-jest": "^29.1.2",
+    "ts-jest": "^29.2.2",
     "typescript": "^5.2.2",
     "vite": "^5.1.0"
   }
diff --git a/web/ui/react-app/package-lock.json b/web/ui/react-app/package-lock.json
index 448833b9f..1482466e7 100644
--- a/web/ui/react-app/package-lock.json
+++ b/web/ui/react-app/package-lock.json
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 {
   "name": "@prometheus-io/app",
-  "version": "0.53.0",
+  "version": "0.53.1",
   "lockfileVersion": 3,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "@prometheus-io/app",
-      "version": "0.53.0",
+      "version": "0.53.1",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.16.2",
+        "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.17.0",
         "@codemirror/commands": "^6.6.0",
         "@codemirror/language": "^6.10.2",
-        "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.0",
+        "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.1",
         "@codemirror/search": "^6.5.6",
         "@codemirror/state": "^6.3.3",
-        "@codemirror/view": "^6.22.1",
+        "@codemirror/view": "^6.28.3",
         "@forevolve/bootstrap-dark": "^4.0.2",
         "@fortawesome/fontawesome-svg-core": "6.5.2",
         "@fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons": "6.5.2",
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
         "@lezer/lr": "^1.4.1",
         "@nexucis/fuzzy": "^0.4.1",
         "@nexucis/kvsearch": "^0.8.1",
-        "@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql": "0.53.0",
+        "@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql": "0.53.1",
         "bootstrap": "^4.6.2",
         "css.escape": "^1.5.1",
         "downshift": "^9.0.6",
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
         "react-test-renderer": "^17.0.2",
         "reactstrap": "^8.10.1",
         "sanitize-html": "^2.13.0",
-        "sass": "1.77.4",
+        "sass": "1.77.6",
         "tempusdominus-bootstrap-4": "^5.39.2",
         "tempusdominus-core": "^5.19.3"
       },
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
         "@types/flot": "0.0.36",
         "@types/jest": "^29.5.12",
         "@types/jquery": "^3.5.30",
-        "@types/node": "^20.10.4",
+        "@types/node": "^20.14.9",
         "@types/react": "^17.0.71",
         "@types/react-copy-to-clipboard": "^5.0.7",
         "@types/react-dom": "^17.0.25",
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
         "@wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17": "^0.8.0",
         "enzyme": "^3.11.0",
         "enzyme-to-json": "^3.6.2",
-        "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.10.0",
+        "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0",
         "eslint-config-react-app": "^7.0.1",
         "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.2.1",
         "jest-canvas-mock": "^2.5.2",
@@ -4341,12 +4341,12 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql": {
-      "version": "0.53.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql/-/codemirror-promql-0.53.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-UesXMu39zWKhySgyRABdub932YgEwa811yC0YNDB2FqjmnfgYCgeZoSZnucUaugbDOMnRzgZ0zoOfe3G7xvIBA==",
+      "version": "0.53.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql/-/codemirror-promql-0.53.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+5DjIyrnbtnfen6WczbRvWOhhUxD1szVsL0xKPxc2HflehVRNplZJ9LDM+4XW/wPi+DySEFMq7E7mHX7Sxv9Cw==",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": "0.53.0",
+        "@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": "0.53.1",
         "lru-cache": "^7.18.3"
       },
       "engines": {
@@ -4362,9 +4362,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@prometheus-io/lezer-promql": {
-      "version": "0.53.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prometheus-io/lezer-promql/-/lezer-promql-0.53.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Wn/EkbXm9BK2fpO1T9vKcvGAfj5d3W4Y+IL6vTba1a5QOnP9vDzz/NmAEY4Xje4roJ9wORNGeCFhwjgLjq9usQ==",
+      "version": "0.53.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@prometheus-io/lezer-promql/-/lezer-promql-0.53.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-gQJm88qAEntXrervWuWl6auuljcSg4CXbrbe/xfRsqxB1C0aWYbx9ZaUdBGf2vaulZjZtxi1e2tIlkRmjfDi7g==",
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "peerDependencies": {
         "@lezer/highlight": "^1.1.2",
@@ -5089,9 +5089,10 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/@types/node": {
-      "version": "20.12.7",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-20.12.7.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wq0cICSkRLVaf3UGLMGItu/PtdY7oaXaI/RVU+xliKVOtRna3PRY57ZDfztpDL0n11vfymMUnXv8QwYCO7L1wg==",
+      "version": "20.14.13",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-20.14.13.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+bHoGiZb8UiQ0+WEtmph2IWQCjIqg8MDZMAV+ppRRhUZnquF5mQkP/9vpSwJClEiSM/C7fZZExPzfU0vJTyp8w==",
+      "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "undici-types": "~5.26.4"
       }
@@ -9025,10 +9026,11 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/eslint-config-prettier": {
-      "version": "8.10.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/eslint-config-prettier/-/eslint-config-prettier-8.10.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-SM8AMJdeQqRYT9O9zguiruQZaN7+z+E4eAP9oiLNGKMtomwaB1E9dcgUD6ZAn/eQAb52USbvezbiljfZUhbJcg==",
+      "version": "9.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/eslint-config-prettier/-/eslint-config-prettier-9.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-NSWl5BFQWEPi1j4TjVNItzYV7dZXZ+wP6I6ZhrBGpChQhZRUaElihE9uRRkcbRnNb76UMKDF3r+WTmNcGPKsqw==",
       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
       "bin": {
         "eslint-config-prettier": "bin/cli.js"
       },
@@ -20855,9 +20857,9 @@
       "dev": true
     },
     "node_modules/sass": {
-      "version": "1.77.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sass/-/sass-1.77.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-vcF3Ckow6g939GMA4PeU7b2K/9FALXk2KF9J87txdHzXbUF9XRQRwSxcAs/fGaTnJeBFd7UoV22j3lzMLdM0Pw==",
+      "version": "1.77.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/sass/-/sass-1.77.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ByXE1oLD79GVq9Ht1PeHWCPMPB8XHpBuz1r85oByKHjZY6qV6rWnQovQzXJXuQ/XyE1Oj3iPk3lo28uzaRA2/Q==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "chokidar": ">=3.0.0 <4.0.0",
diff --git a/web/ui/react-app/package.json b/web/ui/react-app/package.json
index e50c7637b..977eb51d2 100644
--- a/web/ui/react-app/package.json
+++ b/web/ui/react-app/package.json
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 {
   "name": "@prometheus-io/app",
-  "version": "0.53.0",
+  "version": "0.53.1",
   "private": true,
   "dependencies": {
-    "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.16.2",
+    "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.17.0",
     "@codemirror/commands": "^6.6.0",
     "@codemirror/language": "^6.10.2",
-    "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.0",
+    "@codemirror/lint": "^6.8.1",
     "@codemirror/search": "^6.5.6",
     "@codemirror/state": "^6.3.3",
-    "@codemirror/view": "^6.22.1",
+    "@codemirror/view": "^6.28.3",
     "@forevolve/bootstrap-dark": "^4.0.2",
     "@fortawesome/fontawesome-svg-core": "6.5.2",
     "@fortawesome/free-solid-svg-icons": "6.5.2",
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
     "@lezer/lr": "^1.4.1",
     "@nexucis/fuzzy": "^0.4.1",
     "@nexucis/kvsearch": "^0.8.1",
-    "@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql": "0.53.0",
+    "@prometheus-io/codemirror-promql": "0.53.1",
     "bootstrap": "^4.6.2",
     "css.escape": "^1.5.1",
     "downshift": "^9.0.6",
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
     "react-test-renderer": "^17.0.2",
     "reactstrap": "^8.10.1",
     "sanitize-html": "^2.13.0",
-    "sass": "1.77.4",
+    "sass": "1.77.6",
     "tempusdominus-bootstrap-4": "^5.39.2",
     "tempusdominus-core": "^5.19.3"
   },
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     "@types/flot": "0.0.36",
     "@types/jest": "^29.5.12",
     "@types/jquery": "^3.5.30",
-    "@types/node": "^20.10.4",
+    "@types/node": "^20.14.9",
     "@types/react": "^17.0.71",
     "@types/react-copy-to-clipboard": "^5.0.7",
     "@types/react-dom": "^17.0.25",
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
     "@wojtekmaj/enzyme-adapter-react-17": "^0.8.0",
     "enzyme": "^3.11.0",
     "enzyme-to-json": "^3.6.2",
-    "eslint-config-prettier": "^8.10.0",
+    "eslint-config-prettier": "^9.1.0",
     "eslint-config-react-app": "^7.0.1",
     "eslint-plugin-prettier": "^4.2.1",
     "jest-canvas-mock": "^2.5.2",