Use debian:12 instead of centos:7 for artifact verification (#21527)

CentOS 7 has entered End of Life as of June 30, 2024. Debian 12 is available from Docker and offers linux/386 architecture support

.github/scripts/verify_artifact.sh

@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ function verify_rpm {
   case "${artifact_path}" in
     *.i386.rpm)
       docker_platform="linux/386"
-      docker_image="i386/centos:7"
+      docker_image="debian:12"
       ;;
     *.x86_64.rpm)
       docker_platform="linux/amd64"
-      docker_image="amd64/centos:7"
+      docker_image="debian:12"
       ;;
     *.armv7hl.rpm)
       docker_platform="linux/arm/v7"