k3s - 5 less than k8s =============================================== Lightweight Kubernetes. Easy to install, half the memory, all in a binary less than 40mb. Great for * Edge * IoT * CI * ARM * Situations where a PhD in k8s clusterology is infeasible What is this? --- k3s is intended to be a fully compliant Kubernetes distribution with the following changes: 1. Legacy, alpha, non-default features are removed. Hopefully, you shouldn't notice the stuff that has been removed. 2. Removed most in-tree plugins (cloud providers and storage plugins) which can be replaced with out of tree addons. 3. Add sqlite3 as the default storage mechanism. etcd3 is still available, but not the default. 4. Wrapped in simple launcher that handles a lot of the complexity of TLS and options. 5. Minimal to no OS dependencies (just a sane kernel and cgroup mounts needed). k3s packages required dependencies * containerd * Flannel * CoreDNS * CNI * Host utilities (iptables, socat, etc) Quick start ----------- 1. Download `k3s` from latest [release](https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/latest), x86_64, armhf, and arm64 are supported 2. Run server ```bash sudo k3s server & # Kubeconfig is written to /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml sudo k3s kubectl get node # On a different node run the below. NODE_TOKEN comes from /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/node-token # on your server sudo k3s agent --server https://myserver:6443 --token ${NODE_TOKEN} ``` Running server -------------- To run the server just do k3s server You should get an output similar to ``` INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:19.908493986-07:00] Starting k3s dev INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:19.908934479-07:00] Running kube-apiserver --allow-privileged=true --authorization-mode Node,RBAC --service-account-signing-key-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/service.key --service-cluster-ip-range 10.43.0.0/16 --advertise-port 6445 --advertise-address 127.0.0.1 --insecure-port 0 --secure-port 6444 --bind-address 127.0.0.1 --tls-cert-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/localhost.crt --tls-private-key-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/localhost.key --service-account-key-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/service.key --service-account-issuer k3s --api-audiences unknown --basic-auth-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/cred/passwd --kubelet-client-certificate /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/token-node.crt --kubelet-client-key /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/token-node.key Flag --insecure-port has been deprecated, This flag will be removed in a future version. INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.196766005-07:00] Running kube-scheduler --kubeconfig /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/cred/kubeconfig-system.yaml --port 0 --secure-port 0 --leader-elect=false INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.196880841-07:00] Running kube-controller-manager --kubeconfig /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/cred/kubeconfig-system.yaml --service-account-private-key-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/service.key --allocate-node-cidrs --cluster-cidr 10.42.0.0/16 --root-ca-file /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/tls/token-ca.crt --port 0 --secure-port 0 --leader-elect=false Flag --port has been deprecated, see --secure-port instead. INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.273441984-07:00] Listening on :6443 INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.278383446-07:00] Writing manifest: /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/manifests/coredns.yaml INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.474454524-07:00] Node token is available at /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/node-token INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.474471391-07:00] To join node to cluster: k3s agent -s https://10.20.0.3:6443 -t ${NODE_TOKEN} INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.541027133-07:00] Wrote kubeconfig /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml INFO[2019-01-22T15:16:20.541049100-07:00] Run: k3s kubectl ``` The output will probably be much longer as the agent will spew a lot of logs. By default the server will register itself as a node (run the agent). It is common and almost required these days that the control plane be part of the cluster. To not run the agent by default use the `--disable-agent` flag k3s server --disable-agent At this point, you can run the agent as a separate process or not run it on this node at all. If you encounter an error like `"stream server error: listen tcp: lookup some-host on X.X.X.X:53: no such host"` when starting k3s please ensure `/etc/hosts` contains your current hostname (output of `hostname`), set to a 127.x.x.x address. For example: ``` 127.0.1.1 myhost ``` Joining nodes ------------- When the server starts it creates a file `/var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/node-token`. Use the contents of that file as `NODE_TOKEN` and then run the agent as follows k3s agent --server https://myserver:6443 --token ${NODE_TOKEN} That's it. Accessing cluster from outside ----------------------------- Copy `/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml` on your machine located outside the cluster as `~/.kube/config`. Then replace "localhost" with the IP or name of your k3s server. `kubectl` can now manage your k3s cluster. Auto-deploying manifests ------------------------ Any file found in `/var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/manifests` will automatically be deployed to Kubernetes in a manner similar to `kubectl apply`. It is also possible to deploy Helm charts. k3s supports a CRD controller for installing charts. A YAML file specification can look as following (example taken from `/var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/manifests/traefik.yaml`): ```yaml apiVersion: k3s.cattle.io/v1 kind: HelmChart metadata: name: traefik namespace: kube-system spec: chart: stable/traefik set: rbac.enabled: "true" ssl.enabled: "true" ``` Keep in mind that `namespace` in your HelmChart resource metadata section should always be `kube-system`, because k3s deploy controller is configured to watch this namespace for new HelmChart resources. If you want to specify the namespace for the actual helm release, you can do that using `targetNamespace` key in the spec section: ``` apiVersion: k3s.cattle.io/v1 kind: HelmChart metadata: name: grafana namespace: kube-system spec: chart: stable/grafana targetNamespace: monitoring set: adminPassword: "NotVerySafePassword" valuesContent: |- image: tag: master env: GF_EXPLORE_ENABLED: true adminUser: admin sidecar: datasources: enabled: true ``` Also note that besides `set` you can use `valuesContent` in the spec section. And it's okay to use both of them. Building from source -------------------- The clone will be much faster on this repo if you do git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/rancher/k3s.git This repo includes all of Kubernetes history so `--depth 1` will avoid most of that. For development, you just need go 1.11 and a sane GOPATH. To compile the binaries run ```bash go build -o k3s go build -o kubectl ./cmd/kubectl go build -o hyperkube ./vendor/k8s.io/kubernetes/cmd/hyperkube ``` This will create the main executable, but it does not include the dependencies like containerd, CNI, etc. To run a server and agent with all the dependencies for development run the following helper scripts ```bash # Server ./scripts/dev-server.sh # Agent ./scripts/dev-agent.sh ``` To build the full release binary run `make` and that will create `./dist/artifacts/k3s` Uninstalling server ----------------- If you installed your k3s server with the help of `install.sh` script from the root directory, you may use the uninstall script generated during installation, which will be created on your server node at `/usr/local/bin/k3s-uninstall.sh` Kubernetes source ----------------- The source code for Kubernetes is in `vendor/` and the location from which that is copied is in `./vendor.conf`. Go to the referenced repo/tag and you'll find all the patches applied to upstream Kubernetes. Open ports / Network security --------------------------- The server needs port 6443 to be accessible by the nodes. The nodes need to be able to reach other nodes over UDP port 8472. This is used for flannel VXLAN. If you don't use flannel and provide your own custom CNI, then 8472 is not needed by k3s. The node should not listen on any other port. k3s uses reverse tunneling such that the nodes make outbound connections to the server and all kubelet traffic runs through that tunnel. IMPORTANT. The VXLAN port on nodes should not be exposed to the world, it opens up your cluster network to accessed by anyone. Run your nodes behind a firewall/security group that disables access to port 8472. Server HA --------- Just don't right now :) It's currently broken. Running in Docker (and docker-compose) ----------------- I wouldn't be me if I couldn't run my cluster in Docker. `rancher/k3s` images are available to run k3s server and agent from Docker. A `docker-compose.yml` is in the root of this repo that serves as an example of how to run k3s from Docker. To run from `docker-compose` from this repo run docker-compose up --scale node=3 # kubeconfig is written to current dir kubectl --kubeconfig kubeconfig.yaml get node NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION 497278a2d6a2 Ready 11s v1.13.2-k3s2 d54c8b17c055 Ready 11s v1.13.2-k3s2 db7a5a5a5bdd Ready 12s v1.13.2-k3s2 To run the agent only in Docker use the following `docker-compose-agent.yml` is in the root of this repo that serves as an example of how to run k3s agent from Docker. Alternatively the Docker run command can also be used; sudo docker run -d --tmpfs /run --tmpfs /var/run -e K3S_URL=${SERVER_URL} -e K3S_TOKEN=${NODE_TOKEN} --privileged rancher/k3s:v0.3.0 sudo docker run -d --tmpfs /run --tmpfs /var/run -e K3S_URL=https://k3s.example.com:6443 -e K3S_TOKEN=K13849a67fc385fd3c0fa6133a8649d9e717b0258b3b09c87ffc33dae362c12d8c0::node:2e373dca319a0525745fd8b3d8120d9c --privileged rancher/k3s:v0.3.0 Hyperkube -------- k3s is bundled in a nice wrapper to remove the majority of the headache of running k8s. If you don't want that wrapper and just want a smaller k8s distro, the releases includes the `hyperkube` binary you can use. It's then up to you to know how to use `hyperkube`. If you want individual binaries you will need to compile them yourself from source containerd and Docker ---------- k3s includes and defaults to containerd. Why? Because it's just plain better. If you want to run with Docker first stop and think, "Really? Do I really want more headache?" If still yes then you just need to run the agent with the `--docker` flag k3s agent -s ${SERVER_URL} -t ${NODE_TOKEN} --docker & systemd ------- If you are bound by the shackles of systemd (as most of us are), there is a sample unit file in the root of this repo `k3s.service` which is as follows ```ini [Unit] Description=Lightweight Kubernetes Documentation=https://k3s.io After=network.target [Service] ExecStartPre=-/sbin/modprobe br_netfilter ExecStartPre=-/sbin/modprobe overlay ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/k3s server KillMode=process Delegate=yes LimitNOFILE=infinity LimitNPROC=infinity LimitCORE=infinity TasksMax=infinity [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ``` The k3s `install.sh` script also provides a convenient way for installing to systemd, to install the agent and server as a k3s service just run: ```sh curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | sh - ``` The install script will attempt to download the latest release, to specify a specific version for download we can use the `INSTALL_K3S_VERSION` environment variable, eg: ```sh curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_VERSION=vX.Y.Z-rc1 sh - ``` To install just the server without an agent we can add a `INSTALL_K3S_EXEC` environment variable to the command: ```sh curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="--disable-agent" sh - ``` To install just the agent without a server we should pass `K3S_URL` along with `K3S_TOKEN` or `K3S_CLUSTER_SECRET`, eg: ```sh curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | K3S_URL=https://example-url:6443 K3S_TOKEN=XXX sh - ``` The installer can also be run without performing downloads by setting `INSTALL_K3S_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true`, eg: ```sh curl -sfL https://github.com/rancher/k3s/releases/download/vX.Y.Z/k3s -o /usr/local/bin/k3s chmod 0755 /usr/local/bin/k3s curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io -o install-k3s.sh chmod 0755 install-k3s.sh export INSTALL_K3S_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true ./install-k3s.sh ``` The full help text for the install script environment variables are as follows: - `K3S_*` Environment variables which begin with `K3S_` will be preserved for the systemd service to use. Setting `K3S_URL` without explicitly setting a systemd exec command will default the command to "agent", and we enforce that `K3S_TOKEN` or `K3S_CLUSTER_SECRET` is also set. - `INSTALL_K3S_SKIP_DOWNLOAD` If set to true will not download k3s hash or binary. - `INSTALL_K3S_VERSION` Version of k3s to download from github. Will attempt to download the latest version if not specified. - `INSTALL_K3S_BIN_DIR` Directory to install k3s binary, links, and uninstall script to, or use /usr/local/bin as the default - `INSTALL_K3S_SYSTEMD_DIR` Directory to install systemd service and environment files to, or use /etc/systemd/system as the default - `INSTALL_K3S_EXEC` or script arguments Command with flags to use for launching k3s in the systemd service, if the command is not specified will default to "agent" if `K3S_URL` is set or "server" if not. The final systemd command resolves to a combination of EXEC and script args ($@). The following commands result in the same behavior: ```sh curl ... | INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="--disable-agent" sh -s - curl ... | INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="server --disable-agent" sh -s - curl ... | INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="server" sh -s - --disable-agent curl ... | sh -s - server --disable-agent curl ... | sh -s - --disable-agent ``` - `INSTALL_K3S_NAME` Name of systemd service to create, will default from the k3s exec command if not specified. If specified the name will be prefixed with 'k3s-'. - `INSTALL_K3S_TYPE` Type of systemd service to create, will default from the k3s exec command if not specified. Flannel ------- Flannel is included by default, if you don't want flannel then run the agent with `--no-flannel` as follows k3s agent -u ${SERVER_URL} -t ${NODE_TOKEN} --no-flannel & In this setup you will still be required to install your own CNI driver. More info [here](https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/create-cluster-kubeadm/#pod-network) CoreDNS ------- CoreDNS is deployed on start of the agent, to disable add `--no-deploy coredns` to the server k3s server --no-deploy coredns If you don't install CoreDNS you will need to install a cluster DNS provider yourself. Traefik ------- Traefik is deployed by default when starting the server; to disable it, start the server with `--no-deploy traefik` like this k3s server --no-deploy traefik Service load balancer --------------------- k3s includes a basic service load balancer that uses available host ports. If you try to create a load balancer that listens on port 80, for example, it will try to find a free host in the cluster for port 80. If no port is available the load balancer will stay in Pending. To disable the embedded service load balancer (if you wish to use a different implementation like MetalLB) just add `--no-deploy=servicelb` to the server on startup. Air-Gap Support --------------- k3s supports pre-loading of containerd images by placing them in the `images` directory for the agent before starting, eg: ```sh sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/rancher/k3s/agent/images/ sudo cp ./k3s-airgap-images-$ARCH.tar /var/lib/rancher/k3s/agent/images/ ``` Images needed for a base install are provided through the releases page, additional images can be created with the `docker save` command. Offline Helm charts are served from the `/var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/static` directory, and Helm chart manifests may reference the static files with a `%{KUBERNETES_API}%` templated variable. For example, the default traefik manifest chart installs from `https://%{KUBERNETES_API}%/static/charts/traefik-X.Y.Z.tgz`. If networking is completely disabled k3s may not be able to start (ie ethernet unplugged or wifi disconnected), in which case it may be necessary to add a default route. For example: ```sh sudo ip -c address add 192.168.123.123/24 dev eno1 sudo ip route add default via 192.168.123.1 ``` k3s additionally provides a `--resolv-conf` flag for kubelets, which may help with configuring DNS in air-gap networks. TODO ---- Currently broken or stuff that needs to be done for this to be considered production quality. 1. Metrics API due to kube aggregation not being setup 2. HA 3. Work on e2e, sonobouy. 4. etcd doesn't actually work because args aren't exposed