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---
layout: docs
page_title: Connect - Envoy Integration
sidebar_title: Envoy
description: Consul Connect has first-class support for configuring Envoy proxy.
---
# Envoy Integration
Consul Connect has first class support for using
[Envoy](https://www.envoyproxy.io) as a proxy. Consul configures Envoy by
optionally exposing a gRPC service on the local agent that serves [Envoy's xDS
configuration
API](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/latest/api-docs/xds_protocol).
Consul can configure Envoy sidecars to proxy http/1.1, http2, or gRPC traffic at
L7 or any other tcp-based protocol at L4. Prior to Consul 1.5.0 Envoy proxies
could only proxy tcp at L4.
Configuration of some [L7 features](/docs/connect/l7-traffic-management)
is possible via [configuration entries](/docs/agent/config-entries). If
you wish to use an Envoy feature not currently exposed through these config
entries as an interim solution, you can add [custom Envoy
configuration](#advanced-configuration) in the [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) allowing you
to use the more powerful features of Envoy.
~> **Note:** When using Envoy with Consul and not using the [`consul connect envoy` command](/commands/connect/envoy)
Envoy must be run with the `--max-obj-name-len` option set to `256` or greater for Envoy versions prior to 1.11.0.
## Supported Versions
Consul's Envoy support was added in version 1.3.0. The following table shows
compatible Envoy versions.
| Consul Version | Compatible Envoy Versions |
| ------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| 1.9.x | 1.16.0, 1.15.2, 1.14.5‡, 1.13.6‡ |
| 1.8.x | 1.14.5, 1.13.6, 1.12.7, 1.11.2 |
| 1.7.x | 1.13.6, 1.12.7, 1.11.2, 1.10.0\* |
| 1.6.x, 1.5.3, 1.5.2 | 1.11.1, 1.10.0, 1.9.1, 1.8.0† |
| 1.5.1, 1.5.0 | 1.9.1, 1.8.0† |
| 1.4.x, 1.3.x | 1.9.1, 1.8.0†, 1.7.0† |
~> ‡ To ensure that intention enforcement is updated as quickly as possible
after any changes, it is advised to run Consul 1.9.0 with Envoy 1.15.0+ due to a
[listener update improvement](https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy/pull/10662).<br/><br/>
† Envoy versions lower than 1.9.1 are vulnerable to
[CVE-2019-9900](https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy/issues/6434) and
[CVE-2019-9901](https://github.com/envoyproxy/envoy/issues/6435). Both are
related to HTTP request parsing and so only affect Consul Connect users if they
have configured HTTP routing rules. Still, we recommend that you use the most
recent supported Envoy for your Consul version where possible.<br/><br/>
\* Envoy 1.10.0 requires setting
[`-envoy-version`](/commands/connect/envoy#envoy-version) in the `consul
connect envoy` command. This was introduced in Consul 1.7.0.
## Getting Started
To get started with Envoy and see a working example you can follow the [Using
Envoy with Connect](https://learn.hashicorp.com/tutorials/consul/service-mesh-with-envoy-proxy) tutorial.
## Configuration
Envoy proxies require two types of configuration: an initial _bootstrap
configuration_ and dynamic configuration that is discovered from a "management
server", in this case Consul.
The bootstrap configuration at a minimum needs to configure the proxy with an
identity (node id) and the location of its local Consul agent from which it
discovers all of its dynamic configuration. See [Bootstrap
Configuration](#bootstrap-configuration) for more details.
The dynamic configuration Consul Connect provides to each Envoy instance includes:
- TLS certificates and keys to enable mutual authentication and keep certificates
rotating.
- [Intentions] to enforce service-to-service authorization rules.
- Service-discovery results for upstreams to enable each sidecar proxy to load-balance
outgoing connections.
- L7 configuration including timeouts and protocol-specific options.
- Configuration to [expose specific HTTP paths](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration#expose-paths-configuration-reference).
For more information on the parts of the Envoy proxy runtime configuration
that are currently controllable via Consul Connect see [Dynamic
Configuration](#dynamic-configuration).
We plan to enable more and more of Envoy's features through
Connect's first-class configuration over time, however some advanced users will
need additional control to configure Envoy in specific ways. To enable this, we
provide several ["escape hatch"](#advanced-configuration) options that allow
users to provide low-level raw Envoy config syntax for some sub-components in each
Envoy instance. This allows operators to have full control over and
responsibility for correctly configuring Envoy and ensuring version support etc.
## Intention Enforcement
[Intentions] are enforced using Envoy's RBAC filters. Depending upon the
configured [protocol] of the proxied service these are either enforced
per-connection (L4) using a network filter or per-request (L7) using an HTTP
filter.
-> **Note:** Prior to Consul 1.9.0 intentions were exclusively enforced
per-connection (L4) using an `ext_authz` network filter.
## Bootstrap Configuration
Envoy requires an initial bootstrap configuration file. The easiest way to
create this is using the [`consul connect envoy`
command](/commands/connect/envoy). The command can either output the
bootstrap configuration directly to stdout or can generate it and then `exec`
the Envoy binary as a convenience wrapper.
Because some Envoy configuration options like metrics and tracing sinks can only be
specified via the bootstrap configuration, Connect as of Consul 1.5.0 adds
the ability to control some parts of the bootstrap config via proxy
configuration options.
Users can add the following configuration items to the [global `proxy-defaults`
configuration entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults) or override them directly in the `proxy.config` field
of a [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) or
[`sidecar_service`](/docs/connect/registration/sidecar-service) block.
- `envoy_statsd_url` - A URL in the form `udp://ip:port` identifying a UDP
StatsD listener that Envoy should deliver metrics to. For example, this may be
`udp://127.0.0.1:8125` if every host has a local StatsD listener. In this case
users can configure this property once in the [global `proxy-defaults`
configuration entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults) for convenience. Currently, TCP is not supported.
~> **Note:** currently the url **must use an ip address** not a dns name due
to the way Envoy is setup for StatsD.
Users can also specify the whole parameter in the form `$ENV_VAR_NAME`, which
will cause the `consul connect envoy` command to resolve the actual URL from
the named environment variable when it runs. This, for example, allows each
pod in a Kubernetes cluster to learn of a pod-specific IP address for StatsD
when the Envoy instance is bootstrapped while still allowing global
configuration of all proxies to use StatsD in the [global `proxy-defaults`
configuration entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults). The env variable must contain a full valid URL
value as specified above and nothing else. It is not currently possible to use
environment variables as only part of the URL.
- `envoy_dogstatsd_url` - The same as `envoy_statsd_url` with the following
differences in behavior:
- Envoy will use dogstatsd tags instead of statsd dot-separated metric names.
- As well as `udp://`, a `unix://` URL may be specified if your agent can
listen on a unix socket (e.g. the dogstatsd agent).
- `envoy_prometheus_bind_addr` - Specifies that the proxy should expose a Prometheus
metrics endpoint to the _public_ network. It must be supplied in the form
`ip:port` and port and the ip/port combination must be free within the network
namespace the proxy runs. Typically the IP would be `0.0.0.0` to bind to all
available interfaces or a pod IP address.
-> **Note:** Envoy versions prior to 1.10 do not export timing histograms
using the internal Prometheus endpoint.
- `envoy_stats_bind_addr` - Specifies that the proxy should expose the /stats prefix
to the _public_ network. It must be supplied in the form `ip:port` and
the ip/port combination must be free within the network namespace the proxy runs.
Typically the IP would be `0.0.0.0` to bind to all available interfaces or a pod IP address.
- `envoy_stats_tags` - Specifies one or more static tags that will be added to
all metrics produced by the proxy.
- `envoy_stats_flush_interval` - Configures Envoy's
[`stats_flush_interval`](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/config/bootstrap/v2/bootstrap.proto#envoy-api-field-config-bootstrap-v2-bootstrap-stats-flush-interval).
There are more possibilities available in the [Advanced
Configuration](#advanced-configuration) section that allow incremental or
complete control over the bootstrap configuration generated.
## Dynamic Configuration
Consul automatically generates Envoy's dynamic configuration based on its
knowledge of the cluster. Users may specify default configuration options for
each service such as which protocol they speak. Consul will use this information
to configure appropriate proxy settings for that service's proxies and also for
the upstream listeners of any downstream service.
One example is how users can define a service's protocol in a [`service-defaults` configuration
entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-defaults). Agents with
[`enable_central_service_config`](/docs/agent/options#enable_central_service_config)
set to true will automatically discover the protocol when configuring a proxy
for a service. The proxy will discover the main protocol of the service it
represents and use this to configure its main public listener. It will also
discover the protocols defined for any of its upstream services and
automatically configure its upstream listeners appropriately too as below.
This automated discovery results in Consul auto-populating the `proxy.config`
and `proxy.upstreams[*].config` fields of the [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) that is
actually registered.
To learn about other options that can be configured centrally see the
[Configuration Entries](/docs/agent/config-entries) docs.
### Proxy Config Options
These fields may also be overridden explicitly in the [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration), or defined in
the [global `proxy-defaults` configuration
entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults) to act as
defaults that are inherited by all services.
- `protocol` - The protocol the service speaks. Connect's Envoy integration
currently supports the following `protocol` values:
- `tcp` - Unless otherwise specified this is the default, which causes Envoy
to proxy at L4. This provides all the security benefits of Connect's mTLS
and works for any TCP-based protocol. Load-balancing and metrics are
available at the connection level.
- `http` - This specifies that the service speaks HTTP/1.x. Envoy will setup an
`http_connection_manager` and will be able to load-balance requests
individually to available upstream services. Envoy will also emit L7 metrics
such as request rates broken down by HTTP response code family (2xx, 4xx, 5xx,
etc).
- `http2` - This specifies that the service speaks http2 (specifically h2c since
Envoy will still only connect to the local service instance via plain TCP not
TLS). This behaves much like `http` with L7 load-balancing and metrics but has
additional settings that correctly enable end-to-end http2.
- `grpc` - gRPC is a common RPC protocol based on http2. In addition to the
http2 support above, Envoy listeners will be configured with a
[gRPC bridge
filter](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/configuration/http_filters/grpc_http1_bridge_filter#config-http-filters-grpc-bridge)
that translates HTTP/1.1 calls into gRPC, and instruments
metrics with `gRPC-status` trailer codes.
~> **Note:** The protocol of a service should ideally be configured via the
[`protocol`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-defaults#protocol)
field of a
[`service-defaults`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-defaults)
config entry for the service. Configuring it in a
proxy config will not fully enable some [L7
features](/docs/connect/l7-traffic-management).
It is supported here for backwards compatibility with Consul versions prior to 1.6.0.
- `bind_address` - Override the address Envoy's public listener binds to. By
default Envoy will bind to the service address or 0.0.0.0 if there is not explicit address on the service registration.
- `bind_port` - Override the port Envoy's public listener binds to. By default
Envoy will bind to the service port.
- `local_connect_timeout_ms` - The number of milliseconds allowed to make
connections to the local application instance before timing out. Defaults to 5000
(5 seconds).
### Proxy Upstream Config Options
The following configuration items may be overridden directly in the
`proxy.upstreams[].config` field of a [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) or
[`sidecar_service`](/docs/connect/registration/sidecar-service) block.
- `protocol` - Same as above in main config but affects the listener setup for
the upstream.
~> **Note:** The protocol of a service should ideally be configured via the
[`protocol`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-defaults#protocol)
field of a
[`service-defaults`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-defaults)
config entry for the upstream destination service. Configuring it in a
proxy upstream config will not fully enable some [L7
features](/docs/connect/l7-traffic-management).
It is supported here for backwards compatibility with Consul versions prior to 1.6.0.
- `connect_timeout_ms` - The number of milliseconds to allow when making upstream
connections before timing out. Defaults to 5000
(5 seconds).
~> **Note:** The connection timeout for a service should ideally be
configured via the
[`connect_timeout`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-resolver#connecttimeout)
field of a
[`service-resolver`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-resolver)
config entry for the upstream destination service. Configuring it in a
proxy upstream config will override any values defined in config entries.
It is supported here for backwards compatibility with Consul versions prior to 1.6.0.
- `limits` - A set of limits to apply when connecting to the upstream service.
These limits are applied on a per-service-instance basis. The following
limits are respected:
- `max_connections` - The maximum number of connections a service instance
will be allowed to establish against the given upstream. Use this to limit
HTTP/1.1 traffic, since HTTP/1.1 has a request per connection.
- `max_pending_requests` - The maximum number of requests that will be queued
while waiting for a connection to be established. For this configuration to
be respected, a L7 protocol must be defined in the `protocol` field.
- `max_concurrent_requests` - The maximum number of concurrent requests that
will be allowed at a single point in time. Use this to limit HTTP/2 traffic,
since HTTP/2 has many requests per connection. For this configuration to be
respected, a L7 protocol must be defined in the `protocol` field.
- `passive_health_check` - Passive health checks are used to remove hosts from
the upstream cluster which are unreachable or are returning errors.
- `interval` - The time between checks. Each check will cause hosts which
have exceeded `max_failures` to be removed from the load balancer, and
any hosts which have passed their ejection time to be returned to the
load balancer.
- `max_failures` - The number of consecutive failures which cause a host to be
removed from the load balancer.
### Gateway Options
These fields may also be overridden explicitly in the [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration), or defined in
the [global `proxy-defaults` configuration
entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults) to act as
defaults that are inherited by all services.
Prior to 1.8.0 these settings were specific to Mesh Gateways. The deprecated
names such as `envoy_mesh_gateway_bind_addresses` and `envoy_mesh_gateway_no_default_bind`
will continue to be supported.
- `connect_timeout_ms` - The number of milliseconds to allow when making upstream
connections before timing out. Defaults to 5000 (5 seconds). If the upstream
service has the configuration option
[`connect_timeout_ms`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-resolver#connecttimeout)
set for the `service-resolver`, that timeout value will take precedence over
this gateway option.
- `envoy_gateway_bind_tagged_addresses` - Indicates that the gateway
services tagged addresses should be bound to listeners in addition to the
default listener address.
- `envoy_gateway_bind_addresses` - A map of additional addresses to be bound.
This map's keys are the name of the listeners to be created and the values are
a map with two keys, address and port, that combined make the address to bind the
listener to. These are bound in addition to the default address.
- `envoy_gateway_no_default_bind` - Prevents binding to the default address
of the gateway service. This should be used with one of the other options
to configure the gateway's bind addresses.
- `envoy_dns_discovery_type` - Determines how Envoy will resolve hostnames. Defaults to `LOGICAL_DNS`.
Must be one of `STRICT_DNS` or `LOGICAL_DNS`. Details for each type are available in
the [Envoy documentation](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.14.1/intro/arch_overview/upstream/service_discovery).
This option applies to terminating gateways that route to services
addressed by a hostname, such as a managed databased. It also applies to mesh gateways,
such as when gateways in other Consul datacenters are behind a load balancer that is addressed by a hostname.
## Advanced Configuration
To support more flexibility when configuring Envoy, several "lower-level" options exist
that require knowledge of Envoy's configuration format.
Many options allow configuring a subsection of either the bootstrap or
dynamic configuration using your own custom protobuf config.
We separate these into two sets, [Advanced Bootstrap
Options](#advanced-bootstrap-options) and [Escape Hatch
Overrides](#escape-hatch-overrides). Both require writing Envoy config in the
protobuf JSON encoding. Advanced options cover smaller chunks that might
commonly need to be set for tasks like configuring tracing. In contrast, escape hatches
give almost complete control over the proxy setup, but require operators to
manually code the entire configuration in protobuf JSON.
~> **Advanced Topic!** This section covers options that allow users to take almost
complete control of Envoy's configuration. We provide these options so users can
experiment or take advantage of features not yet fully supported in Consul Connect. We
plan to retain this ability in the future, but it should still be considered
experimental because it requires in-depth knowledge of Envoy's configuration format.
Users should consider Envoy version compatibility when using these features because they can configure Envoy in ways that
are outside of Consul's control. Incorrect configuration could prevent all
proxies in your mesh from functioning correctly, or bypass the security
guarantees Connect is designed to enforce.
### Configuration Formatting
All configurations are specified as strings containing the serialized proto3 JSON encoding
of the specified Envoy configuration type. They are full JSON types except where
noted.
The JSON supplied may describe a protobuf `types.Any` message with an `@type`
field set to the appropriate type (for example
`type.googleapis.com/envoy.api.v2.Listener`), or it may be the direct encoding
with no `@type` field.
For example, given a tracing config:
```json
"tracing": {
"http": {
"name": "envoy.zipkin",
"config": {
"collector_cluster": "zipkin",
"collector_endpoint": "/api/v1/spans",
"shared_span_context": false
}
}
}
```
JSON escape the value of `tracing` into a string, for example using [https://codebeautify.org/json-escape-unescape](https://codebeautify.org/json-escape-unescape),
and then use that as the value for `envoy_tracing_json`:
```json
{
"kind": "proxy-defaults",
"name": "global",
"config": {
"envoy_tracing_json": "{\"http\":{\"name\":\"envoy.zipkin\",\"config\":{\"collector_cluster\":\"zipkin\",\"collector_endpoint\":\"/api/v1/spans\",\"shared_span_context\":false}}}"
}
}
```
If using HCL, this escaping is done automatically:
```hcl
Kind = "proxy-defaults"
Name = "global"
Config {
envoy_tracing_json = <<EOF
{
"http": {
"name": "envoy.zipkin",
"config": {
"collector_cluster": "zipkin",
"collector_endpoint": "/api/v1/spans",
"shared_span_context": false
}
}
}
EOF
}
```
### Advanced Bootstrap Options
Users may add the following configuration items to the [global `proxy-defaults`
configuration
entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults) or
override them directly in the `proxy.config` field of a [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) or
[`sidecar_service`](/docs/connect/registration/sidecar-service) block.
- `envoy_extra_static_clusters_json` - Specifies one or more [Envoy
clusters](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/api/v2/cds.proto#cluster)
that will be appended to the array of [static
clusters](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/config/bootstrap/v2/bootstrap.proto#envoy-api-field-config-bootstrap-v2-bootstrap-staticresources-clusters)
in the bootstrap config. This allows adding custom clusters for tracing sinks
for example. For a single cluster just encode a single object, for multiple,
they should be comma separated with no trailing comma suitable for
interpolating directly into a JSON array inside the braces.
- `envoy_extra_static_listeners_json` - Similar to
`envoy_extra_static_clusters_json` but appends [static
listener](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/config/bootstrap/v2/bootstrap.proto#envoy-api-field-config-bootstrap-v2-bootstrap-staticresources-listeners) definitions.
Can be used to setup limited access that bypasses Connect mTLS or
authorization for health checks or metrics.
- `envoy_extra_stats_sinks_json` - Similar to `envoy_extra_static_clusters_json`
but for [stats sinks](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/config/bootstrap/v2/bootstrap.proto#envoy-api-field-config-bootstrap-v2-bootstrap-stats-sinks). These are appended to any sinks defined by use of the
higher-level [`envoy_statsd_url`](#envoy_statsd_url) or
[`envoy_dogstatsd_url`](#envoy_dogstatsd_url) config options.
- `envoy_stats_config_json` - The entire [stats
config](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/config/bootstrap/v2/bootstrap.proto#envoy-api-field-config-bootstrap-v2-bootstrap-stats-config).
If provided this will override the higher-level
[`envoy_stats_tags`](#envoy_stats_tags). It allows full control over dynamic
tag replacements etc.
- `envoy_tracing_json` - The entire [tracing
config](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/config/bootstrap/v2/bootstrap.proto#envoy-api-field-config-bootstrap-v2-bootstrap-tracing).
Most tracing providers will also require adding static clusters to define the
endpoints to send tracing data to.
### Escape-Hatch Overrides
Users may add the following configuration items to the [global `proxy-defaults`
configuration
entry](/docs/agent/config-entries/proxy-defaults) or
override them directly in the `proxy.config` field of a [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) or
[`sidecar_service`](/docs/connect/registration/sidecar-service) block.
- `envoy_bootstrap_json_tpl` - Specifies a template in Go template syntax that
is used in place of [the default
template](https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/b64bda880843afaaf44591c3200f921626716849/command/connect/envoy/bootstrap_tpl.go#L87)
when generating bootstrap via [`consul connect envoy`
command](/commands/connect/envoy). The variables that are available
to be interpolated are [documented
here](https://github.com/hashicorp/consul/blob/b64bda880843afaaf44591c3200f921626716849/command/connect/envoy/bootstrap_tpl.go#L5).
This offers complete control of the proxy's bootstrap although major
deviations from the default template may break Consul's ability to correctly
manage the proxy or enforce its security model.
- `envoy_public_listener_json` - Specifies a complete
[Listener](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/api/v2/lds.proto)
to be delivered in place of the main public listener that the proxy used to
accept inbound connections. This will be used verbatim with the following
exceptions:
- Every `FilterChain` added to the listener will have its `TlsContext`
overridden by the Connect TLS certificates and validation context. This
means there is no way to override Connect's mutual TLS for the public
listener.
- Every `FilterChain` will have the `envoy.ext_authz` filter prepended to the
filters array to ensure that all inbound connections are authorized by
Connect.
- `envoy_local_cluster_json` - Specifies a complete [Envoy
cluster](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/api/v2/cds.proto#cluster)
to be delivered in place of the local application cluster. This allows
customization of timeouts, rate limits, load balancing strategy etc.
The following configuration items may be overridden directly in the
`proxy.upstreams[].config` field of a [proxy service
definition](/docs/connect/registration/service-registration) or
[`sidecar_service`](/docs/connect/registration/sidecar-service) block.
~> **Note:** - When a
[`service-router`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-router),
[`service-splitter`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-splitter), or
[`service-resolver`](/docs/agent/config-entries/service-resolver) config
entry exists for a service the below escape hatches are ignored and will log a
warning.
- `envoy_listener_json` - Specifies a complete
[Listener](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/api/v2/lds.proto)
to be delivered in place of the upstream listener that the proxy exposes to
the application for outbound connections. This will be used verbatim with the
following exceptions:
- Every `FilterChain` added to the listener will have its `TlsContext`
overridden by the Connect TLS certificates and validation context. This
means there is no way to override Connect's mutual TLS for the public
listener.
- `envoy_cluster_json` - Specifies a complete [Envoy
cluster](https://www.envoyproxy.io/docs/envoy/v1.10.0/api-v2/api/v2/cds.proto#cluster)
to be delivered in place of the discovered upstream cluster. This allows
customization of timeouts, circuit breaking, rate limits, load balancing
strategy etc.
[protocol]: /docs/agent/config-entries/service-defaults#protocol
[intentions]: /docs/connect/intentions
[Intentions]: /docs/connect/intentions
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