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---
layout: api
page_title: Prepared Queries - HTTP API
sidebar_title: Prepared Queries
description: The /query endpoints manage and execute prepared queries in Consul.
---
# Prepared Query HTTP Endpoint
The `/query` endpoints create, update, destroy, and execute prepared queries.
Prepared queries allow you to register a complex service query and then execute
it later via its ID or name to get a set of healthy nodes that provide a given
service. This is particularly useful in combination with Consul's
[DNS Interface](/docs/discovery/dns) as it allows for much richer queries than
would be possible given the limited entry points exposed by DNS.
Check the [Geo Failover tutorial](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/consul/automate-geo-failover) for details and
examples for using prepared queries to implement geo failover for services.
Check the [prepared query rules](/docs/agent/acl-rules#prepared-query-rules)
section of the agent ACL documentation for more details about how prepared
queries work with Consul's ACL system.
### Prepared Query Templates
Consul 0.6.4 and later support prepared query templates. These are created
similar to static queries, except with some additional fields and features.
Here is an example prepared query template:
```json
{
"Template": {
"Type": "name_prefix_match",
"Regexp": "^geo-db-(.*?)-([^\\-]+?)$",
"RemoveEmptyTags": false
}
}
```
The `Template` structure configures a prepared query as a template instead of a
static query. It has two fields:
- `Type` is the query type, which must be `name_prefix_match`. This means that
the template will apply to any query lookup with a name whose prefix matches
the `Name` field of the template. In this example, any query for `geo-db` will
match this query. Query templates are resolved using a longest prefix match,
so it's possible to have high-level templates that are overridden for specific
services. Static queries are always resolved first, so they can also override
templates.
- `Regexp` is an optional regular expression which is used to extract fields
from the entire name, once this template is selected. In this example, the
regular expression takes the first item after the "-" as the database name and
everything else after as a tag. See the
[RE2](https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax) reference for syntax of this
regular expression.
- `RemoveEmptyTags` is optional, and if set to true, will cause the `Tags` list
inside the `Service` structure to be stripped of any empty strings. This defaults
to false, meaning that empty strings will remain in the list. This is useful
when interpolating into tags in a way where the tag is optional, and where
searching for an empty tag would yield no results from the query.
All other fields of the query have the same meanings as for a static query,
except that several interpolation variables are available to dynamically
populate the query before it is executed. All of the string fields inside the
`Service` structure are interpolated, with the following variables available:
- `${name.full}` has the entire name that was queried. For example, a DNS lookup
for `geo-db-customer-primary.query.consul` in the example above would set this
variable to `geo-db-customer-primary`.
- `${name.prefix}` has the prefix that matched. This would always be `geo-db`
for the example above.
- `${name.suffix}` has the suffix after the prefix. For example, a DNS lookup
for `geo-db-customer-primary.query.consul` in the example above would set this
variable to `-customer-primary`.
- `${match(N)}` returns the regular expression match at the given index N. The 0
index will have the entire match, and >0 will have the results of each match
group. For example, a DNS lookup for `geo-db-customer-primary.query.consul` in
the example above with a `Regexp` field set to `^geo-db-(.*?)-([^\-]+?)$`
would return `geo-db-customer-primary` for `${match(0)}`, `customer` for
`${match(1)}`, and `primary` for `${match(2)}`. If the regular expression
doesn't match, or an invalid index is given, then `${match(N)}` will return an
empty string.
- `${agent.segment}` <EnterpriseAlert inline /> - the network segment of the agent that
initiated the query. This can be used with the `NodeMeta` field to limit the results
of a query to service instances within its own network segment:
```json
{
"Name": "",
"Template": {
"Type": "name_prefix_match"
},
"Service": {
"Service": "${name.full}",
"NodeMeta": { "consul-network-segment": "${agent.segment}" }
}
}
```
This will map all names of the form `<service>.query.consul` over DNS to a query
that will select an instance of the service in the agent's own network segment.
Using templates, it is possible to apply prepared query behaviors to many
services with a single template. Here's an example template that matches any
query and applies a failover policy to it:
```json
{
"Name": "",
"Template": {
"Type": "name_prefix_match"
},
"Service": {
"Service": "${name.full}",
"Failover": {
"NearestN": 3
}
}
}
```
This will match any lookup for `*.query.consul` and will attempt to find the
service locally, and otherwise attempt to find that service in the next three
closest datacenters. If ACLs are enabled, a catch-all template like this with
an empty `Name` requires an ACL token that can write to any query prefix. Also,
only a single catch-all template can be registered at any time.
## Create Prepared Query
This endpoint creates a new prepared query and returns its ID if it is created
successfully.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| ------ | -------- | ------------------ |
| `POST` | `/query` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | ------------- |
| `NO` | `none` | `none` | `query:write` |
### Parameters
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
- `Name` `(string: "")` - Specifies an optional friendly name that can be used
to execute a query instead of using its ID.
- `Session` `(string: "")` - Specifies the ID of an existing session. This
provides a way to automatically remove a prepared query when the given session
is invalidated. If not given the prepared query must be manually removed when
no longer needed.
- `Token` `(string: "")` - Specifies the ACL token to use each time the query is
executed. This allows queries to be executed by clients with lesser or even no
ACL Token, so this should be used with care. The token itself can only be seen
by clients with a management token. If the `Token` field is left blank or
omitted, the client's ACL Token will be used to determine if they have access
to the service being queried. If the client does not supply an ACL Token, the
anonymous token will be used.
- `Service` `(Service: <required>)` - Specifies the structure to define the query's behavior.
- `Service` `(string: <required>)` - Specifies the name of the service to
query.
- `Failover` contains two fields, both of which are optional, and determine
what happens if no healthy nodes are available in the local datacenter when
the query is executed. It allows the use of nodes in other datacenters with
very little configuration.
- `NearestN` `(int: 0)` - Specifies that the query will be forwarded to up
to `NearestN` other datacenters based on their estimated network round
trip time using [Network Coordinates](/docs/internals/coordinates)
from the WAN gossip pool. The median round trip time from the server
handling the query to the servers in the remote datacenter is used to
determine the priority.
- `Datacenters` `(array<string>: nil)` - Specifies a fixed list of remote
datacenters to forward the query to if there are no healthy nodes in the
local datacenter. Datacenters are queried in the order given in the
list. If this option is combined with `NearestN`, then the `NearestN`
queries will be performed first, followed by the list given by
`Datacenters`. A given datacenter will only be queried one time during a
failover, even if it is selected by both `NearestN` and is listed in
`Datacenters`.
- `IgnoreCheckIDs` `(array<string>: nil)` - Specifies a list of check IDs that
should be ignored when filtering unhealthy instances. This is mostly useful
in an emergency or as a temporary measure when a health check is found to be
unreliable. Being able to ignore it in centrally-defined queries can be
simpler than deregistering the check as an interim solution until the check
can be fixed.
- `OnlyPassing` `(bool: false)` - Specifies the behavior of the query's health
check filtering. If this is set to false, the results will include nodes
with checks in the passing as well as the warning states. If this is set to
true, only nodes with checks in the passing state will be returned.
- `Near` `(string: "")` - Specifies a node to sort near based on distance
sorting using [Network Coordinates](/docs/internals/coordinates). The
nearest instance to the specified node will be returned first, and subsequent
nodes in the response will be sorted in ascending order of estimated
round-trip times. If the node given does not exist, the nodes in the response
will be shuffled. If unspecified, the response will be shuffled by default.
- `_agent` - Returns results nearest the agent servicing the request.
- `_ip` - Returns results nearest to the node associated with the source IP
where the query was executed from. For HTTP the source IP is the remote
peer's IP address or the value of the X-Forwarded-For header with the
header taking precedence. For DNS the source IP is the remote peer's IP
address or the value of the EDNS client IP with the EDNS client IP
taking precedence.
* `Tags` `(array<string>: nil)` - Specifies a list of service tags to filter
the query results. For a service to pass the tag filter it must have _all_
of the required tags, and _none_ of the excluded tags (prefixed with `!`).
* `NodeMeta` `(map<string|string>: nil)` - Specifies a list of user-defined
key/value pairs that will be used for filtering the query results to nodes
with the given metadata values present.
* `ServiceMeta` `(map<string|string>: nil)` - Specifies a list of user-defined
key/value pairs that will be used for filtering the query results to services
with the given metadata values present.
* `Connect` `(bool: false)` - If true, only [Connect-capable](/docs/connect) services
for the specified service name will be returned. This includes both
natively integrated services and proxies. For proxies, the proxy name
may not match `Service`, because the proxy destination will. Any
constrains beyond the service name such as `Near`, `Tags`, and `NodeMeta`
are applied to Connect-capable service.
* `DNS` `(DNS: nil)` - Specifies DNS configuration
- `TTL` `(string: "")` - Specifies the TTL duration when query results are
served over DNS. If this is specified, it will take precedence over any
Consul agent-specific configuration.
### Sample Payload
```json
{
"Name": "my-query",
"Session": "adf4238a-882b-9ddc-4a9d-5b6758e4159e",
"Token": "",
"Service": {
"Service": "redis",
"Failover": {
"NearestN": 3,
"Datacenters": ["dc1", "dc2"]
},
"Near": "node1",
"OnlyPassing": false,
"Tags": ["primary", "!experimental"],
"NodeMeta": { "instance_type": "m3.large" },
"ServiceMeta": { "environment": "production" }
},
"DNS": {
"TTL": "10s"
}
}
```
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
--request POST \
--data @payload.json \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query
```
### Sample Response
```json
{
"ID": "8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05"
}
```
## List Prepared Queries
This endpoint returns a list of all prepared queries.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| ------ | -------- | ------------------ |
| `GET` | `/query` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| `NO` | `none` | `none` | `query:read` |
### Parameters
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query
```
### Sample Response
```json
[
{
"ID": "8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05",
"Name": "my-query",
"Session": "adf4238a-882b-9ddc-4a9d-5b6758e4159e",
"Token": "<hidden>",
"Service": {
"Service": "redis",
"Failover": {
"NearestN": 3,
"Datacenters": ["dc1", "dc2"]
},
"OnlyPassing": false,
"Tags": ["primary", "!experimental"],
"NodeMeta": { "instance_type": "m3.large" },
"ServiceMeta": { "environment": "production" }
},
"DNS": {
"TTL": "10s"
},
"RaftIndex": {
"CreateIndex": 23,
"ModifyIndex": 42
}
}
]
```
### Update Prepared Query
This endpoint updates an existing prepared query. If no query exists by the
given ID, an error is returned.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| ------ | -------------- | ------------------ |
| `PUT` | `/query/:uuid` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | ------------- |
| `NO` | `none` | `none` | `query:write` |
### Parameters
- `uuid` `(string: <required>)` - Specifies the UUID of the query to update.
This is required and is specified as part of the URL path.
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
The body is the same as is used to create a prepared query. Please see above for
more information.
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
--request PUT \
--data @payload.json \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query/8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05
```
## Read Prepared Query
This endpoint reads an existing prepared query. If no query exists by the
given ID, an error is returned.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| ------ | -------------- | ------------------ |
| `GET` | `/query/:uuid` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| `NO` | `none` | `none` | `query:read` |
### Parameters
- `uuid` `(string: <required>)` - Specifies the UUID of the query to read.
This is required and is specified as part of the URL path.
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query/8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05
```
### Sample Response
The returned response is the same as the list of prepared queries above, only
with a single item present.
## Delete Prepared Query
This endpoint deletes an existing prepared query. If no query exists by the
given ID, an error is returned.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| -------- | -------------- | ------------------ |
| `DELETE` | `/query/:uuid` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | ------------- |
| `NO` | `none` | `none` | `query:write` |
### Parameters
- `uuid` `(string: <required>)` - Specifies the UUID of the query to delete.
This is required and is specified as part of the URL path.
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
--request DELETE \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query/8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05
```
## Execute Prepared Query
This endpoint executes an existing prepared query. If no query exists by the
given ID, an error is returned.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| ------ | ---------------------- | ------------------ |
| `GET` | `/query/:uuid/execute` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | --------------------- |
| `NO` | `none` | `simple` | `depends`<sup>1</sup> |
<sup>1</sup> If an ACL Token was bound to the query when it was defined then it will
be used when executing the request. Otherwise, the client's supplied ACL Token will
be used.
### Parameters
- `uuid` `(string: <required>)` - Specifies the UUID of the query to execute.
This is required and is specified as part of the URL path. This can also be
the name of an existing prepared query, or a name that matches a prefix name
for a prepared query template.
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
- `near` `(string: "")` - Specifies to sort the resulting list in ascending
order based on the estimated round trip time from that node. Passing
`?near=_agent` will use the agent's node for the sort. Passing `?near=_ip`
will use the source IP of the request or the value of the X-Forwarded-For
header to lookup the node to use for the sort. If this is not present,
the default behavior will shuffle the nodes randomly each time the query is
executed.
- `limit` `(int: 0)` - Limit the size of the list to the given number of nodes.
This is applied after any sorting or shuffling.
- `connect` `(bool: false)` - If true, limit results to nodes that are
Connect-capable only. This can also be specified directly on the template
itself to force all executions of a query to be Connect-only. See the
template documentation for more information.
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query/8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05/execute?near=_agent
```
### Sample Response
```json
{
"Service": "redis",
"Nodes": [
{
"Node": {
"ID": "40e4a748-2192-161a-0510-9bf59fe950b5",
"Node": "foobar",
"Address": "10.1.10.12",
"Datacenter": "dc1",
"TaggedAddresses": {
"lan": "10.1.10.12",
"wan": "10.1.10.12"
},
"NodeMeta": { "instance_type": "m3.large" }
},
"Service": {
"ID": "redis",
"Service": "redis",
"Tags": null,
"Meta": { "redis_version": "4.0" },
"Port": 8000
},
"Checks": [
{
"Node": "foobar",
"CheckID": "service:redis",
"Name": "Service 'redis' check",
"Status": "passing",
"Notes": "",
"Output": "",
"ServiceID": "redis",
"ServiceName": "redis"
},
{
"Node": "foobar",
"CheckID": "serfHealth",
"Name": "Serf Health Status",
"Status": "passing",
"Notes": "",
"Output": "",
"ServiceID": "",
"ServiceName": ""
}
],
"DNS": {
"TTL": "10s"
},
"Datacenter": "dc3",
"Failovers": 2
}
]
}
```
- `Nodes` contains the list of healthy nodes providing the given service, as
specified by the constraints of the prepared query.
- `Service` has the service name that the query was selecting. This is useful
for context in case an empty list of nodes is returned.
- `DNS` has information used when serving the results over DNS. This is just a
copy of the structure given when the prepared query was created.
- `Datacenter` has the datacenter that ultimately provided the list of nodes and
`Failovers` has the number of remote datacenters that were queried while
executing the query. This provides some insight into where the data came from.
This will be zero during non-failover operations where there were healthy
nodes found in the local datacenter.
## Explain Prepared Query
This endpoint generates a fully-rendered query for a given name, post
interpolation.
| Method | Path | Produces |
| ------ | ---------------------- | ------------------ |
| `GET` | `/query/:uuid/explain` | `application/json` |
The table below shows this endpoint's support for
[blocking queries](/api/features/blocking),
[consistency modes](/api/features/consistency),
[agent caching](/api/features/caching), and
[required ACLs](/api#authentication).
| Blocking Queries | Consistency Modes | Agent Caching | ACL Required |
| ---------------- | ----------------- | ------------- | ------------ |
| `NO` | `none` | `none` | `query:read` |
### Parameters
- `uuid` `(string: <required>)` - Specifies the UUID of the query to explain.
This is required and is specified as part of the URL path. This can also be
the name of an existing prepared query, or a name that matches a prefix name
for a prepared query template.
- `dc` `(string: "")` - Specifies the datacenter to query. This will default to
the datacenter of the agent being queried. This is specified as part of the
URL as a query parameter.
### Sample Request
```shell-session
$ curl \
http://127.0.0.1:8500/v1/query/8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05/explain
```
### Sample Response
```json
{
"Query": {
"ID": "8f246b77-f3e1-ff88-5b48-8ec93abf3e05",
"Name": "my-query",
"Session": "adf4238a-882b-9ddc-4a9d-5b6758e4159e",
"Token": "<hidden>",
"Name": "geo-db",
"Template": {
"Type": "name_prefix_match",
"Regexp": "^geo-db-(.*?)-([^\\-]+?)$"
},
"Service": {
"Service": "mysql-customer",
"Failover": {
"NearestN": 3,
"Datacenters": ["dc1", "dc2"]
},
"OnlyPassing": true,
"Tags": ["primary"],
"Meta": { "mysql_version": "5.7.20" },
"NodeMeta": { "instance_type": "m3.large" }
}
}
}
```