mirror of https://github.com/hashicorp/consul
69 lines
4.2 KiB
Plaintext
69 lines
4.2 KiB
Plaintext
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---
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layout: docs
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page_title: 'Consul vs. ZooKeeper, doozerd, etcd'
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description: >-
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ZooKeeper, doozerd, and etcd are all similar in their architecture. All three
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have server nodes that require a quorum of nodes to operate (usually a simple
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majority). They are strongly-consistent and expose various primitives that can
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be used through client libraries within applications to build complex
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distributed systems.
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---
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# Consul vs. ZooKeeper, doozerd, etcd
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ZooKeeper, doozerd, and etcd are all similar in their architecture. All three have
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server nodes that require a quorum of nodes to operate (usually a simple majority).
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They are strongly-consistent and expose various primitives that can be used through
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client libraries within applications to build complex distributed systems.
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Consul also uses server nodes within a single datacenter. In each datacenter, Consul
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servers require a quorum to operate and provide strong consistency. However, Consul
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has native support for multiple datacenters as well as a more feature-rich gossip
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system that links server nodes and clients.
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All of these systems have roughly the same semantics when providing key/value storage:
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reads are strongly consistent and availability is sacrificed for consistency in the
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face of a network partition. However, the differences become more apparent when these
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systems are used for advanced cases.
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The semantics provided by these systems are attractive for building service discovery
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systems, but it's important to stress that these features must be built. ZooKeeper et
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al. provide only a primitive K/V store and require that application developers build
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their own system to provide service discovery. Consul, by contrast, provides an
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opinionated framework for service discovery and eliminates the guess-work and
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development effort. Clients simply register services and then perform discovery using
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a DNS or HTTP interface. Other systems require a home-rolled solution.
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A compelling service discovery framework must incorporate health checking and the
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possibility of failures as well. It is not useful to know that Node A provides the Foo
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service if that node has failed or the service crashed. Naive systems make use of
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heartbeating, using periodic updates and TTLs. These schemes require work linear
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to the number of nodes and place the demand on a fixed number of servers. Additionally,
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the failure detection window is at least as long as the TTL.
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ZooKeeper provides ephemeral nodes which are K/V entries that are removed when a client
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disconnects. These are more sophisticated than a heartbeat system but still have
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inherent scalability issues and add client-side complexity. All clients must maintain
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active connections to the ZooKeeper servers and perform keep-alives. Additionally, this
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requires "thick clients" which are difficult to write and often result in debugging
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challenges.
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Consul uses a very different architecture for health checking. Instead of only having
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server nodes, Consul clients run on every node in the cluster. These clients are part
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of a [gossip pool](/docs/internals/gossip) which serves several functions,
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including distributed health checking. The gossip protocol implements an efficient
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failure detector that can scale to clusters of any size without concentrating the work
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on any select group of servers. The clients also enable a much richer set of health
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checks to be run locally, whereas ZooKeeper ephemeral nodes are a very primitive check
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of liveness. With Consul, clients can check that a web server is returning 200 status
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codes, that memory utilization is not critical, that there is sufficient disk space,
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etc. The Consul clients expose a simple HTTP interface and avoid exposing the complexity
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of the system to clients in the same way as ZooKeeper.
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Consul provides first-class support for service discovery, health checking,
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K/V storage, and multiple datacenters. To support anything more than simple K/V storage,
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all these other systems require additional tools and libraries to be built on
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top. By using client nodes, Consul provides a simple API that only requires thin clients.
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Additionally, the API can be avoided entirely by using configuration files and the
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DNS interface to have a complete service discovery solution with no development at all.
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