consul/agent/xds/clusters.go

package xds

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"time"

	envoy "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/api/v2"
	envoyauth "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/api/v2/auth"
	envoycluster "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/api/v2/cluster"
	envoycore "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/api/v2/core"
	envoyendpoint "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/api/v2/endpoint"
	envoytype "github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy/type"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/jsonpb"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/any"
	"github.com/golang/protobuf/ptypes/wrappers"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/agent/connect"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/agent/proxycfg"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/agent/structs"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/logging"
)

// clustersFromSnapshot returns the xDS API representation of the "clusters" in the snapshot.
func (s *Server) clustersFromSnapshot(_ connectionInfo, cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot) ([]proto.Message, error) {
	if cfgSnap == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("nil config given")
	}

	switch cfgSnap.Kind {
	case structs.ServiceKindConnectProxy:
		return s.clustersFromSnapshotConnectProxy(cfgSnap)
	case structs.ServiceKindTerminatingGateway:
		return s.makeGatewayServiceClusters(cfgSnap)
	case structs.ServiceKindMeshGateway:
		return s.clustersFromSnapshotMeshGateway(cfgSnap)
	case structs.ServiceKindIngressGateway:
		return s.clustersFromSnapshotIngressGateway(cfgSnap)
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid service kind: %v", cfgSnap.Kind)
	}
}

// clustersFromSnapshot returns the xDS API representation of the "clusters"
// (upstreams) in the snapshot.
func (s *Server) clustersFromSnapshotConnectProxy(cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot) ([]proto.Message, error) {
	// TODO(rb): this sizing is a low bound.
	clusters := make([]proto.Message, 0, len(cfgSnap.Proxy.Upstreams)+1)

	// Include the "app" cluster for the public listener
	appCluster, err := s.makeAppCluster(cfgSnap, LocalAppClusterName, "", cfgSnap.Proxy.LocalServicePort)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	clusters = append(clusters, appCluster)

	for _, u := range cfgSnap.Proxy.Upstreams {
		id := u.Identifier()

		if u.DestinationType == structs.UpstreamDestTypePreparedQuery {
			upstreamCluster, err := s.makeUpstreamClusterForPreparedQuery(u, cfgSnap)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			clusters = append(clusters, upstreamCluster)

		} else {
			chain := cfgSnap.ConnectProxy.DiscoveryChain[id]
			chainEndpoints, ok := cfgSnap.ConnectProxy.WatchedUpstreamEndpoints[id]
			if !ok {
				// this should not happen
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("no endpoint map for upstream %q", id)
			}

			upstreamClusters, err := s.makeUpstreamClustersForDiscoveryChain(u, chain, chainEndpoints, cfgSnap)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			for _, cluster := range upstreamClusters {
				clusters = append(clusters, cluster)
			}
		}
	}

	cfgSnap.Proxy.Expose.Finalize()
	paths := cfgSnap.Proxy.Expose.Paths

	// Add service health checks to the list of paths to create clusters for if needed
	if cfgSnap.Proxy.Expose.Checks {
		psid := structs.NewServiceID(cfgSnap.Proxy.DestinationServiceID, &cfgSnap.ProxyID.EnterpriseMeta)
		for _, check := range s.CheckFetcher.ServiceHTTPBasedChecks(psid) {
			p, err := parseCheckPath(check)
			if err != nil {
				s.Logger.Warn("failed to create cluster for", "check", check.CheckID, "error", err)
				continue
			}
			paths = append(paths, p)
		}
	}

	// Create a new cluster if we need to expose a port that is different from the service port
	for _, path := range paths {
		if path.LocalPathPort == cfgSnap.Proxy.LocalServicePort {
			continue
		}
		c, err := s.makeAppCluster(cfgSnap, makeExposeClusterName(path.LocalPathPort), path.Protocol, path.LocalPathPort)
		if err != nil {
			s.Logger.Warn("failed to make local cluster", "path", path.Path, "error", err)
			continue
		}
		clusters = append(clusters, c)
	}
	return clusters, nil
}

func makeExposeClusterName(destinationPort int) string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("exposed_cluster_%d", destinationPort)
}

// clustersFromSnapshotMeshGateway returns the xDS API representation of the "clusters"
// for a mesh gateway. This will include 1 cluster per remote datacenter as well as
// 1 cluster for each service subset.
func (s *Server) clustersFromSnapshotMeshGateway(cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot) ([]proto.Message, error) {
	datacenters := cfgSnap.MeshGateway.Datacenters()

	// 1 cluster per remote dc + 1 cluster per local service (this is a lower bound - all subset specific clusters will be appended)
	clusters := make([]proto.Message, 0, len(datacenters)+len(cfgSnap.MeshGateway.ServiceGroups))

	// generate the remote dc clusters
	for _, dc := range datacenters {
		if dc == cfgSnap.Datacenter {
			continue // skip local
		}

		opts := gatewayClusterOpts{
			name:              connect.DatacenterSNI(dc, cfgSnap.Roots.TrustDomain),
			hostnameEndpoints: cfgSnap.MeshGateway.HostnameDatacenters[dc],
			isRemote:          dc != cfgSnap.Datacenter,
		}
		cluster := s.makeGatewayCluster(cfgSnap, opts)
		clusters = append(clusters, cluster)
	}

	if cfgSnap.ServiceMeta[structs.MetaWANFederationKey] == "1" && cfgSnap.ServerSNIFn != nil {
		// Add all of the remote wildcard datacenter mappings for servers.
		for _, dc := range datacenters {
			hostnameEndpoints := cfgSnap.MeshGateway.HostnameDatacenters[dc]

			// If the DC is our current DC then this cluster is for traffic from a remote DC to a local server.
			// HostnameDatacenters is populated with gateway addresses, so it does not apply here.
			if dc == cfgSnap.Datacenter {
				hostnameEndpoints = nil
			}
			opts := gatewayClusterOpts{
				name:              cfgSnap.ServerSNIFn(dc, ""),
				hostnameEndpoints: hostnameEndpoints,
				isRemote:          dc != cfgSnap.Datacenter,
			}
			cluster := s.makeGatewayCluster(cfgSnap, opts)
			clusters = append(clusters, cluster)
		}

		// And for the current datacenter, send all flavors appropriately.
		for _, srv := range cfgSnap.MeshGateway.ConsulServers {
			opts := gatewayClusterOpts{
				name: cfgSnap.ServerSNIFn(cfgSnap.Datacenter, srv.Node.Node),
			}
			cluster := s.makeGatewayCluster(cfgSnap, opts)
			clusters = append(clusters, cluster)
		}
	}

	// generate the per-service/subset clusters
	c, err := s.makeGatewayServiceClusters(cfgSnap)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	clusters = append(clusters, c...)

	return clusters, nil
}

func (s *Server) makeGatewayServiceClusters(cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot) ([]proto.Message, error) {
	var services map[structs.ServiceName]structs.CheckServiceNodes
	var resolvers map[structs.ServiceName]*structs.ServiceResolverConfigEntry
	var hostnameEndpoints structs.CheckServiceNodes

	switch cfgSnap.Kind {
	case structs.ServiceKindTerminatingGateway:
		services = cfgSnap.TerminatingGateway.ServiceGroups
		resolvers = cfgSnap.TerminatingGateway.ServiceResolvers
	case structs.ServiceKindMeshGateway:
		services = cfgSnap.MeshGateway.ServiceGroups
		resolvers = cfgSnap.MeshGateway.ServiceResolvers
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported gateway kind %q", cfgSnap.Kind)
	}

	clusters := make([]proto.Message, 0, len(services))

	for svc := range services {
		clusterName := connect.ServiceSNI(svc.Name, "", svc.NamespaceOrDefault(), cfgSnap.Datacenter, cfgSnap.Roots.TrustDomain)
		resolver, hasResolver := resolvers[svc]

		var loadBalancer *structs.EnvoyLBConfig

		if !hasResolver {
			// Use a zero value resolver with no timeout and no subsets
			resolver = &structs.ServiceResolverConfigEntry{}
		}
		if resolver.LoadBalancer != nil {
			loadBalancer = resolver.LoadBalancer.EnvoyConfig
		}

		// When making service clusters we only pass endpoints with hostnames if the kind is a terminating gateway
		// This is because the services a mesh gateway will route to are not external services and are not addressed by a hostname.
		if cfgSnap.Kind == structs.ServiceKindTerminatingGateway {
			hostnameEndpoints = cfgSnap.TerminatingGateway.HostnameServices[svc]
		}

		opts := gatewayClusterOpts{
			name:              clusterName,
			hostnameEndpoints: hostnameEndpoints,
			connectTimeout:    resolver.ConnectTimeout,
		}
		cluster := s.makeGatewayCluster(cfgSnap, opts)

		switch cfgSnap.Kind {
		case structs.ServiceKindTerminatingGateway:
			injectTerminatingGatewayTLSContext(cfgSnap, cluster, svc)

			if err := injectLBToCluster(loadBalancer, cluster); err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to apply load balancer configuration to cluster %q: %v", clusterName, err)
			}
		case structs.ServiceKindMeshGateway:
			// We can't apply hash based LB config to mesh gateways because they rely on inspecting HTTP attributes
			// and mesh gateways do not decrypt traffic
			if !loadBalancer.IsHashBased() {
				if err := injectLBToCluster(loadBalancer, cluster); err != nil {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to apply load balancer configuration to cluster %q: %v", clusterName, err)
				}
			}
		}
		clusters = append(clusters, cluster)

		// If there is a service-resolver for this service then also setup a cluster for each subset
		for name, subset := range resolver.Subsets {
			subsetHostnameEndpoints, err := s.filterSubsetEndpoints(&subset, hostnameEndpoints)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			opts := gatewayClusterOpts{
				name:              connect.ServiceSNI(svc.Name, name, svc.NamespaceOrDefault(), cfgSnap.Datacenter, cfgSnap.Roots.TrustDomain),
				hostnameEndpoints: subsetHostnameEndpoints,
				onlyPassing:       subset.OnlyPassing,
				connectTimeout:    resolver.ConnectTimeout,
			}
			cluster := s.makeGatewayCluster(cfgSnap, opts)

			switch cfgSnap.Kind {
			case structs.ServiceKindTerminatingGateway:
				injectTerminatingGatewayTLSContext(cfgSnap, cluster, svc)

				if err := injectLBToCluster(loadBalancer, cluster); err != nil {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to apply load balancer configuration to cluster %q: %v", clusterName, err)
				}

			case structs.ServiceKindMeshGateway:
				// We can't apply hash based LB config to mesh gateways because they rely on inspecting HTTP attributes
				// and mesh gateways do not decrypt traffic
				if !loadBalancer.IsHashBased() {
					if err := injectLBToCluster(loadBalancer, cluster); err != nil {
						return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to apply load balancer configuration to cluster %q: %v", clusterName, err)
					}
				}
			}
			clusters = append(clusters, cluster)
		}
	}

	return clusters, nil
}

func (s *Server) clustersFromSnapshotIngressGateway(cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot) ([]proto.Message, error) {
	var clusters []proto.Message
	createdClusters := make(map[string]bool)
	for _, upstreams := range cfgSnap.IngressGateway.Upstreams {
		for _, u := range upstreams {
			id := u.Identifier()

			// If we've already created a cluster for this upstream, skip it. Multiple listeners may
			// reference the same upstream, so we don't need to create duplicate clusters in that case.
			if createdClusters[id] {
				continue
			}

			chain, ok := cfgSnap.IngressGateway.DiscoveryChain[id]
			if !ok {
				// this should not happen
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("no discovery chain for upstream %q", id)
			}

			chainEndpoints, ok := cfgSnap.IngressGateway.WatchedUpstreamEndpoints[id]
			if !ok {
				// this should not happen
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("no endpoint map for upstream %q", id)
			}

			upstreamClusters, err := s.makeUpstreamClustersForDiscoveryChain(u, chain, chainEndpoints, cfgSnap)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			for _, c := range upstreamClusters {
				clusters = append(clusters, c)
			}
			createdClusters[id] = true
		}
	}
	return clusters, nil
}

func (s *Server) makeAppCluster(cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot, name, pathProtocol string, port int) (*envoy.Cluster, error) {
	var c *envoy.Cluster
	var err error

	cfg, err := ParseProxyConfig(cfgSnap.Proxy.Config)
	if err != nil {
		// Don't hard fail on a config typo, just warn. The parse func returns
		// default config if there is an error so it's safe to continue.
		s.Logger.Warn("failed to parse Connect.Proxy.Config", "error", err)
	}

	// If we have overridden local cluster config try to parse it into an Envoy cluster
	if cfg.LocalClusterJSON != "" {
		return makeClusterFromUserConfig(cfg.LocalClusterJSON)
	}

	addr := cfgSnap.Proxy.LocalServiceAddress
	if addr == "" {
		addr = "127.0.0.1"
	}
	c = &envoy.Cluster{
		Name:                 name,
		ConnectTimeout:       ptypes.DurationProto(time.Duration(cfg.LocalConnectTimeoutMs) * time.Millisecond),
		ClusterDiscoveryType: &envoy.Cluster_Type{Type: envoy.Cluster_STATIC},
		LoadAssignment: &envoy.ClusterLoadAssignment{
			ClusterName: name,
			Endpoints: []*envoyendpoint.LocalityLbEndpoints{
				{
					LbEndpoints: []*envoyendpoint.LbEndpoint{
						makeEndpoint(addr, port),
					},
				},
			},
		},
	}
	protocol := pathProtocol
	if protocol == "" {
		protocol = cfg.Protocol
	}
	if protocol == "http2" || protocol == "grpc" {
		c.Http2ProtocolOptions = &envoycore.Http2ProtocolOptions{}
	}

	return c, err
}

func (s *Server) makeUpstreamClusterForPreparedQuery(upstream structs.Upstream, cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot) (*envoy.Cluster, error) {
	var c *envoy.Cluster
	var err error

	dc := upstream.Datacenter
	if dc == "" {
		dc = cfgSnap.Datacenter
	}
	sni := connect.UpstreamSNI(&upstream, "", dc, cfgSnap.Roots.TrustDomain)

	cfg, err := ParseUpstreamConfig(upstream.Config)
	if err != nil {
		// Don't hard fail on a config typo, just warn. The parse func returns
		// default config if there is an error so it's safe to continue.
		s.Logger.Warn("failed to parse", "upstream", upstream.Identifier(), "error", err)
	}
	if cfg.ClusterJSON != "" {
		c, err = makeClusterFromUserConfig(cfg.ClusterJSON)
		if err != nil {
			return c, err
		}
		// In the happy path don't return yet as we need to inject TLS config still.
	}

	if c == nil {
		c = &envoy.Cluster{
			Name:                 sni,
			ConnectTimeout:       ptypes.DurationProto(time.Duration(cfg.ConnectTimeoutMs) * time.Millisecond),
			ClusterDiscoveryType: &envoy.Cluster_Type{Type: envoy.Cluster_EDS},
			EdsClusterConfig: &envoy.Cluster_EdsClusterConfig{
				EdsConfig: &envoycore.ConfigSource{
					ConfigSourceSpecifier: &envoycore.ConfigSource_Ads{
						Ads: &envoycore.AggregatedConfigSource{},
					},
				},
			},
			CircuitBreakers: &envoycluster.CircuitBreakers{
				Thresholds: makeThresholdsIfNeeded(cfg.Limits),
			},
			OutlierDetection: cfg.PassiveHealthCheck.AsOutlierDetection(),
		}
		if cfg.Protocol == "http2" || cfg.Protocol == "grpc" {
			c.Http2ProtocolOptions = &envoycore.Http2ProtocolOptions{}
		}
	}

	// Enable TLS upstream with the configured client certificate.
	c.TlsContext = &envoyauth.UpstreamTlsContext{
		CommonTlsContext: makeCommonTLSContextFromLeaf(cfgSnap, cfgSnap.Leaf()),
		Sni:              sni,
	}

	return c, nil
}

func (s *Server) makeUpstreamClustersForDiscoveryChain(
	upstream structs.Upstream,
	chain *structs.CompiledDiscoveryChain,
	chainEndpoints map[string]structs.CheckServiceNodes,
	cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot,
) ([]*envoy.Cluster, error) {
	if chain == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot create upstream cluster without discovery chain for %s", upstream.Identifier())
	}

	cfg, err := ParseUpstreamConfigNoDefaults(upstream.Config)
	if err != nil {
		// Don't hard fail on a config typo, just warn. The parse func returns
		// default config if there is an error so it's safe to continue.
		s.Logger.Warn("failed to parse", "upstream", upstream.Identifier(),
			"error", err)
	}

	var escapeHatchCluster *envoy.Cluster
	if cfg.ClusterJSON != "" {
		if chain.IsDefault() {
			// If you haven't done anything to setup the discovery chain, then
			// you can use the envoy_cluster_json escape hatch.
			escapeHatchCluster, err = makeClusterFromUserConfig(cfg.ClusterJSON)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		} else {
			s.Logger.Warn("ignoring escape hatch setting, because a discovery chain is configured for",
				"discovery chain", chain.ServiceName, "upstream", upstream.Identifier(),
				"envoy_cluster_json", chain.ServiceName)
		}
	}

	var out []*envoy.Cluster
	for _, node := range chain.Nodes {
		if node.Type != structs.DiscoveryGraphNodeTypeResolver {
			continue
		}
		failover := node.Resolver.Failover
		targetID := node.Resolver.Target

		target := chain.Targets[targetID]

		// Determine if we have to generate the entire cluster differently.
		failoverThroughMeshGateway := chain.WillFailoverThroughMeshGateway(node)

		sni := target.SNI
		clusterName := CustomizeClusterName(target.Name, chain)

		if failoverThroughMeshGateway {
			actualTargetID := firstHealthyTarget(
				chain.Targets,
				chainEndpoints,
				targetID,
				failover.Targets,
			)

			if actualTargetID != targetID {
				actualTarget := chain.Targets[actualTargetID]
				sni = actualTarget.SNI
			}
		}

		s.Logger.Debug("generating cluster for", "cluster", clusterName)
		c := &envoy.Cluster{
			Name:                 clusterName,
			AltStatName:          clusterName,
			ConnectTimeout:       ptypes.DurationProto(node.Resolver.ConnectTimeout),
			ClusterDiscoveryType: &envoy.Cluster_Type{Type: envoy.Cluster_EDS},
			CommonLbConfig: &envoy.Cluster_CommonLbConfig{
				HealthyPanicThreshold: &envoytype.Percent{
					Value: 0, // disable panic threshold
				},
			},
			EdsClusterConfig: &envoy.Cluster_EdsClusterConfig{
				EdsConfig: &envoycore.ConfigSource{
					ConfigSourceSpecifier: &envoycore.ConfigSource_Ads{
						Ads: &envoycore.AggregatedConfigSource{},
					},
				},
			},
			CircuitBreakers: &envoycluster.CircuitBreakers{
				Thresholds: makeThresholdsIfNeeded(cfg.Limits),
			},
			OutlierDetection: cfg.PassiveHealthCheck.AsOutlierDetection(),
		}

		var lb *structs.EnvoyLBConfig
		if node.LoadBalancer != nil {
			lb = node.LoadBalancer.EnvoyConfig
		}
		if err := injectLBToCluster(lb, c); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to apply load balancer configuration to cluster %q: %v", clusterName, err)
		}

		proto := cfg.Protocol
		if proto == "" {
			proto = chain.Protocol
		}

		if proto == "" {
			proto = "tcp"
		}

		if proto == "http2" || proto == "grpc" {
			c.Http2ProtocolOptions = &envoycore.Http2ProtocolOptions{}
		}

		// Enable TLS upstream with the configured client certificate.
		c.TlsContext = &envoyauth.UpstreamTlsContext{
			CommonTlsContext: makeCommonTLSContextFromLeaf(cfgSnap, cfgSnap.Leaf()),
			Sni:              sni,
		}

		out = append(out, c)
	}

	if escapeHatchCluster != nil {
		if len(out) != 1 {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot inject escape hatch cluster when discovery chain had no nodes")
		}
		defaultCluster := out[0]

		// Overlay what the user provided.
		escapeHatchCluster.TlsContext = defaultCluster.TlsContext

		out = []*envoy.Cluster{escapeHatchCluster}
	}

	return out, nil
}

// makeClusterFromUserConfig returns the listener config decoded from an
// arbitrary proto3 json format string or an error if it's invalid.
//
// For now we only support embedding in JSON strings because of the hcl parsing
// pain (see Background section in the comment for decode.HookWeakDecodeFromSlice).
// This may be fixed in decode.HookWeakDecodeFromSlice in the future.
//
// When we do that we can support just nesting the config directly into the
// JSON/hcl naturally but this is a stop-gap that gets us an escape hatch
// immediately. It's also probably not a bad thing to support long-term since
// any config generated by other systems will likely be in canonical protobuf
// from rather than our slight variant in JSON/hcl.
func makeClusterFromUserConfig(configJSON string) (*envoy.Cluster, error) {
	var jsonFields map[string]*json.RawMessage
	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(configJSON), &jsonFields); err != nil {
		fmt.Println("Custom error", err, configJSON)
		return nil, err
	}

	var c envoy.Cluster

	if _, ok := jsonFields["@type"]; ok {
		// Type field is present so decode it as a types.Any
		var any any.Any
		err := jsonpb.UnmarshalString(configJSON, &any)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		// And then unmarshal the listener again...
		err = proto.Unmarshal(any.Value, &c)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return &c, err
	}

	// No @type so try decoding as a straight listener.
	err := jsonpb.UnmarshalString(configJSON, &c)
	return &c, err
}

type gatewayClusterOpts struct {
	// name for the cluster
	name string

	// isRemote determines whether the cluster is in a remote DC and we should prefer a WAN address
	isRemote bool

	// onlyPassing determines whether endpoints that do not have a passing status should be considered unhealthy
	onlyPassing bool

	// connectTimeout is the timeout for new network connections to hosts in the cluster
	connectTimeout time.Duration

	// hostnameEndpoints is a list of endpoints with a hostname as their address
	hostnameEndpoints structs.CheckServiceNodes
}

// makeGatewayCluster creates an Envoy cluster for a mesh or terminating gateway
func (s *Server) makeGatewayCluster(snap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot, opts gatewayClusterOpts) *envoy.Cluster {
	cfg, err := ParseGatewayConfig(snap.Proxy.Config)
	if err != nil {
		// Don't hard fail on a config typo, just warn. The parse func returns
		// default config if there is an error so it's safe to continue.
		s.Logger.Warn("failed to parse gateway config", "error", err)
	}
	if opts.connectTimeout <= 0 {
		opts.connectTimeout = time.Duration(cfg.ConnectTimeoutMs) * time.Millisecond
	}

	cluster := &envoy.Cluster{
		Name:           opts.name,
		ConnectTimeout: ptypes.DurationProto(opts.connectTimeout),

		// Having an empty config enables outlier detection with default config.
		OutlierDetection: &envoycluster.OutlierDetection{},
	}

	useEDS := true
	if len(opts.hostnameEndpoints) > 0 {
		useEDS = false
	}

	// If none of the service instances are addressed by a hostname we provide the endpoint IP addresses via EDS
	if useEDS {
		cluster.ClusterDiscoveryType = &envoy.Cluster_Type{Type: envoy.Cluster_EDS}
		cluster.EdsClusterConfig = &envoy.Cluster_EdsClusterConfig{
			EdsConfig: &envoycore.ConfigSource{
				ConfigSourceSpecifier: &envoycore.ConfigSource_Ads{
					Ads: &envoycore.AggregatedConfigSource{},
				},
			},
		}
		return cluster
	}

	// When a service instance is addressed by a hostname we have Envoy do the DNS resolution
	// by setting a DNS cluster type and passing the hostname endpoints via CDS.
	rate := 10 * time.Second
	cluster.DnsRefreshRate = ptypes.DurationProto(rate)
	cluster.DnsLookupFamily = envoy.Cluster_V4_ONLY

	discoveryType := envoy.Cluster_Type{Type: envoy.Cluster_LOGICAL_DNS}
	if cfg.DNSDiscoveryType == "strict_dns" {
		discoveryType.Type = envoy.Cluster_STRICT_DNS
	}
	cluster.ClusterDiscoveryType = &discoveryType

	endpoints := make([]*envoyendpoint.LbEndpoint, 0, 1)
	uniqueHostnames := make(map[string]bool)

	var (
		hostname string
		idx      int
		fallback *envoyendpoint.LbEndpoint
	)
	for i, e := range opts.hostnameEndpoints {
		addr, port := e.BestAddress(opts.isRemote)
		uniqueHostnames[addr] = true

		health, weight := calculateEndpointHealthAndWeight(e, opts.onlyPassing)
		if health == envoycore.HealthStatus_UNHEALTHY {
			fallback = makeLbEndpoint(addr, port, health, weight)
			continue
		}

		if len(endpoints) == 0 {
			endpoints = append(endpoints, makeLbEndpoint(addr, port, health, weight))

			hostname = addr
			idx = i
			break
		}
	}

	dc := opts.hostnameEndpoints[idx].Node.Datacenter
	service := opts.hostnameEndpoints[idx].Service.CompoundServiceName()

	loggerName := logging.TerminatingGateway
	if snap.Kind == structs.ServiceKindMeshGateway {
		loggerName = logging.MeshGateway
	}

	// Fall back to last unhealthy endpoint if none were healthy
	if len(endpoints) == 0 {
		s.Logger.Named(loggerName).Warn("upstream service does not contain any healthy instances",
			"dc", dc, "service", service.String())

		endpoints = append(endpoints, fallback)
	}
	if len(uniqueHostnames) > 1 {
		s.Logger.Named(loggerName).
			Warn(fmt.Sprintf("service contains instances with more than one unique hostname; only %q be resolved by Envoy", hostname),
				"dc", dc, "service", service.String())
	}

	cluster.LoadAssignment = &envoy.ClusterLoadAssignment{
		ClusterName: cluster.Name,
		Endpoints: []*envoyendpoint.LocalityLbEndpoints{
			{
				LbEndpoints: endpoints,
			},
		},
	}
	return cluster
}

// injectTerminatingGatewayTLSContext adds an UpstreamTlsContext to a cluster for TLS origination
func injectTerminatingGatewayTLSContext(cfgSnap *proxycfg.ConfigSnapshot, cluster *envoy.Cluster, service structs.ServiceName) {
	if mapping, ok := cfgSnap.TerminatingGateway.GatewayServices[service]; ok && mapping.CAFile != "" {
		cluster.TlsContext = &envoyauth.UpstreamTlsContext{
			CommonTlsContext: makeCommonTLSContextFromFiles(mapping.CAFile, mapping.CertFile, mapping.KeyFile),

			// TODO (gateways) (freddy) If mapping.SNI is empty, does Envoy behave any differently if TlsContext.Sni is excluded?
			Sni: mapping.SNI,
		}
	}
}

func makeThresholdsIfNeeded(limits UpstreamLimits) []*envoycluster.CircuitBreakers_Thresholds {
	var empty UpstreamLimits
	// Make sure to not create any thresholds when passed the zero-value in order
	// to rely on Envoy defaults
	if limits == empty {
		return nil
	}

	threshold := &envoycluster.CircuitBreakers_Thresholds{}
	// Likewise, make sure to not set any threshold values on the zero-value in
	// order to rely on Envoy defaults
	if limits.MaxConnections != nil {
		threshold.MaxConnections = makeUint32Value(*limits.MaxConnections)
	}
	if limits.MaxPendingRequests != nil {
		threshold.MaxPendingRequests = makeUint32Value(*limits.MaxPendingRequests)
	}
	if limits.MaxConcurrentRequests != nil {
		threshold.MaxRequests = makeUint32Value(*limits.MaxConcurrentRequests)
	}

	return []*envoycluster.CircuitBreakers_Thresholds{threshold}
}

func makeLbEndpoint(addr string, port int, health envoycore.HealthStatus, weight int) *envoyendpoint.LbEndpoint {
	return &envoyendpoint.LbEndpoint{
		HostIdentifier: &envoyendpoint.LbEndpoint_Endpoint{
			Endpoint: &envoyendpoint.Endpoint{
				Address: &envoycore.Address{
					Address: &envoycore.Address_SocketAddress{
						SocketAddress: &envoycore.SocketAddress{
							Address: addr,
							PortSpecifier: &envoycore.SocketAddress_PortValue{
								PortValue: uint32(port),
							},
						},
					},
				},
			},
		},
		HealthStatus:        health,
		LoadBalancingWeight: makeUint32Value(weight),
	}
}

func injectLBToCluster(ec *structs.EnvoyLBConfig, c *envoy.Cluster) error {
	if ec == nil {
		return nil
	}

	switch ec.Policy {
	case "":
		return nil
	case structs.LBPolicyLeastRequest:
		c.LbPolicy = envoy.Cluster_LEAST_REQUEST

		if ec.LeastRequestConfig != nil {
			c.LbConfig = &envoy.Cluster_LeastRequestLbConfig_{
				LeastRequestLbConfig: &envoy.Cluster_LeastRequestLbConfig{
					ChoiceCount: &wrappers.UInt32Value{Value: ec.LeastRequestConfig.ChoiceCount},
				},
			}
		}
	case structs.LBPolicyRoundRobin:
		c.LbPolicy = envoy.Cluster_ROUND_ROBIN

	case structs.LBPolicyRandom:
		c.LbPolicy = envoy.Cluster_RANDOM

	case structs.LBPolicyRingHash:
		c.LbPolicy = envoy.Cluster_RING_HASH

		if ec.RingHashConfig != nil {
			c.LbConfig = &envoy.Cluster_RingHashLbConfig_{
				RingHashLbConfig: &envoy.Cluster_RingHashLbConfig{
					MinimumRingSize: &wrappers.UInt64Value{Value: ec.RingHashConfig.MinimumRingSize},
					MaximumRingSize: &wrappers.UInt64Value{Value: ec.RingHashConfig.MaximumRingSize},
				},
			}
		}
	case structs.LBPolicyMaglev:
		c.LbPolicy = envoy.Cluster_MAGLEV

	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported load balancer policy %q for cluster %q", ec.Policy, c.Name)
	}
	return nil
}