mirror of https://github.com/hashicorp/consul
138 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
138 lines
6.8 KiB
Markdown
---
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layout: docs
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page_title: Auth Methods Overview
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description: >-
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An auth method enables Consul to authenticate the identity of a user or application and then automatically provision an ACL token with privileges based on identity attributes. Learn how the overall login process works and how auth methods and binding rules can help you secure your service mesh with minimal operator intervention.
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---
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# Auth Methods Overview
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-> **1.5.0+:** Auth methods only exist in Consul versions 1.5.0 and newer.
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An auth method is a component in Consul that performs authentication against a
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trusted external party to authorize the creation of an ACL tokens usable within
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the local datacenter.
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## Overview
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Without an auth method a trusted operator is critically involved in the
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creation and secure introduction of each ACL token to every application that
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needs one, while ensuring that the policies assigned to these tokens follow the
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principle of least-privilege.
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When running in environments such as a public cloud or when supervised by a
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cluster scheduler, applications may already have access to uniquely identifying
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credentials that were delivered securely by the platform. Consul auth method
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integrations allow for these credentials to be used to create ACL tokens with
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properly-scoped policies without additional operator intervention.
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In Consul 1.5.0 the focus is around simplifying the creation of tokens with the
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privileges necessary to participate in a [service mesh](/consul/docs/connect)
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with minimal operator intervention.
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## Supported Types
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| Types | Consul Version |
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| ------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
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| [`kubernetes`](/consul/docs/security/acl/auth-methods/kubernetes) | 1.5.0+ |
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| [`jwt`](/consul/docs/security/acl/auth-methods/jwt) | 1.8.0+ |
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| [`oidc`](/consul/docs/security/acl/auth-methods/oidc) | 1.8.0+ <EnterpriseAlert inline /> |
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| [`aws-iam`](/consul/docs/security/acl/auth-methods/aws-iam) | 1.12.0+ |
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## Operator Configuration
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An operator needs to configure each auth method that is to be trusted by
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using the API or command line before they can be used by applications.
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- **Authentication** - One or more **auth methods** should be configured with
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details about how to authenticate application credentials. Successful
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validation of application credentials will return a set of trusted identity
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attributes (such as a username). These can be managed with the `consul acl auth-method` subcommands or the corresponding [API
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endpoints](/consul/api-docs/acl/auth-methods). The specific details of
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configuration are type dependent and described in their own documentation
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pages.
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- **Authorization** - One or more **binding rules** must be configured to define
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how to translate trusted identity attributes from each auth method into
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privileges assigned to the ACL token that is created. These can be managed
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with the `consul acl binding-rule` subcommands or the corresponding [API
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endpoints](/consul/api-docs/acl/binding-rules).
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-> **Note** - To configure auth methods in any connected secondary datacenter,
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[ACL token replication](/consul/docs/agent/config/config-files#acl_enable_token_replication)
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must be enabled. Auth methods require the ability to create local tokens which
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is restricted to the primary datacenter and any secondary datacenters with ACL
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token replication enabled.
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## Binding Rules
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Binding rules allow an operator to express a systematic way of automatically
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linking [roles](/consul/docs/security/acl/acl-roles) and [service
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identities](/consul/docs/security/acl/acl-roles#service-identities) to newly created
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tokens without operator intervention.
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Successful authentication with an auth method returns a set of trusted
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identity attributes corresponding to the authenticated identity. Those
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attributes are matched against all configured binding rules for that auth
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method to determine what privileges to grant the the Consul ACL token it will
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ultimately create.
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Each binding rule is composed of two portions:
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- **Selector** - A logical query that must match the trusted identity
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attributes for the binding rule to be applicable to a given login attempt.
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The syntax uses github.com/hashicorp/go-bexpr which is shared with the [API
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filtering feature](/consul/api-docs/features/filtering). For example:
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`"serviceaccount.namespace==default and serviceaccount.name!=vault"`
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- **Bind Type and Name** - A binding rule can bind a token to a
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[role](/consul/docs/security/acl/acl-roles) or to a [service
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identity](/consul/docs/security/acl/acl-roles#service-identities) by name. The name
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can be specified with a plain string or the bind name can be lightly
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templated using [HIL syntax](https://github.com/hashicorp/hil) to interpolate
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the same values that are usable by the `Selector` syntax. For example:
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`"dev-${serviceaccount.name}"`
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When multiple binding rules match, then all roles and service identities are
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jointly linked to the token created by the login process.
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## Overall Login Process
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Applications are responsible for exchanging their auth method specific secret
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bearer token for a Consul ACL token by using the login process:
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1. Applications use the `consul login` subcommand or the [login API
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endpoint](/consul/api-docs/acl#login-to-auth-method) to authenticate to a
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specific auth method using their local Consul client. Applications provide
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both the name of the auth method and a secret bearer token during login.
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2. The Consul client forwards login requests to the leading Consul server.
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3. The Consul leader then uses auth method specific mechanisms to validate the
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provided bearer token credentials.
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4. Successful validation returns trusted identity attributes to the Consul
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leader.
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5. The Consul leader consults the configured set of binding rules associated
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with the specified auth method and selects only those rules that match the
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trusted identity attributes.
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6. The Consul leader uses the matching binding rules to generate a list of
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roles and service identities and assigns them to a token created exclusively
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in the _local_ datacenter. If none are generated the login attempt fails.
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7. The relevant `SecretID` and remaining details about the token are returned to
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the originating Consul client.
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8. The Consul client returns the token details back to the application.
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9. (later) Applications SHOULD use the `consul logout` subcommand or the
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[logout API endpoint](/consul/api-docs/acl#logout-from-auth-method) to destroy
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their token when it is no longer required.
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For more details about specific auth methods and how to configure them, click
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on the name of the auth method type in the sidebar.
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