feat: supports exception page template for theme-side (#2925)

#### What type of PR is this?
/kind feature
/area core
#### What this PR does / why we need it:
主题端支持异常模板页面

异常模板必须放在主题目录的 `templates/error` 目录下：
- 支持按照 response status 名称模板页面，例如 404.html ，当发生 404 错误时会使用 404.html
- 支持 4xx.html、5xx.html，例如当发生 403 错误时，如果存在 403.html 则使用此页面，否则使用 4xx.html
error 模板中具有 model 示例:
```json
{
    "error": {
        "type": "about:blank",
        "title": "Not Found",
        "status": 404,
        "detail": "Extension run.halo.app.core.extension.Plugin with name amet ut magn not found",
        "instance": "/apis/plugin.halo.run/v1alpha1/plugins/amet%20ut%20magn"
    }
}
```
#### Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Fixes #2690

#### Special notes for your reviewer:
/cc @halo-dev/sig-halo 
#### Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

```release-note
主题端支持异常模板页面
```

src/main/java/run/halo/app/infra/exception/handlers/GlobalErrorWebExceptionHandler.java

@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 package run.halo.app.infra.exception.handlers;
 
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorProperties;
 import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebProperties;
@@ -8,8 +15,10 @@ import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.reactive.error.DefaultErrorWeb
 import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes;
 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
 import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatusCode;
 import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
 import org.springframework.http.ProblemDetail;
+import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
 import org.springframework.web.ErrorResponse;
 import org.springframework.web.method.annotation.ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver;
 import org.springframework.web.reactive.BindingContext;
@@ -18,7 +27,9 @@ import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.ServerRequest;
 import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.ServerResponse;
 import org.springframework.web.reactive.result.method.InvocableHandlerMethod;
 import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+import run.halo.app.theme.ThemeResolver;
 
 /**
  * Global error web exception handler.
@@ -31,11 +42,27 @@ import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
  */
 @Slf4j
 public class GlobalErrorWebExceptionHandler extends DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler {
+    private static final MediaType TEXT_HTML_UTF8 =
+        new MediaType("text", "html", StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+    private static final Map<HttpStatus.Series, String> SERIES_VIEWS;
+
     private final ExceptionHandlingProblemDetailsHandler exceptionHandler =
         new ExceptionHandlingProblemDetailsHandler();
     private final ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver handlerMethodResolver =
         new ExceptionHandlerMethodResolver(ExceptionHandlingProblemDetailsHandler.class);
 
+    private final ErrorProperties errorProperties;
+
+    private final ThemeResolver themeResolver;
+
+    static {
+        Map<HttpStatus.Series, String> views = new EnumMap<>(HttpStatus.Series.class);
+        views.put(HttpStatus.Series.CLIENT_ERROR, "4xx");
+        views.put(HttpStatus.Series.SERVER_ERROR, "5xx");
+        SERIES_VIEWS = Collections.unmodifiableMap(views);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Create a new {@code DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler} instance.
      *
@@ -50,12 +77,13 @@ public class GlobalErrorWebExceptionHandler extends DefaultErrorWebExceptionHand
         ErrorProperties errorProperties,
         ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
         super(errorAttributes, resources, errorProperties, applicationContext);
+        this.errorProperties = errorProperties;
+        this.themeResolver = applicationContext.getBean(ThemeResolver.class);
     }
 
     @Override
     protected Mono<ServerResponse> renderErrorResponse(ServerRequest request) {
         Throwable error = getError(request);
-        log.error(error.getMessage(), error);
 
         if (error instanceof ErrorResponse errorResponse) {
             return ServerResponse.status(errorResponse.getStatusCode())
@@ -79,6 +107,72 @@ public class GlobalErrorWebExceptionHandler extends DefaultErrorWebExceptionHand
             .switchIfEmpty(Mono.defer(() -> noMatchExceptionHandler(error)));
     }
 
+    protected Mono<ServerResponse> renderErrorView(ServerRequest request) {
+        Map<String, Object> errorAttributes =
+            getErrorAttributes(request, getErrorAttributeOptions(request, MediaType.TEXT_HTML));
+        int errorStatus = getHttpStatus(errorAttributes);
+
+        ProblemDetail problemDetail =
+            ProblemDetail.forStatusAndDetail(HttpStatusCode.valueOf(errorStatus),
+                (String) errorAttributes.get("message"));
+        problemDetail.setInstance(URI.create(request.path()));
+        Map<String, Object> error = Map.of("error", problemDetail);
+
+        ServerResponse.BodyBuilder responseBody =
+            ServerResponse.status(errorStatus).contentType(TEXT_HTML_UTF8);
+        return Flux.just(getData(errorStatus).toArray(new String[] {}))
+            .flatMap((viewName) -> renderErrorViewBy(request, viewName, responseBody, error))
+            .switchIfEmpty(this.errorProperties.getWhitelabel().isEnabled()
+                ? renderDefaultErrorView(responseBody, error) : Mono.error(getError(request)))
+            .next();
+    }
+
+    protected void logError(ServerRequest request, ServerResponse response, Throwable throwable) {
+        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            log.debug(request.exchange().getLogPrefix() + formatError(throwable, request),
+                throwable);
+        }
+        if (HttpStatus.resolve(response.statusCode().value()) != null
+            && response.statusCode().equals(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)) {
+            log.error("{} 500 Server Error for {}",
+                request.exchange().getLogPrefix(), formatRequest(request), throwable);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String formatRequest(ServerRequest request) {
+        String rawQuery = request.uri().getRawQuery();
+        String query = StringUtils.hasText(rawQuery) ? "?" + rawQuery : "";
+        return "HTTP " + request.method() + " \"" + request.path() + query + "\"";
+    }
+
+    private String formatError(Throwable ex, ServerRequest request) {
+        String reason = ex.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": " + ex.getMessage();
+        return "Resolved [" + reason + "] for HTTP " + request.method() + " " + request.path();
+    }
+
+    private Mono<ServerResponse> renderErrorViewBy(ServerRequest request, String viewName,
+        ServerResponse.BodyBuilder responseBody,
+        Map<String, Object> error) {
+        return themeResolver.isTemplateAvailable(request.exchange().getRequest(), viewName)
+            .flatMap(isAvailable -> {
+                if (isAvailable) {
+                    return responseBody.render(viewName, error);
+                }
+                return super.renderErrorView(viewName, responseBody, error);
+            });
+    }
+
+    private List<String> getData(int errorStatus) {
+        List<String> data = new ArrayList<>();
+        data.add("error/" + errorStatus);
+        HttpStatus.Series series = HttpStatus.Series.resolve(errorStatus);
+        if (series != null) {
+            data.add("error/" + SERIES_VIEWS.get(series));
+        }
+        data.add("error/error");
+        return data;
+    }
+
     Mono<ServerResponse> noMatchExceptionHandler(Throwable error) {
         return ServerResponse.status(HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
             .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)

src/main/java/run/halo/app/theme/ThemeResolver.java

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package run.halo.app.theme;
 
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.ThymeleafProperties;
 import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
 import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
@@ -14,17 +17,14 @@ import run.halo.app.infra.utils.FilePathUtils;
  * @since 2.0.0
  */
 @Component
+@AllArgsConstructor
 public class ThemeResolver {
     private static final String THEME_WORK_DIR = "themes";
     private final SystemConfigurableEnvironmentFetcher environmentFetcher;
 
     private final HaloProperties haloProperties;
 
-    public ThemeResolver(SystemConfigurableEnvironmentFetcher environmentFetcher,
-        HaloProperties haloProperties) {
-        this.environmentFetcher = environmentFetcher;
-        this.haloProperties = haloProperties;
-    }
+    private final ThymeleafProperties thymeleafProperties;
 
     public Mono<ThemeContext> getTheme(ServerHttpRequest request) {
         return environmentFetcher.fetch(Theme.GROUP, Theme.class)
@@ -37,10 +37,7 @@ public class ThemeResolver {
                 if (StringUtils.isBlank(themeName)) {
                     themeName = activatedTheme;
                 }
-                boolean active = false;
-                if (StringUtils.equals(activatedTheme, themeName)) {
-                    active = true;
-                }
+                boolean active = StringUtils.equals(activatedTheme, themeName);
                 var path = FilePathUtils.combinePath(haloProperties.getWorkDir().toString(),
                     THEME_WORK_DIR, themeName);
                 return builder.name(themeName)
@@ -50,4 +47,22 @@ public class ThemeResolver {
             });
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Check whether the template file exists.
+     *
+     * @param viewName view name must not be blank
+     * @return if exists return true, otherwise return false
+     */
+    public Mono<Boolean> isTemplateAvailable(ServerHttpRequest request, String viewName) {
+        return getTheme(request)
+            .map(themeContext -> {
+                String prefix = themeContext.getPath() + "/templates/";
+                String viewNameToUse = viewName;
+                if (!viewNameToUse.endsWith(thymeleafProperties.getSuffix())) {
+                    viewNameToUse = viewNameToUse + thymeleafProperties.getSuffix();
+                }
+                return Files.exists(FilePathUtils.combinePath(prefix, viewNameToUse));
+            })
+            .onErrorResume(e -> Mono.just(false));
+    }
 }

src/main/resources/templates/error/error.html

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="zh" xmlns:th="https://www.thymeleaf.org">
+<head>
+    <meta charset="UTF-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
+    <title th:text="${error.status} + ' | ' + ${#strings.defaultString(error.title, 'Internal server error')}"></title>
+    <style>
+        body {
+            padding: 30px 20px;
+            font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,
+            "Segoe UI", "Roboto", "Oxygen", "Ubuntu", "Cantarell",
+            "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;
+            color: #727272;
+            line-height: 1.6;
+        }
+
+        .container {
+            max-width: 500px;
+            margin: 0 auto;
+        }
+
+        h1 {
+            margin: 0;
+            font-size: 60px;
+            line-height: 1;
+            color: #252427;
+            font-weight: 700;
+            display: inline-block;
+        }
+
+        h2 {
+            margin: 100px 0 0;
+            font-weight: 600;
+            letter-spacing: 0.1em;
+            color: #A299AC;
+            text-transform: uppercase;
+        }
+
+        p {
+            font-size: 16px;
+            margin: 1em 0;
+        }
+
+        @media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
+            body {
+                padding: 50px;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
+            h1 {
+                font-size: 48px;
+            }
+        }
+
+        .title {
+            position: relative;
+        }
+
+        .title::before {
+            content: '';
+            position: absolute;
+            bottom: 0;
+            left: 0;
+            right: 0;
+            height: 2px;
+            background-color: #000;
+            transform-origin: bottom right;
+            transform: scaleX(0);
+            transition: transform 0.5s ease;
+        }
+
+        .title:hover::before {
+            transform-origin: bottom left;
+            transform: scaleX(1);
+        }
+
+        .back-home button {
+            z-index: 1;
+            position: relative;
+            font-size: inherit;
+            font-family: inherit;
+            color: white;
+            padding: 0.5em 1em;
+            outline: none;
+            border: none;
+            background-color: hsl(0, 0%, 0%);
+            overflow: hidden;
+            transition: color 0.4s ease-in-out;
+        }
+
+        .back-home button::before {
+            content: '';
+            z-index: -1;
+            position: absolute;
+            top: 100%;
+            left: 100%;
+            width: 1em;
+            height: 1em;
+            border-radius: 50%;
+            background-color: #fff;
+            transform-origin: center;
+            transform: translate3d(-50%, -50%, 0) scale3d(0, 0, 0);
+            transition: transform 0.45s ease-in-out;
+        }
+
+        .back-home button:hover {
+            cursor: pointer;
+            color: #000;
+        }
+
+        .back-home button:hover::before {
+            transform: translate3d(-50%, -50%, 0) scale3d(15, 15, 15);
+        }
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<div class="container">
+    <h2 th:text="${error.status}"></h2>
+    <h1 class="title" th:text="${#strings.defaultString(error.title, 'Internal server error')}"></h1>
+    <p th:text="${#strings.defaultString(error.detail, '未知错误！可能存在的原因：未正确设置主题或主题文件缺失。')}"></p>
+    <div class="back-home">
+        <button th:onclick="window.location.href='[(${site.url})]'"
+                th:text="首页">
+        </button>
+    </div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>