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prometheus/tsdb/docs/format/wal.md

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# WAL Disk Format
The write ahead log operates in segments that are numbered and sequential,
e.g. `000000`, `000001`, `000002`, etc., and are limited to 128MB by default.
A segment is written to in pages of 32KB. Only the last page of the most recent segment
may be partial. A WAL record is an opaque byte slice that gets split up into sub-records
should it exceed the remaining space of the current page. Records are never split across
segment boundaries. If a single record exceeds the default segment size, a segment with
a larger size will be created.
The encoding of pages is largely borrowed from [LevelDB's/RocksDB's write ahead log.](https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/wiki/Write-Ahead-Log-File-Format)
Notable deviations are that the record fragment is encoded as:
```
┌───────────┬──────────┬────────────┬──────────────┐
│ type <1b> │ len <2b> │ CRC32 <4b> │ data <bytes>
└───────────┴──────────┴────────────┴──────────────┘
```
The type flag has the following states:
* `0`: rest of page will be empty
* `1`: a full record encoded in a single fragment
* `2`: first fragment of a record
* `3`: middle fragment of a record
* `4`: final fragment of a record
## Record encoding
The records written to the write ahead log are encoded as follows:
### Series records
Series records encode the labels that identifies a series and its unique ID.
```
┌────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ type = 1 <1b>
├────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌─────────┬──────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ id <8b> │ n = len(labels) <uvarint> │ │
│ ├─────────┴────────────┬─────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(str_1) <uvarint> │ str_1 <bytes> │ │
│ ├──────────────────────┴─────────────────┤ │
│ │ ... │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┬────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(str_2n) <uvarint> │ str_2n <bytes> │ │
│ └───────────────────────┴────────────────┘ │
│ . . . │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
### Sample records
Sample records encode samples as a list of triples `(series_id, timestamp, value)`.
Series reference and timestamp are encoded as deltas w.r.t the first sample.
The first row stores the starting id and the starting timestamp.
The first sample record begins at the second row.
```
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ type = 2 <1b>
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ id <8b> │ timestamp <8b> │ │
│ └────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘ │
│ ┌────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┬─────────────┐ │
│ │ id_delta <uvarint> │ timestamp_delta <uvarint> │ value <8b> │ │
│ └────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┴─────────────┘ │
│ . . . │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
### Tombstone records
Tombstone records encode tombstones as a list of triples `(series_id, min_time, max_time)`
and specify an interval for which samples of a series got deleted.
```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ type = 3 <1b>
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌─────────┬───────────────────┬───────────────────┐ │
│ │ id <8b> │ min_time <varint> │ max_time <varint> │ │
│ └─────────┴───────────────────┴───────────────────┘ │
│ . . . │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
Add Exemplar Remote Write support (#8296) * Write exemplars to the WAL and send them over remote write. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Update example for exemplars, print data in a more obvious format. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Add metrics for remote write of exemplars. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Fix incorrect slices passed to send in remote write. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * We need to unregister the new metrics. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address review comments Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Order of exemplar append vs write exemplar to WAL needs to change. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Several fixes to prevent sending uninitialized or incorrect samples with an exemplar. Fix dropping exemplar for missing series. Add tests for queue_manager sending exemplars Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Store both samples and exemplars in the same timeseries buffer to remove the alloc when building final request, keep sub-slices in separate buffers for re-use Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Condense sample/exemplar delivery tests to parameterized sub-tests Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Rename test methods for clarity now that they also handle exemplars Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Rename counter variable. Fix instances where metrics were not updated correctly Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Add exemplars to LoadWAL benchmark Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * last exemplars timestamp metric needs to convert value to seconds with ms precision Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Process exemplar records in a separate go routine when loading the WAL. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address review comments related to clarifying comments and variable names. Also refactor sample/exemplar to enqueue prompb types. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Regenerate types proto with comments, update protoc version again. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Put remote write of exemplars behind a feature flag. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address some of Ganesh's review comments. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Move exemplar remote write feature flag to a config file field. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address Bartek's review comments. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Don't allocate exemplar buffers in queue_manager if we're not going to send exemplars over remote write. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Add ValidateExemplar function, validate exemplars when appending to head and log them all to WAL before adding them to exemplar storage. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address more reivew comments from Ganesh. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Add exemplar total label length check. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address a few last review comments Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com>
4 years ago
### Exemplar records
Exemplar records encode exemplars as a list of triples `(series_id, timestamp, value)`
plus the length of the labels list, and all the labels.
The first row stores the starting id and the starting timestamp.
Series reference and timestamp are encoded as deltas w.r.t the first exemplar.
The first exemplar record begins at the second row.
See: https://github.com/OpenObservability/OpenMetrics/blob/main/specification/OpenMetrics.md#exemplars
```
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ type = 4 <1b>
Add Exemplar Remote Write support (#8296) * Write exemplars to the WAL and send them over remote write. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Update example for exemplars, print data in a more obvious format. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Add metrics for remote write of exemplars. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Fix incorrect slices passed to send in remote write. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * We need to unregister the new metrics. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address review comments Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Order of exemplar append vs write exemplar to WAL needs to change. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Several fixes to prevent sending uninitialized or incorrect samples with an exemplar. Fix dropping exemplar for missing series. Add tests for queue_manager sending exemplars Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Store both samples and exemplars in the same timeseries buffer to remove the alloc when building final request, keep sub-slices in separate buffers for re-use Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Condense sample/exemplar delivery tests to parameterized sub-tests Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Rename test methods for clarity now that they also handle exemplars Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Rename counter variable. Fix instances where metrics were not updated correctly Signed-off-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com> * Add exemplars to LoadWAL benchmark Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * last exemplars timestamp metric needs to convert value to seconds with ms precision Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Process exemplar records in a separate go routine when loading the WAL. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address review comments related to clarifying comments and variable names. Also refactor sample/exemplar to enqueue prompb types. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Regenerate types proto with comments, update protoc version again. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Put remote write of exemplars behind a feature flag. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address some of Ganesh's review comments. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Move exemplar remote write feature flag to a config file field. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address Bartek's review comments. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Don't allocate exemplar buffers in queue_manager if we're not going to send exemplars over remote write. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Add ValidateExemplar function, validate exemplars when appending to head and log them all to WAL before adding them to exemplar storage. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address more reivew comments from Ganesh. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Add exemplar total label length check. Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> * Address a few last review comments Signed-off-by: Callum Styan <callumstyan@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Martin Disibio <mdisibio@gmail.com>
4 years ago
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ id <8b> │ timestamp <8b> │ │
│ └────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┘ │
│ ┌────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┬─────────────┐ │
│ │ id_delta <uvarint> │ timestamp_delta <uvarint> │ value <8b> │ │
│ ├────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┴─────────────┤ │
│ │ n = len(labels) <uvarint> │ │
│ ├──────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(str_1) <uvarint> │ str_1 <bytes> │ │
│ ├──────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┤ │
│ │ ... │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(str_2n) <uvarint> │ str_2n <bytes> │ │ │
│ └───────────────────────┴────────────────┴─────────────────────┘ │
│ . . . │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
Introduce TSDB changes for appending metadata to the WAL (#10972) * Append metadata to the WAL Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Remove extra whitespace; Reword some docstrings and comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use RLock() for hasNewMetadata check Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use single byte for metric type in RefMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Update proposed WAL format for single-byte type metadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Implementa MetadataAppender interface for the Agent Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Address first round of review comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Amend description of metadata in wal.md Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Correct key used to retrieve metadata from cache When we're setting metadata entries in the scrapeCace, we're using the p.Help(), p.Unit(), p.Type() helpers, which retrieve the series name and use it as the cache key. When checking for cache entries though, we used p.Series() as the key, which included the metric name _with_ its labels. That meant that we were never actually hitting the cache. We're fixing this by utiling the __name__ internal label for correctly getting the cache entries after they've been set by setHelp(), setType() or setUnit(). Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Put feature behind a feature flag Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix AppendMetadata docstring Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Reorder WAL format document Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Change error message of AppendMetadata; Fix access of s.meta in AppendMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Reuse temporary buffer in Metadata encoder Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Only keep latest metadata for each refID during checkpointing Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix test that's referencing decoding metadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Avoid creating metadata block if no new metadata are present Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add tests for corrupt metadata block and relevant record type Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix CR comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Extract logic about changing metadata in an anonymous function Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Implement new proposed WAL format and amend relevant tests Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use 'const' for metadata field names Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Apply metadata to head memSeries in Commit, not in AppendMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add docstring and rename extracted helper in scrape.go Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add tests for tsdb-related cases Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix linter issues vol1 Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix linter issues vol2 Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix Windows test by closing WAL reader files Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use switch instead of two if statements in metadata decoding Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix review comments around TestMetadata* tests Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add code for replaying WAL; test correctness of in-memory data after a replay Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Remove scrape-loop related code from PR Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Address first round of comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Simplify tests by sorting slices before comparison Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix test to use separate transactions Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Empty out buffer and record slices after encoding latest metadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix linting issue Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Update calculation for DroppedMetadata metric Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Rename MetadataAppender interface and AppendMetadata method to MetadataUpdater/UpdateMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Reuse buffer when encoding latest metadata for each series Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix review comments; Check all returned error values using two helpers Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Simplify use of helpers Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Satisfy linter Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com>
2 years ago
### Metadata records
Metadata records encode the metadata updates associated with a series.
```
┌────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ type = 6 <1b>
Introduce TSDB changes for appending metadata to the WAL (#10972) * Append metadata to the WAL Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Remove extra whitespace; Reword some docstrings and comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use RLock() for hasNewMetadata check Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use single byte for metric type in RefMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Update proposed WAL format for single-byte type metadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Implementa MetadataAppender interface for the Agent Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Address first round of review comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Amend description of metadata in wal.md Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Correct key used to retrieve metadata from cache When we're setting metadata entries in the scrapeCace, we're using the p.Help(), p.Unit(), p.Type() helpers, which retrieve the series name and use it as the cache key. When checking for cache entries though, we used p.Series() as the key, which included the metric name _with_ its labels. That meant that we were never actually hitting the cache. We're fixing this by utiling the __name__ internal label for correctly getting the cache entries after they've been set by setHelp(), setType() or setUnit(). Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Put feature behind a feature flag Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix AppendMetadata docstring Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Reorder WAL format document Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Change error message of AppendMetadata; Fix access of s.meta in AppendMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Reuse temporary buffer in Metadata encoder Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Only keep latest metadata for each refID during checkpointing Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix test that's referencing decoding metadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Avoid creating metadata block if no new metadata are present Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add tests for corrupt metadata block and relevant record type Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix CR comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Extract logic about changing metadata in an anonymous function Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Implement new proposed WAL format and amend relevant tests Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use 'const' for metadata field names Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Apply metadata to head memSeries in Commit, not in AppendMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add docstring and rename extracted helper in scrape.go Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add tests for tsdb-related cases Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix linter issues vol1 Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix linter issues vol2 Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix Windows test by closing WAL reader files Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Use switch instead of two if statements in metadata decoding Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix review comments around TestMetadata* tests Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Add code for replaying WAL; test correctness of in-memory data after a replay Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Remove scrape-loop related code from PR Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Address first round of comments Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Simplify tests by sorting slices before comparison Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix test to use separate transactions Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Empty out buffer and record slices after encoding latest metadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix linting issue Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Update calculation for DroppedMetadata metric Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Rename MetadataAppender interface and AppendMetadata method to MetadataUpdater/UpdateMetadata Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Reuse buffer when encoding latest metadata for each series Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Fix review comments; Check all returned error values using two helpers Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Simplify use of helpers Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com> * Satisfy linter Signed-off-by: Paschalis Tsilias <paschalist0@gmail.com>
2 years ago
├────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ series_id <uvarint> │ │
│ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │
│ │ metric_type <1b> │ │
│ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │
│ │ num_fields <uvarint> │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┬────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(name_1) <uvarint> │ name_1 <bytes> │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┼────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(val_1) <uvarint> │ val_1 <bytes> │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┴────────────────┤ │
│ │ . . . │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┬────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(name_n) <uvarint> │ name_n <bytes> │ │
│ ├───────────────────────┼────────────────┤ │
│ │ len(val_n) <uvarint> │ val_n <bytes> │ │
│ └───────────────────────┴────────────────┘ │
│ . . . │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```