From 4fa689fca1ecf50b8e905cf1c74d4a2c08219daf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Wenhao Chen <cwher@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Dec 2023 10:44:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] [pipeline]: fix p2p comm, add metadata cache and support
 llama interleaved pp (#5134)

* test: add more p2p tests

* fix: remove send_forward_recv_forward as p2p op list need to use the same group

* fix: make send and receive atomic

* feat: update P2PComm fn

* feat: add metadata cache in 1f1b

* feat: add metadata cache in interleaved pp

* feat: modify is_xx_stage fn

* revert: add _broadcast_object_list

* feat: add interleaved pp in llama policy

* feat: set NCCL_BUFFSIZE in HybridParallelPlugin
---
 .../booster/plugin/hybrid_parallel_plugin.py  |  11 +-
 colossalai/pipeline/p2p.py                    | 396 ++++++++++--------
 .../pipeline/schedule/interleaved_pp.py       | 189 +++++----
 colossalai/pipeline/schedule/one_f_one_b.py   | 135 +++---
 colossalai/pipeline/stage_manager.py          |  38 +-
 colossalai/shardformer/policies/bert.py       |  20 +-
 colossalai/shardformer/policies/llama.py      |  86 +++-
 examples/language/bert/finetune.py            |   8 +-
 examples/language/llama2/benchmark.py         |   2 +
 tests/test_pipeline/test_p2p_communication.py |  79 +++-
 .../test_schedule/test_interleaved.py         |  34 +-
 .../test_schedule/test_oneF_oneB.py           | 133 ++++--
 tests/test_shardformer/test_model/_utils.py   |   6 +-
 .../test_model/test_shard_bert.py             |  20 +-
 .../test_model/test_shard_llama.py            |  17 +-
 15 files changed, 728 insertions(+), 446 deletions(-)

diff --git a/colossalai/booster/plugin/hybrid_parallel_plugin.py b/colossalai/booster/plugin/hybrid_parallel_plugin.py
index 91fcba55a..ea74f75f4 100644
--- a/colossalai/booster/plugin/hybrid_parallel_plugin.py
+++ b/colossalai/booster/plugin/hybrid_parallel_plugin.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import ctypes
+import os
 import random
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from functools import partial
@@ -21,7 +22,8 @@ from torch.utils.data.distributed import DistributedSampler
 from colossalai.amp.naive_amp.mixed_precision_optimizer import MixedPrecisionOptimizer
 from colossalai.checkpoint_io import CheckpointIO, HybridParallelCheckpointIO
 from colossalai.cluster import ProcessGroupMesh
-from colossalai.interface import ModelWrapper, OptimizerWrapper, AMPModelMixin
+from colossalai.interface import AMPModelMixin, ModelWrapper, OptimizerWrapper
+from colossalai.logging import get_dist_logger
 from colossalai.pipeline.schedule import InterleavedSchedule, OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule
 from colossalai.pipeline.stage_manager import PipelineStageManager
 from colossalai.shardformer import ShardConfig, ShardFormer
@@ -982,6 +984,13 @@ class HybridParallelPlugin(PipelinePluginBase):
         self.custom_policy = custom_policy
         assert zero_stage in (0, 1, 2)
         if self.pp_size > 1:
+            if os.getenv("NCCL_BUFFSIZE") is None:
+                logger = get_dist_logger()
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Setting NCCL_BUFFSIZE to 128MB to avoid p2p hangs. " "Please increase it if hangs still happen."
+                )
+                os.environ["NCCL_BUFFSIZE"] = "134217728"
+
             assert pp_style in ["1f1b", "interleaved"], "Unsupported pipeline parallelism style"
             assert pp_style == "interleaved" or num_model_chunks == 1, "num_model_chunks must be 1 when using 1f1b"
             assert (
diff --git a/colossalai/pipeline/p2p.py b/colossalai/pipeline/p2p.py
index 6e49fa36b..cdb7a6a1e 100644
--- a/colossalai/pipeline/p2p.py
+++ b/colossalai/pipeline/p2p.py
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 import io
 import pickle
 import re
-from typing import Any, List, Optional, Union
 from collections import namedtuple
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Union
 
 import torch
 import torch.distributed as dist
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from enum import Enum
 from packaging.version import Version
 from torch.distributed import ProcessGroup
 from torch.distributed import distributed_c10d as c10d
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from .stage_manager import PipelineStageManager
 _unpickler = pickle.Unpickler
 
 
-def _cuda_safe_tensor_to_object(tensor: torch.Tensor, tensor_size: torch.Size) -> object:
+def _cuda_safe_tensor_to_object(tensor: torch.Tensor, tensor_size: torch.Size) -> Any:
     """transform tensor to object with unpickle.
     Info of the device in bytes stream will be modified into current device before unpickling
 
@@ -48,21 +48,7 @@ def _cuda_safe_tensor_to_object(tensor: torch.Tensor, tensor_size: torch.Size) -
     return unpickle
 
 
-def check_for_nccl_backend(group):
-    pg = group or c10d._get_default_group()
-    # Gate PG wrapper check on Gloo availability.
-    if c10d._GLOO_AVAILABLE:
-        # It is not expected for PG to be wrapped many times, but support it just
-        # in case
-        while isinstance(pg, c10d._ProcessGroupWrapper):
-            pg = pg.wrapped_pg
-
-    return (
-        c10d.is_nccl_available() and
-        pg.name() == c10d.Backend.NCCL
-    )
-
-
+# NOTE: FIXME: NPU DOES NOT support isend nor irecv, so broadcast is kept for future use
 def _broadcast_object_list(
     object_list: List[Any], src: int, group: ProcessGroup, device: Optional[Union[torch.device, str, int]] = None
 ):
@@ -70,13 +56,11 @@ def _broadcast_object_list(
     The only difference is that object will be move to correct device after unpickled.
     If local_rank = src, then object list will be sent to rank src. Otherwise, object list will
     be updated with data sent from rank src.
-
     Args:
         object_list (List[Any]): list of object to broadcast
         src (int): source rank to broadcast
         dst (int): dst rank to broadcast
         device (:class:`torch.device`): device to do broadcast. current device in default
-
     """
 
     if c10d._rank_not_in_group(group):
@@ -131,7 +115,7 @@ def _broadcast_object_list(
 
     if my_rank != src:
         for i, obj_size in enumerate(object_sizes_tensor):
-            obj_view = object_tensor[offset: offset + obj_size]
+            obj_view = object_tensor[offset : offset + obj_size]
             obj_view = obj_view.type(torch.uint8)
             if obj_view.device != torch.device("cpu"):
                 obj_view = obj_view.cpu()
@@ -149,6 +133,18 @@ def _broadcast_object_list(
             object_list[i] = unpickle_object
 
 
+def check_for_nccl_backend(group):
+    pg = group or c10d._get_default_group()
+    # Gate PG wrapper check on Gloo availability.
+    if c10d._GLOO_AVAILABLE:
+        # It is not expected for PG to be wrapped many times, but support it just
+        # in case
+        while isinstance(pg, c10d._ProcessGroupWrapper):
+            pg = pg.wrapped_pg
+
+    return c10d.is_nccl_available() and pg.name() == c10d.Backend.NCCL
+
+
 def check_device(group):
     is_nccl_backend = check_for_nccl_backend(group)
     current_device = None
@@ -159,14 +155,14 @@ def check_device(group):
     return current_device, is_nccl_backend
 
 
-TensorMetadata = namedtuple('TensorMetadata', ['key', 'shape', 'dtype', 'requires_grad'])
+TensorMetadata = namedtuple("TensorMetadata", ["key", "shape", "dtype", "requires_grad"])
 
 
 class P2PDataType(Enum):
-    serialization = 0
-    tensor = 1
-    list = 2
-    dict = 3
+    Serialization = 0
+    Tensor = 1
+    List = 2
+    Dict = 3
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -175,45 +171,71 @@ class P2PMetadata:
     content: Union[List[TensorMetadata], TensorMetadata, Any]
 
 
-def filling_ops_queue(obj, comm_op, comm_rank, ops_queue, group):
+def filling_ops_queue(obj: Any, comm_op: Callable, comm_rank: int, ops_queue: List, group: ProcessGroup):
     if isinstance(obj, torch.Tensor):
         obj = obj.contiguous()
         op_to_add = dist.P2POp(comm_op, obj, comm_rank, group)
         ops_queue.append(op_to_add)
     else:
         for tensor_to_comm in obj:
-            tensor_to_comm = tensor_to_comm.contiguous()
-            op_to_add = dist.P2POp(comm_op, tensor_to_comm, comm_rank, group)
-            ops_queue.append(op_to_add)
+            assert isinstance(tensor_to_comm, torch.Tensor)
+            filling_ops_queue(tensor_to_comm, comm_op, comm_rank, ops_queue, group)
 
 
-def create_recv_buffer(p2p_metadata: P2PMetadata, current_device):
-    if p2p_metadata.data_type == P2PDataType.tensor:
+def create_recv_buffer(p2p_metadata: P2PMetadata, current_device: Any):
+    if p2p_metadata.data_type == P2PDataType.Tensor:
         metadata = p2p_metadata.content
-        tensor_recv = torch.empty(metadata.shape, requires_grad=metadata.requires_grad, device=current_device, dtype=metadata.dtype)
+        tensor_recv = torch.empty(
+            metadata.shape, requires_grad=metadata.requires_grad, device=current_device, dtype=metadata.dtype
+        )
         return tensor_recv
-    elif p2p_metadata.data_type in (P2PDataType.list, P2PDataType.dict):
+    elif p2p_metadata.data_type in (P2PDataType.List, P2PDataType.Dict):
         buffer_recv = []
         for metadata in p2p_metadata.content:
-            tensor_recv = torch.empty(metadata.shape, requires_grad=metadata.requires_grad, device=current_device, dtype=metadata.dtype)
+            tensor_recv = torch.empty(
+                metadata.shape, requires_grad=metadata.requires_grad, device=current_device, dtype=metadata.dtype
+            )
             buffer_recv.append(tensor_recv)
         return buffer_recv
     else:
         raise ValueError(f"Unknown data_type: {p2p_metadata.data_type}")
 
 
-def _batch_send_recv_tensor(send_tensor_list, recv_tensor_metadata, send_dst, recv_src, send_group, recv_group, current_device):
+def create_fast_send_metadata(object: Any) -> P2PMetadata:
+    assert _check_if_fast_send_available(object)
+    if isinstance(object, torch.Tensor):
+        data_type = P2PDataType.Tensor
+        content = TensorMetadata(None, object.shape, object.dtype, object.requires_grad)
+    elif isinstance(object, list):
+        data_type = P2PDataType.List
+        content = [TensorMetadata(None, v.shape, v.dtype, v.requires_grad) for v in object]
+    elif isinstance(object, dict):
+        data_type = P2PDataType.Dict
+        content = [TensorMetadata(k, v.shape, v.dtype, v.requires_grad) for k, v in object.items()]
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("Cannot handle object of type {}".format(type(object)))
+    return P2PMetadata(data_type, content)
+
+
+def _batch_send_recv_tensor(
+    send_tensor_list: Optional[Union[torch.Tensor, List[torch.Tensor]]],
+    recv_tensor_metadata: Optional[P2PMetadata],
+    send_dst: Optional[int],
+    recv_src: Optional[int],
+    send_group: Optional[ProcessGroup],
+    recv_group: Optional[ProcessGroup],
+    current_device: Any,
+) -> Optional[Union[torch.Tensor, List[torch.Tensor]]]:
     buffer_recv = None
-    if recv_tensor_metadata is not None:
+    if recv_tensor_metadata is not None and recv_tensor_metadata.data_type != P2PDataType.Serialization:
         buffer_recv = create_recv_buffer(recv_tensor_metadata, current_device)
 
     ops = []
-
-    if send_dst is not None:
+    if send_dst is not None and send_tensor_list is not None:
+        assert send_group is not None
         filling_ops_queue(send_tensor_list, dist.isend, send_dst, ops, send_group)
-
-    if recv_src is not None:
-        assert buffer_recv is not None
+    if recv_src is not None and buffer_recv is not None:
+        assert recv_group is not None
         filling_ops_queue(buffer_recv, dist.irecv, recv_src, ops, recv_group)
 
     if len(ops) > 0:
@@ -221,24 +243,26 @@ def _batch_send_recv_tensor(send_tensor_list, recv_tensor_metadata, send_dst, re
         for req in reqs:
             req.wait()
 
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
-
     # Remove synchronization according to Pytorch's documentation
     # However, the Megatron-LM does synchronization here
     # https://github.com/microsoft/Megatron-DeepSpeed/blob/ef13d099c2a1609225a4ce4c1a1753cc76dd90a1/megatron/p2p_communication.py#L111-L112
     # In case there is potential error, uncomment the following `torch.cuda.synchronize()`
-    # torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    torch.cuda.synchronize()
 
     return buffer_recv
 
 
 def _send_recv_serialization_object(
-        object: Any,
-        send_dst: Optional[int], recv_src: Optional[int],
-        send_group: Optional[ProcessGroup], recv_group: Optional[ProcessGroup],
-        current_device,
-        is_nccl_backend):
+    object: Any,
+    send_dst: Optional[int],
+    recv_src: Optional[int],
+    send_group: Optional[ProcessGroup],
+    recv_group: Optional[ProcessGroup],
+    current_device: Any,
+    is_nccl_backend: bool,
+) -> Optional[P2PMetadata]:
     ops = []
+
     send_object_tensor = None
     if object is not None and send_dst is not None:
         if Version(torch.__version__) >= Version("1.13.0"):
@@ -264,10 +288,8 @@ def _send_recv_serialization_object(
         for req in reqs:
             req.wait()
 
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
-
     # See the comment in `_batch_send_recv_tensor`
-    # torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    torch.cuda.synchronize()
 
     ops = []
 
@@ -286,52 +308,77 @@ def _send_recv_serialization_object(
         for req in reqs:
             req.wait()
 
-    torch.cuda.synchronize()
-
     # See the comment in `_batch_send_recv_tensor`
-    # torch.cuda.synchronize()
+    torch.cuda.synchronize()
 
     if recv_object_tensor is not None and recv_object_size_tensor is not None:
         recv_object_tensor = recv_object_tensor.type(torch.uint8)
         if recv_object_tensor.device != torch.device("cpu"):
             recv_object_tensor = recv_object_tensor.cpu()
 
-        unpickle_object = _cuda_safe_tensor_to_object(
-            recv_object_tensor, recv_object_size_tensor.item())
+        unpickle_object = _cuda_safe_tensor_to_object(recv_object_tensor, recv_object_size_tensor.item())
 
-        if (
-            isinstance(unpickle_object, torch.Tensor)
-            and unpickle_object.device.index != torch.cuda.current_device()
-        ):
+        if isinstance(unpickle_object, torch.Tensor) and unpickle_object.device.index != torch.cuda.current_device():
             unpickle_object = unpickle_object.cuda()
 
         return unpickle_object
 
 
-def _check_if_fast_send_available(object):
-    if type(object) is torch.Tensor:
+def _check_if_fast_send_available(object: Any) -> bool:
+    if isinstance(object, torch.Tensor):
         return True
-    elif type(object) is list:
-        is_list_of_tensor = all([type(v) is torch.Tensor for v in object])
+    elif isinstance(object, list):
+        is_list_of_tensor = all([isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) for v in object])
         return is_list_of_tensor
-    elif type(object) is dict:
-        is_dict_of_tensor = all([type(k) is str and type(
-            v) is torch.Tensor for k, v in object.items()])
-
+    elif isinstance(object, dict):
+        is_dict_of_tensor = all([isinstance(k, str) and isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) for k, v in object.items()])
         return is_dict_of_tensor
     return False
 
 
 def _communicate(
-    object,
+    object: Any,
     send_dst: Optional[int],
     recv_src: Optional[int],
     send_group: Optional[ProcessGroup] = None,
     recv_group: Optional[ProcessGroup] = None,
+    send_metadata: bool = True,
+    metadata_recv: Optional[P2PMetadata] = None,
 ) -> Any:
-    if c10d._rank_not_in_group(send_group) or c10d._rank_not_in_group(recv_group):
-        c10d._warn_not_in_group("_communicate")
-        return
+    """
+    Send and receive object from send_dst and recv_src respectively
+
+    Args:
+        object (Any): object needed to be sent
+        send_dst (int): rank of the destination
+        recv_src (int): rank of the source
+        send_group (ProcessGroup, optional): process group of sender
+        recv_group (ProcessGroup, optional): process group of receiver
+        send_metadata (bool, optional): whether to send metadata
+        metadata_recv (P2PMetadata, optional): metadata of the object to be received
+    """
+    assert send_dst is not None or recv_src is not None, "send_dst and recv_src cannot be both None"
+    assert send_dst is None or send_group is not None, "send_group must be specified when send_dst is not None"
+    assert recv_src is None or recv_group is not None, "recv_group must be specified when recv_src is not None"
+    send_metadata = send_metadata or (object is not None and not _check_if_fast_send_available(object))
+    assert (
+        metadata_recv is None or metadata_recv.data_type != P2PDataType.Serialization
+    ), "metadata_recv type must not be Serialization"
+
+    # NOTE: send & recv should be atomic operations. However, if we need to send metadata or receive metadata,
+    #   we are not able to do that (1. send & recv metadata 2. send & recv). So we need to split the send & recv into two parts in this case.
+    if (send_dst is not None and recv_src is not None) and (send_metadata or metadata_recv is None):
+        _communicate(object, send_dst=send_dst, recv_src=None, send_group=send_group, send_metadata=send_metadata)
+        return _communicate(None, send_dst=None, recv_src=recv_src, recv_group=recv_group, metadata_recv=metadata_recv)
+
+    # NOTE: only the following 5 cases are valid:
+    #   1. send() [needs extra metadata] and no recv()
+    #   2. recv() [needs extra metadata] and no send()
+    #   3. neither send() nor recv() need extra metadata
+    assert not (send_dst is not None and send_metadata) or recv_src is None
+    assert not (recv_src is not None and metadata_recv is None) or send_dst is None
+    assert not (send_dst is not None and recv_src is not None) or (not send_metadata and metadata_recv is not None)
+    assert not c10d._rank_not_in_group(send_group) and not c10d._rank_not_in_group(recv_group)
 
     current_send_device, is_send_nccl_backend = check_device(send_group)
     current_recv_device, is_recv_nccl_backend = check_device(recv_group)
@@ -341,67 +388,56 @@ def _communicate(
     assert current_send_device == current_recv_device
     current_device = current_send_device
 
-    assert (send_dst is not None) or (recv_src is not None)
-
-    can_fast_send = False
-    send_metadata = None
-    if send_dst is not None:
-        can_fast_send = _check_if_fast_send_available(object) and is_nccl_backend
-        if not can_fast_send:
-            send_metadata = P2PMetadata(P2PDataType.serialization, object)
-        else:
-            if type(object) is torch.Tensor:
-                data_type = P2PDataType.tensor
-                content = TensorMetadata(None, object.shape, object.dtype, object.requires_grad)
-            elif type(object) is list:
-                data_type = P2PDataType.list
-                content = []
-                for v in object:
-                    content.append(TensorMetadata(None, v.shape, v.dtype, v.requires_grad))
-            elif type(object) is dict:
-                data_type = P2PDataType.dict
-                content = []
-                for k, v in object.items():
-                    content.append(TensorMetadata(k, v.shape, v.dtype, v.requires_grad))
+    if (send_dst is not None and send_metadata) or (recv_src is not None and metadata_recv is None):
+        metadata_send = None
+        if send_dst is not None and send_metadata:
+            can_fast_send = _check_if_fast_send_available(object) and is_nccl_backend
+            if not can_fast_send:
+                metadata_send = P2PMetadata(P2PDataType.Serialization, object)
             else:
-                raise ValueError('Cannot send object of type {}'.format(type(object)))
-            send_metadata = P2PMetadata(data_type, content)
+                metadata_send = create_fast_send_metadata(object)
 
-    recv_metadata = _send_recv_serialization_object(send_metadata, send_dst, recv_src, send_group, recv_group, current_device, is_nccl_backend)
-    if recv_metadata is not None:
-        assert type(recv_metadata) is P2PMetadata
-        if recv_metadata.data_type == P2PDataType.serialization:
-            return recv_metadata.content
-    if not can_fast_send and send_dst is not None:
-        return
+        # Send and receive metadata
+        _metadata_recv = _send_recv_serialization_object(
+            object=metadata_send,
+            send_dst=send_dst if send_metadata else None,
+            recv_src=recv_src if metadata_recv is None else None,
+            send_group=send_group if send_metadata else None,
+            recv_group=recv_group if metadata_recv is None else None,
+            current_device=current_device,
+            is_nccl_backend=is_nccl_backend,
+        )
+        assert metadata_recv is None or _metadata_recv is None
+        metadata_recv = _metadata_recv if metadata_recv is None else metadata_recv
 
     send_tensor_list = None
-    if type(object) is torch.Tensor:
+    if isinstance(object, torch.Tensor):
         send_tensor_list = object
-    elif type(object) is list:
+    elif isinstance(object, list):
         send_tensor_list = object
-    elif type(object) is dict:
+    elif isinstance(object, dict):
         send_tensor_list = list(object.values())
 
-    recv_buffer = _batch_send_recv_tensor(send_tensor_list, recv_metadata, send_dst, recv_src, send_group, recv_group, current_device)
+    # Send and receive data
+    recv_buffer = _batch_send_recv_tensor(
+        send_tensor_list, metadata_recv, send_dst, recv_src, send_group, recv_group, current_device
+    )
 
-    if recv_metadata is not None:
-        assert recv_buffer is not None
-        if recv_metadata.data_type in [P2PDataType.tensor, P2PDataType.list]:
-            return recv_buffer
-        elif recv_metadata.data_type == P2PDataType.dict:
-            return {
-                k: v
-                for k, v in zip(
-                    [m.key for m in recv_metadata.content],
-                    recv_buffer,
-                )
-            }
+    if metadata_recv is not None:
+        assert isinstance(metadata_recv, P2PMetadata)
+        if metadata_recv.data_type == P2PDataType.Serialization:
+            return metadata_recv.content
         else:
-            raise ValueError('Unknown data type {}'.format(recv_metadata.data_type))
+            assert recv_buffer is not None
+            if metadata_recv.data_type in [P2PDataType.Tensor, P2PDataType.List]:
+                return recv_buffer
+            elif metadata_recv.data_type == P2PDataType.Dict:
+                return {k: v for k, v in zip([m.key for m in metadata_recv.content], recv_buffer)}
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown data type {}".format(metadata_recv.data_type))
 
 
-def _send_object(object: Any, src: int, dst: int, group: ProcessGroup) -> None:
+def _send_object(object: Any, src: int, dst: int, group: ProcessGroup, send_metadata: bool) -> None:
     """send anything to dst rank
 
     Args:
@@ -411,10 +447,10 @@ def _send_object(object: Any, src: int, dst: int, group: ProcessGroup) -> None:
     Returns:
         None
     """
-    _communicate(object, send_dst=dst, recv_src=None, send_group=group)
+    _communicate(object, send_dst=dst, recv_src=None, send_group=group, send_metadata=send_metadata)
 
 
-def _recv_object(src: int, dst: int, group: ProcessGroup) -> Any:
+def _recv_object(src: int, dst: int, group: ProcessGroup, metadata_recv: Optional[P2PMetadata]) -> Any:
     """recv anything from src
 
     Args:
@@ -423,7 +459,7 @@ def _recv_object(src: int, dst: int, group: ProcessGroup) -> Any:
     Returns:
         Any: Object received from src.
     """
-    return _communicate(None, send_dst=None, recv_src=src, recv_group=group)
+    return _communicate(None, send_dst=None, recv_src=src, recv_group=group, metadata_recv=metadata_recv)
 
 
 def _p2p_comm(
@@ -436,7 +472,7 @@ def _p2p_comm(
     """
     Send and recv tensor using P2P communication, used when pipeline size is 2 to solve the race communication.
 
-    Agrs:
+    Args:
         tensor_send_next (torch.Tensor): tensor to be sent to next stage
         recv_prev (bool): whether to receive tensor from previous stage
         peer (int): rank of the peer
@@ -467,7 +503,6 @@ def _p2p_comm(
             group=group,
         )
         ops.append(recv_prev_op)
-
     if len(ops) > 0:
         reqs = dist.batch_isend_irecv(ops)
         for req in reqs:
@@ -490,7 +525,6 @@ def _p2p_comm(
             group=group,
         )
         ops.append(send_next_op)
-
     if tensor_recv_prev is not None:
         recv_prev_op = dist.P2POp(
             dist.irecv,
@@ -510,7 +544,7 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
     def __init__(self, stage_manager: PipelineStageManager) -> None:
         self.stage_manager = stage_manager
 
-    def recv_forward(self, prev_rank: int = None) -> Any:
+    def recv_forward(self, prev_rank: Optional[int] = None, metadata_recv: Optional[P2PMetadata] = None) -> Any:
         """Copy the forward output from the previous stage in pipeline as the input tensor of this stage.
 
         Args:
@@ -522,11 +556,13 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
         if prev_rank is None:
             prev_rank = self.stage_manager.get_prev_rank()
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
-        input_tensor = _recv_object(prev_rank, cur_rank, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(prev_rank, cur_rank))
+        input_tensor = _recv_object(
+            prev_rank, cur_rank, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(prev_rank, cur_rank), metadata_recv
+        )
 
         return input_tensor
 
-    def recv_backward(self, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
+    def recv_backward(self, next_rank: Optional[int] = None, metadata_recv: Optional[P2PMetadata] = None) -> Any:
         """Copy the gradient tensor from the next stage in pipeline as the input gradient of this stage.
 
         Args:
@@ -539,12 +575,12 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
             next_rank = self.stage_manager.get_next_rank()
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
         output_tensor_grad = _recv_object(
-            next_rank, cur_rank, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(next_rank, cur_rank)
+            next_rank, cur_rank, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(next_rank, cur_rank), metadata_recv
         )
 
         return output_tensor_grad
 
-    def send_forward(self, output_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> None:
+    def send_forward(self, output_object: Any, next_rank: Optional[int] = None, send_metadata: bool = True) -> None:
         """Sends the input tensor to the next stage in pipeline.
 
         Args:
@@ -554,9 +590,15 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
         if next_rank is None:
             next_rank = self.stage_manager.get_next_rank()
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
-        _send_object(output_object, cur_rank, next_rank, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, next_rank))
+        _send_object(
+            output_object,
+            cur_rank,
+            next_rank,
+            self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, next_rank),
+            send_metadata,
+        )
 
-    def send_backward(self, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None) -> None:
+    def send_backward(self, input_object: Any, prev_rank: Optional[int] = None, send_metadata: bool = True) -> None:
         """Sends the gradient tensor to the previous stage in pipeline.
 
         Args:
@@ -566,9 +608,21 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
         if prev_rank is None:
             prev_rank = self.stage_manager.get_prev_rank()
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
-        _send_object(input_object, cur_rank, prev_rank, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, prev_rank))
+        _send_object(
+            input_object,
+            cur_rank,
+            prev_rank,
+            self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, prev_rank),
+            send_metadata,
+        )
 
-    def send_forward_recv_backward(self, input_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
+    def send_forward_recv_backward(
+        self,
+        input_object: Any,
+        next_rank: Optional[int] = None,
+        send_metadata: bool = True,
+        metadata_recv: Optional[P2PMetadata] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
         """Sends the gradient tensor to and copy the gradient tensor from the next stage in pipeline
 
         Args:
@@ -581,11 +635,22 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
         group = self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, next_rank)
         return _communicate(
-            input_object, next_rank, next_rank,
-            send_group=group, recv_group=group,
+            input_object,
+            next_rank,
+            next_rank,
+            send_group=group,
+            recv_group=group,
+            send_metadata=send_metadata,
+            metadata_recv=metadata_recv,
         )
 
-    def send_backward_recv_forward(self, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None) -> Any:
+    def send_backward_recv_forward(
+        self,
+        input_object: Any,
+        prev_rank: Optional[int] = None,
+        send_metadata: bool = True,
+        metadata_recv: Optional[P2PMetadata] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
         """Sends the gradient tensor to and copy the gradient tensor from the previous stage in pipeline
 
         Args:
@@ -597,37 +662,22 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
 
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
         group = self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(prev_rank, cur_rank)
-        return _communicate(
-            input_object, prev_rank, prev_rank,
-            send_group=group, recv_group=group,
-        )
-
-    def send_forward_recv_forward(self, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
-        """Sends the gradient tensor to the previous stage and copy the input tensor from the previous stage in pipeline.
-
-        Args:
-            input_object (Any): Object to be sent.
-            prev_rank (int, optional): The rank of the sender of the tensor
-            next_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor
-        """
-        if prev_rank is None:
-            prev_rank = self.stage_manager.get_prev_rank()
-        if next_rank is None:
-            next_rank = self.stage_manager.get_next_rank()
-
-        cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
-        recv_group = self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(prev_rank, cur_rank)
-        send_group = self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, next_rank)
         return _communicate(
             input_object,
-            send_dst=next_rank,
-            recv_src=prev_rank,
-            send_group=send_group,
-            recv_group=recv_group,
+            prev_rank,
+            prev_rank,
+            send_group=group,
+            recv_group=group,
+            send_metadata=send_metadata,
+            metadata_recv=metadata_recv,
         )
 
     def p2p_communicate(
-        self, output_object: Any, recv_pre: bool, peer: int = None, comm_dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float16
+        self,
+        output_object: Any,
+        recv_pre: bool,
+        next_rank: Optional[int] = None,
+        comm_dtype: torch.dtype = torch.float16,
     ) -> None:
         """
         Sends the input tensor to the next stage in pipeline, using `P2Pop` in torch.
@@ -636,10 +686,14 @@ class PipelineP2PCommunication:
             output_object (Any): Object to be sent.
             next_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor.
         """
-        if peer is None:
-            peer = self.stage_manager.get_next_rank()
+        if next_rank is None:
+            next_rank = self.stage_manager.get_next_rank()
         cur_rank = self.stage_manager.get_rank()
         recv_tensor = _p2p_comm(
-            output_object, recv_pre, peer, self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, peer), comm_dtype
+            output_object,
+            recv_pre,
+            next_rank,
+            self.stage_manager.get_p2p_process_group(cur_rank, next_rank),
+            comm_dtype,
         )
         return recv_tensor
diff --git a/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/interleaved_pp.py b/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/interleaved_pp.py
index 7c3f15e80..3c8b00977 100644
--- a/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/interleaved_pp.py
+++ b/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/interleaved_pp.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from torch.nn import Module, ModuleList
 from torch.utils._pytree import tree_map
 
 from colossalai.interface import OptimizerWrapper
-from colossalai.pipeline.p2p import PipelineP2PCommunication
+from colossalai.pipeline.p2p import PipelineP2PCommunication, create_fast_send_metadata
 from colossalai.pipeline.stage_manager import PipelineStageManager
 from colossalai.utils.device import get_current_device
 
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         assert (
             num_microbatch is not None or microbatch_size is not None
         ), "Either num_microbatch or microbatch_size should be provided"
+
         self.comm = PipelineP2PCommunication(stage_manager)
         self.num_microbatch = num_microbatch
         self.microbatch_size = microbatch_size
@@ -34,8 +35,15 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
 
         self.batch: Any
         self.batch_size: int
+        self.last_batch_size: Optional[int] = None
         self.microbatch_offset: List[int]
 
+        # P2PMeta cache
+        self.send_metadata_forward = True
+        self.send_metadata_backward = True
+        self.metadata_recv_forward = None
+        self.metadata_recv_backward = None
+
     def load_batch(self, data_iter: Iterable, device: Optional[torch.device] = None) -> None:
         """Load a batch from data iterator.
 
@@ -48,6 +56,11 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             batch = tree_map(partial(to_device, device=device), batch)
         self.batch = batch
         self.batch_size = get_batch_size(batch)
+        if self.last_batch_size is None:
+            self.last_batch_size = self.batch_size
+        else:
+            assert self.forward_only or self.last_batch_size == self.batch_size
+            # TODO: support arbitrary batch size when forward_only=True
         self.microbatch_offset = [0 for _ in range(self.num_model_chunks)]
         if self.num_microbatch is not None:
             assert self.batch_size % self.num_microbatch == 0, "Batch size should divided by the number of microbatch"
@@ -106,12 +119,13 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         Returns:
             Any: The input tensor or input tensor list.
         """
-        if self.stage_manager.is_first_stage(model_chunk_id):
-            input_tensor = None
-        else:
-            input_tensor = self.comm.recv_forward(prev_rank)
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
+                input_tensor = self.comm.recv_forward(prev_rank, metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_forward)
+                if self.metadata_recv_forward is None:
+                    self.metadata_recv_forward = create_fast_send_metadata(input_tensor)
 
-        return input_tensor
+                return input_tensor
 
     def recv_backward(self, model_chunk_id: int, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
         """Copy the gradient tensor from the next stage in pipeline as the input gradient of this stage.
@@ -124,14 +138,15 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         Returns:
             Any: The input gradient tensor or gradient tensor list.
         """
-        if self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(model_chunk_id):
-            output_tensor_grad = None
-        else:
-            output_tensor_grad = self.comm.recv_backward(next_rank)
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+                output_tensor_grad = self.comm.recv_backward(next_rank, metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_backward)
+                if self.metadata_recv_backward is None:
+                    self.metadata_recv_backward = create_fast_send_metadata(output_tensor_grad)
 
-        return output_tensor_grad
+                return output_tensor_grad
 
-    def send_forward(self, model_chunk_id, output_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> None:
+    def send_forward(self, model_chunk_id: int, output_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> None:
         """Sends the input tensor to the next stage in pipeline.
            For interleaved 1F1B.
 
@@ -140,10 +155,12 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             output_object (Any): Object to be sent.
             next_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor.
         """
-        if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(model_chunk_id):
-            self.comm.send_forward(output_object, next_rank)
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+                self.comm.send_forward(output_object, next_rank, send_metadata=self.send_metadata_forward)
+                self.send_metadata_forward = False
 
-    def send_backward(self, model_chunk_id, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None) -> None:
+    def send_backward(self, model_chunk_id: int, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None) -> None:
         """Sends the gradient tensor to the previous stage in pipeline.
            For interleaved 1F1B.
 
@@ -152,8 +169,44 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             input_object (Any): Object to be sent.
             prev_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor
         """
-        if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage(model_chunk_id):
-            self.comm.send_backward(input_object, prev_rank)
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
+                self.comm.send_backward(input_object, prev_rank, send_metadata=self.send_metadata_backward)
+                self.send_metadata_backward = False
+
+    def send_forward_recv_backward(
+        self, model_chunk_id: int, output_object: Any, next_rank: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Any:
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+                output_tensor_grad = self.comm.send_forward_recv_backward(
+                    output_object,
+                    next_rank,
+                    send_metadata=self.send_metadata_forward,
+                    metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_backward,
+                )
+                self.send_metadata_forward = False
+                if self.metadata_recv_backward is None:
+                    self.metadata_recv_backward = create_fast_send_metadata(output_tensor_grad)
+
+                return output_tensor_grad
+
+    def send_backward_recv_forward(
+        self, model_chunk_id: int, output_object: Any, prev_rank: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Any:
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
+                input_tensor = self.comm.send_backward_recv_forward(
+                    output_object,
+                    prev_rank,
+                    send_metadata=self.send_metadata_backward,
+                    metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_forward,
+                )
+                self.send_metadata_backward = False
+                if self.metadata_recv_forward is None:
+                    self.metadata_recv_forward = create_fast_send_metadata(input_tensor)
+
+                return input_tensor
 
     def forward_step(
         self,
@@ -180,25 +233,24 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         # for the first stage, input_obj is None
         # for the non-first stage, input_obj is the output of the previous stage and it's must be a dict
 
-        self.stage_manager.model_chunk_id = model_chunk_id
-        if isinstance(model_chunk, ModuleList):
-            output_obj = model_forward(model_chunk[model_chunk_id], micro_batch, input_obj)
-        else:
-            # NOTE: in shardformer, each device still has the entire model, so we need to use relevant stage layers
-            internal_inputs = {} if input_obj is None else input_obj
-            internal_inputs["stage_index"] = self.stage_manager.stage_indices[model_chunk_id]
-            output_obj = model_forward(model_chunk, micro_batch, internal_inputs)
-        self.stage_manager.model_chunk_id = None
+        with self.stage_manager.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+            if isinstance(model_chunk, ModuleList):
+                output_obj = model_forward(model_chunk[model_chunk_id], micro_batch, input_obj)
+            else:
+                # NOTE: in shardformer, each device still has the entire model, so we need to use relevant stage layers
+                internal_inputs = {} if input_obj is None else input_obj
+                internal_inputs["stage_index"] = self.stage_manager.stage_indices[model_chunk_id]
+                output_obj = model_forward(model_chunk, micro_batch, internal_inputs)
 
-        if self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(model_chunk_id):
-            loss = criterion(output_obj, micro_batch) / self.num_microbatch
-            if accum_loss is not None:
-                accum_loss.add_(loss.detach())
-            if outputs is not None:
-                outputs.append(tree_map(detach, output_obj))
-            return loss
-        else:
-            return output_obj
+            if self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+                loss = criterion(output_obj, micro_batch) / self.num_microbatch
+                if accum_loss is not None:
+                    accum_loss.add_(loss.detach())
+                if outputs is not None:
+                    outputs.append(tree_map(detach, output_obj))
+                return loss
+            else:
+                return output_obj
 
     def backward_step(
         self,
@@ -267,15 +319,14 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         Returns:
             dict: A dict with keys: 'loss' and 'outputs'.
         """
-        # TODO: handle arbitrary batch size when forward_only == True
-        forward_only = not torch.is_grad_enabled()
+        self.forward_only = not torch.is_grad_enabled()
         if optimizer is None:
-            assert forward_only, "Optimizer should be passed when doing backward."
+            assert self.forward_only, "Optimizer should be passed when doing backward."
 
         self.load_batch(data_iter)
 
         num_microbatch = self.num_microbatch * self.num_model_chunks
-        if forward_only:
+        if self.forward_only:
             num_warmup_microbatch = num_microbatch
         else:
             num_warmup_microbatch = (self.stage_manager.num_stages - self.stage_manager.stage - 1) * 2
@@ -288,43 +339,29 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         input_objs = None
         output_objs = None
 
-        if not forward_only:
+        if not self.forward_only:
             input_objs = [[] for _ in range(self.num_model_chunks)]
             output_objs = [[] for _ in range(self.num_model_chunks)]
 
-        outputs = [] if return_outputs and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(-1) else None
+        outputs = [] if return_outputs and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True) else None
 
-        if return_loss and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(-1):
+        accum_loss = None
+        if return_loss and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             accum_loss = torch.zeros(1, device=get_current_device())
-        else:
-            accum_loss = None
-
-        # for ranks except the first one, get into recv state
-        input_obj = self.recv_forward(0)
 
         # Run warmup forward passes.
         for i in range(num_warmup_microbatch):
             model_chunk_id = self.get_model_chunk_id(i, is_forward=True)
-            # recv first on first rank to avoid sending or receiving at the same time
-            if self.stage_manager.is_first_stage(-1):
-                input_obj = self.recv_forward(model_chunk_id)
-                output_obj = self.forward_step(model_chunk, model_chunk_id, input_obj, criterion, accum_loss, outputs)
-                self.send_forward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
-                if not forward_only:
-                    input_objs[model_chunk_id].append(input_obj)
-                    output_objs[model_chunk_id].append(output_obj)
-            else:
-                output_obj = self.forward_step(model_chunk, model_chunk_id, input_obj, criterion, accum_loss, outputs)
-                if not forward_only:
-                    input_objs[model_chunk_id].append(input_obj)
-                    output_objs[model_chunk_id].append(output_obj)
-                self.send_forward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
+            input_obj = self.recv_forward(model_chunk_id)
+            output_obj = self.forward_step(model_chunk, model_chunk_id, input_obj, criterion, accum_loss, outputs)
+            if not self.forward_only:
+                input_objs[model_chunk_id].append(input_obj)
+                output_objs[model_chunk_id].append(output_obj)
+            self.send_forward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
 
-                if num_microbatch_remaining == 0 and i + 1 == num_warmup_microbatch:
-                    break
-
-                model_chunk_id = self.get_model_chunk_id(i + 1, is_forward=True)
-                input_obj = self.recv_forward(model_chunk_id)
+        if num_microbatch_remaining > 0:
+            model_chunk_id = self.get_model_chunk_id(num_warmup_microbatch, is_forward=True)
+            input_obj = self.recv_forward(model_chunk_id)
 
         # Run 1F1B in steady state.
         for i in range(num_microbatch_remaining):
@@ -332,11 +369,11 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             last_iteration = i == num_microbatch_remaining - 1
 
             output_obj = self.forward_step(model_chunk, model_chunk_id, input_obj, criterion, accum_loss, outputs)
-            if forward_only:
-                self.send_forward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
-
+            if self.forward_only:
                 if not last_iteration:
-                    input_obj = self.recv_forward(model_chunk_id)
+                    input_obj = self.send_forward_recv_backward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
+                else:
+                    self.send_forward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
 
             else:
                 self.send_forward(model_chunk_id, output_obj)
@@ -354,18 +391,14 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
 
                 # backward
                 input_obj_grad = self.backward_step(optimizer, input_obj, output_obj, output_obj_grad)
+                self.send_backward(model_chunk_id, input_obj_grad)
 
-                if last_iteration:
-                    input_obj = None
-                else:
+                if not last_iteration:
                     model_chunk_id = self.get_model_chunk_id(i + num_warmup_microbatch + 1, is_forward=True)
                     input_obj = self.recv_forward(model_chunk_id)
 
-                model_chunk_id = self.get_model_chunk_id(i, is_forward=False)
-                self.send_backward(model_chunk_id, input_obj_grad)
-
         # Run cooldown backward passes.
-        if not forward_only:
+        if not self.forward_only:
             for i in range(num_microbatch_remaining, num_microbatch):
                 model_chunk_id = self.get_model_chunk_id(i, is_forward=False)
                 input_obj = input_objs[model_chunk_id].pop(0)
@@ -374,7 +407,7 @@ class InterleavedSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
                 input_obj_grad = self.backward_step(optimizer, input_obj, output_obj, output_obj_grad)
                 self.send_backward(model_chunk_id, input_obj_grad)
 
-        if not forward_only:
+        if not self.forward_only:
             assert all(len(v) == 0 for v in input_objs) and all(len(v) == 0 for v in output_objs)
 
         if outputs is not None:
diff --git a/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/one_f_one_b.py b/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/one_f_one_b.py
index fd918cf19..8c161efec 100644
--- a/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/one_f_one_b.py
+++ b/colossalai/pipeline/schedule/one_f_one_b.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from torch.nn import Module
 from torch.utils._pytree import tree_map
 
 from colossalai.interface import ModelWrapper, OptimizerWrapper
-from colossalai.pipeline.p2p import PipelineP2PCommunication
+from colossalai.pipeline.p2p import PipelineP2PCommunication, create_fast_send_metadata
 from colossalai.pipeline.stage_manager import PipelineStageManager
 from colossalai.utils.device import get_current_device
 
@@ -42,14 +42,22 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         assert (
             num_microbatches is not None or microbatch_size is not None
         ), "Either num_microbatches or microbatch_size should be provided"
+
         self.comm = PipelineP2PCommunication(stage_manager)
         self.num_microbatches = num_microbatches
         self.microbatch_size = microbatch_size
         self.batch: Optional[Any] = None
         self.batch_size: Optional[int] = None
+        self.last_batch_size: Optional[int] = None
         self.microbatch_offset: Optional[int] = None
         self._use_microbatch_size = num_microbatches is None
 
+        # P2PMeta cache
+        self.send_metadata_forward = True
+        self.send_metadata_backward = True
+        self.metadata_recv_forward = None
+        self.metadata_recv_backward = None
+
     def load_batch(self, data_iter: Iterable, device: Optional[torch.device] = None) -> None:
         """Load a batch from data iterator.
 
@@ -60,8 +68,14 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         batch = next(data_iter)
         if device is not None:
             batch = tree_map(partial(to_device, device=device), batch)
+
         self.batch = batch
         self.batch_size = get_batch_size(batch)
+        if self.last_batch_size is None:
+            self.last_batch_size = self.batch_size
+        else:
+            assert self.forward_only or self.last_batch_size == self.batch_size
+            # TODO: support arbitrary batch size when forward_only=True
         self.microbatch_offset = 0
         if not self._use_microbatch_size:
             assert (
@@ -92,12 +106,12 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         Returns:
             Any: The input tensor or input tensor list.
         """
-        if self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-            input_tensor = None
-        else:
-            input_tensor = self.comm.recv_forward(prev_rank)
+        if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
+            input_tensor = self.comm.recv_forward(prev_rank, metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_forward)
+            if self.metadata_recv_forward is None:
+                self.metadata_recv_forward = create_fast_send_metadata(input_tensor)
 
-        return input_tensor
+            return input_tensor
 
     def recv_backward(self, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
         """Copy the gradient tensor from the next stage in pipeline as the input gradient of this stage.
@@ -109,12 +123,12 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         Returns:
             Any: The input gradient tensor or gradient tensor list.
         """
-        if self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
-            output_tensor_grad = None
-        else:
-            output_tensor_grad = self.comm.recv_backward(next_rank)
+        if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+            output_tensor_grad = self.comm.recv_backward(next_rank, metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_backward)
+            if self.metadata_recv_backward is None:
+                self.metadata_recv_backward = create_fast_send_metadata(output_tensor_grad)
 
-        return output_tensor_grad
+            return output_tensor_grad
 
     def send_forward(self, output_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> None:
         """Sends the input tensor to the next stage in pipeline.
@@ -125,18 +139,8 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             next_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor.
         """
         if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
-            self.comm.send_forward(output_object, next_rank)
-
-    def send_forward_recv_backward(self, output_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
-        """Sends the input tensor to the next stage and copy the gradient tensor from the next stage in pipeline.
-           For 1F1B.
-
-        Args:
-            output_object (Any): Object to be sent.
-            next_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor.
-        """
-        if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
-            return self.comm.send_forward_recv_backward(output_object, next_rank)
+            self.comm.send_forward(output_object, next_rank, send_metadata=self.send_metadata_forward)
+            self.send_metadata_forward = False
 
     def send_backward(self, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None) -> None:
         """Sends the gradient tensor to the previous stage in pipeline.
@@ -147,7 +151,29 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             prev_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor
         """
         if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-            self.comm.send_backward(input_object, prev_rank)
+            self.comm.send_backward(input_object, prev_rank, send_metadata=self.send_metadata_backward)
+            self.send_metadata_backward = False
+
+    def send_forward_recv_backward(self, output_object: Any, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
+        """Sends the input tensor to the next stage and copy the gradient tensor from the next stage in pipeline.
+           For 1F1B.
+
+        Args:
+            output_object (Any): Object to be sent.
+            next_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor.
+        """
+        if not self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+            output_tensor_grad = self.comm.send_forward_recv_backward(
+                output_object,
+                next_rank,
+                send_metadata=self.send_metadata_forward,
+                metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_backward,
+            )
+            self.send_metadata_forward = False
+            if self.metadata_recv_backward is None:
+                self.metadata_recv_backward = create_fast_send_metadata(output_tensor_grad)
+
+            return output_tensor_grad
 
     def send_backward_recv_forward(self, output_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None) -> Any:
         """Sends the gradient tensor to the previous stage and copy the input tensor from the previous stage in pipeline.
@@ -158,23 +184,17 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             prev_rank (int, optional): The rank of the recipient of the tensor.
         """
         if not self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-            return self.comm.send_backward_recv_forward(output_object, prev_rank)
+            input_tensor = self.comm.send_backward_recv_forward(
+                output_object,
+                prev_rank,
+                send_metadata=self.send_metadata_backward,
+                metadata_recv=self.metadata_recv_forward,
+            )
+            self.send_metadata_backward = False
+            if self.metadata_recv_forward is None:
+                self.metadata_recv_forward = create_fast_send_metadata(input_tensor)
 
-    def send_forward_recv_forward(self, input_object: Any, prev_rank: int = None, next_rank: int = None) -> Any:
-        """Sends the input tensor to the next stage and copy the input tensor from the previous stage in pipeline.
-           For 1F1B.
-
-        Args:
-            input_object (Any): Object to be sent.
-            prev_rank (int, optional): The previous rank of the recipient of the tensor.
-            next_rank (int, optional): The next rank of the recipient of the tensor.
-        """
-        if self.stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-            return self.comm.send_forward(input_object, next_rank)
-        elif self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
-            return self.comm.recv_forward(prev_rank)
-        else:
-            return self.comm.send_forward_recv_forward(input_object, prev_rank, next_rank)
+            return input_tensor
 
     def forward_step(
         self,
@@ -276,9 +296,10 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         Returns:
             dict: A dict with keys: 'loss' and 'outputs'.
         """
-        forward_only = not torch.is_grad_enabled()
+
+        self.forward_only = not torch.is_grad_enabled()
         if optimizer is None:
-            assert forward_only, "Optimizer should be passed when doing backward."
+            assert self.forward_only, "Optimizer should be passed when doing backward."
 
         self.load_batch(data_iter)
 
@@ -291,25 +312,22 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
         input_objs = None
         output_objs = None
 
-        if not forward_only:
+        if not self.forward_only:
             input_objs = []
             output_objs = []
 
-        outputs = [] if return_outputs and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage() else None
+        accum_loss = None
         if return_loss and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage():
             accum_loss = torch.zeros(1, device=get_current_device())
-        else:
-            accum_loss = None
+        outputs = [] if return_outputs and self.stage_manager.is_last_stage() else None
 
         # Run warmup forward passes.
         for i in range(num_warmup_microbatches):
             input_obj = self.recv_forward()
-
             output_obj = self.forward_step(model, input_obj, criterion, accum_loss, outputs)
-
             self.send_forward(output_obj)
 
-            if not forward_only:
+            if not self.forward_only:
                 input_objs.append(input_obj)
                 output_objs.append(output_obj)
 
@@ -324,16 +342,15 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
             last_iteration = i == (num_microbatches_remaining - 1)
 
             output_obj = self.forward_step(model, input_obj, criterion, accum_loss, outputs)
-            if forward_only:
+
+            if self.forward_only:
                 self.send_forward(output_obj)
 
                 if not last_iteration:
                     input_obj = self.recv_forward()
-            else:
-                # TODO adjust here
-                self.send_forward(output_obj)
-                output_obj_grad = self.recv_backward()
 
+            else:
+                output_obj_grad = self.send_forward_recv_backward(output_obj)
                 # Add input_obj and output_obj to end of list.
                 input_objs.append(input_obj)
                 output_objs.append(output_obj)
@@ -345,13 +362,12 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
                 input_obj_grad = self.backward_step(optimizer, input_obj, output_obj, output_obj_grad)
 
                 if last_iteration:
-                    input_obj = None
+                    self.send_backward(input_obj_grad)
                 else:
-                    input_obj = self.recv_forward()
-                self.send_backward(input_obj_grad)
+                    input_obj = self.send_backward_recv_forward(input_obj_grad)
 
         # Run cooldown backward passes.
-        if not forward_only:
+        if not self.forward_only:
             for i in range(num_warmup_microbatches):
                 input_obj = input_objs.pop(0)
                 output_obj = output_objs.pop(0)
@@ -360,6 +376,9 @@ class OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(PipelineSchedule):
                 input_obj_grad = self.backward_step(optimizer, input_obj, output_obj, output_obj_grad)
                 self.send_backward(input_obj_grad)
 
+        if not self.forward_only:
+            assert all(len(v) == 0 for v in input_objs) and all(len(v) == 0 for v in output_objs)
+
         if outputs is not None:
             if isinstance(model, ModelWrapper):
                 model = model.unwrap()
diff --git a/colossalai/pipeline/stage_manager.py b/colossalai/pipeline/stage_manager.py
index d7853938a..c8f904208 100644
--- a/colossalai/pipeline/stage_manager.py
+++ b/colossalai/pipeline/stage_manager.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import contextlib
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import torch.distributed as dist
@@ -68,45 +69,39 @@ class PipelineStageManager:
             # for shardformer, hold model chunk id
             self.model_chunk_id: Optional[int] = None
 
-    def is_first_stage(self, model_chunk_id: Optional[int] = None) -> bool:
+    def is_first_stage(self, ignore_chunk: bool = False) -> bool:
         """Is the current stage the first stage.
 
         NOTE:
             1. if using interleaved pipeline parallel, the first stage is the first chunk of the first device.
-            2. invoke is_first_stage() with model_chunk_id < 0 is equivalent to invoke is_first_device()
+            2. invoke is_first_stage() with ignore_chunk=True is equivalent to invoke is_first_device()
 
         Returns:
             bool: Whether the current stage is the first stage.
         """
-        if self.is_interleave and model_chunk_id is None:
-            model_chunk_id = self.model_chunk_id
-        assert self.is_interleave ^ (
-            model_chunk_id is None
-        ), "model_chunk_id must be specified when using interleaved pipeline"
-        if not self.is_interleave or model_chunk_id < 0:
+        assert isinstance(ignore_chunk, bool)
+        assert not self.is_interleave or (ignore_chunk or self.model_chunk_id is not None)
+        if not self.is_interleave or ignore_chunk:
             return self.stage == 0
         else:
-            return self.stage == 0 and model_chunk_id == 0
+            return self.stage == 0 and self.model_chunk_id == 0
 
-    def is_last_stage(self, model_chunk_id: Optional[int] = None) -> bool:
+    def is_last_stage(self, ignore_chunk: bool = False) -> bool:
         """Is the current stage the last stage.
 
         NOTE:
             1. if using interleaved pipeline parallel, the last stage is the last chunk of the last device.
-            2. invoke is_last_stage() with model_chunk_id < 0 is equivalent to invoke is_last_device()
+            2. invoke is_last_stage() with ignore_chunk=True is equivalent to invoke is_last_device()
 
         Returns:
             bool: Whether the current stage is the last stage.
         """
-        if self.is_interleave and model_chunk_id is None:
-            model_chunk_id = self.model_chunk_id
-        assert self.is_interleave ^ (
-            model_chunk_id is None
-        ), "model_chunk_id must be specified when using interleaved pipeline"
-        if not self.is_interleave or model_chunk_id < 0:
+        assert isinstance(ignore_chunk, bool)
+        assert not self.is_interleave or (ignore_chunk or self.model_chunk_id is not None)
+        if not self.is_interleave or ignore_chunk:
             return self.stage == self.num_stages - 1
         else:
-            return self.stage == self.num_stages - 1 and model_chunk_id == self.num_model_chunks - 1
+            return self.stage == self.num_stages - 1 and self.model_chunk_id == self.num_model_chunks - 1
 
     @property
     def num_stages(self) -> int:
@@ -174,3 +169,10 @@ class PipelineStageManager:
             ProcessGroup: Process group of the given stages.
         """
         return self.pg_mesh.get_group_along_axis(self.pipeline_axis, stages)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def switch_model_chunk_id(self, model_chunk_id: int):
+        old_model_chunk_id = self.model_chunk_id
+        self.model_chunk_id = model_chunk_id
+        yield
+        self.model_chunk_id = old_model_chunk_id
diff --git a/colossalai/shardformer/policies/bert.py b/colossalai/shardformer/policies/bert.py
index 78363bf5e..0ab63b765 100644
--- a/colossalai/shardformer/policies/bert.py
+++ b/colossalai/shardformer/policies/bert.py
@@ -309,11 +309,11 @@ class BertPolicy(Policy):
                 num_model_chunks=stage_manager.num_model_chunks,
                 num_stages=stage_manager.num_stages,
             )
-            if stage_manager.is_first_stage(-1):
+            if stage_manager.is_first_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
                 held_layers.append(module.embeddings)
             for start_idx, end_idx in stage_indices:
                 held_layers.extend(module.encoder.layer[start_idx:end_idx])
-            if stage_manager.is_last_stage(-1):
+            if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
                 held_layers.append(module.pooler)
 
         else:
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class BertForPreTrainingPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """Get pipeline layers for current stage"""
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.cls)
 
         return held_layers
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ class BertLMHeadModelPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.cls)
         return held_layers
 
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ class BertForMaskedLMPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.cls)
         return held_layers
 
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ class BertForSequenceClassificationPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(None if not stage_manager.is_interleave else -1):
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.dropout)
             held_layers.append(self.model.classifier)
         return held_layers
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ class BertForTokenClassificationPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.dropout)
             held_layers.append(self.model.classifier)
         return held_layers
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ class BertForNextSentencePredictionPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.cls)
         return held_layers
 
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ class BertForMultipleChoicePolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.dropout)
             held_layers.append(self.model.classifier)
         return held_layers
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ class BertForQuestionAnsweringPolicy(BertPolicy):
         """
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.qa_outputs)
         return held_layers
 
diff --git a/colossalai/shardformer/policies/llama.py b/colossalai/shardformer/policies/llama.py
index eee2259f2..39a4d4023 100644
--- a/colossalai/shardformer/policies/llama.py
+++ b/colossalai/shardformer/policies/llama.py
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@ from torch.nn import Module
 
 from colossalai.shardformer.layer import FusedRMSNorm, Linear1D_Col, Linear1D_Row, RMSNorm, VocabParallelEmbedding1D
 
-from ..modeling.llama import LlamaPipelineForwards, get_llama_flash_attention_forward, get_lm_forward_with_dist_cross_entropy
+from ..modeling.llama import (
+    LlamaPipelineForwards,
+    get_llama_flash_attention_forward,
+    get_lm_forward_with_dist_cross_entropy,
+)
 from .base_policy import ModulePolicyDescription, Policy, SubModuleReplacementDescription
 
 __all__ = ["LlamaPolicy", "LlamaForCausalLMPolicy", "LlamaForSequenceClassificationPolicy"]
@@ -140,21 +144,42 @@ class LlamaPolicy(Policy):
     def set_pipeline_forward(self, model_cls: nn.Module, new_forward: Callable, policy: Dict) -> None:
         """If under pipeline parallel setting, replacing the original forward method of huggingface
         to customized forward method, and add this changing to policy."""
-        if self.pipeline_stage_manager:
-            stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
-            if self.model.__class__.__name__ == "LlamaModel":
-                module = self.model
-            else:
-                module = self.model.model
+        if self.pipeline_stage_manager is None:
+            return
 
+        stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
+        if self.model.__class__.__name__ == "LlamaModel":
+            module = self.model
+        else:
+            module = self.model.model
+
+        if stage_manager.is_interleave:
+            layers_per_stage = self.distribute_layers(
+                len(module.layers), stage_manager.num_stages * stage_manager.num_model_chunks
+            )
+            stage_manager.stage_indices = Policy.get_stage_index(
+                layers_per_stage,
+                stage_manager.stage,
+                num_model_chunks=stage_manager.num_model_chunks,
+                num_stages=stage_manager.num_stages,
+            )
+            method_replacement = {
+                "forward": partial(new_forward, stage_manager=stage_manager, shard_config=self.shard_config)
+            }
+
+        else:
             layers_per_stage = Policy.distribute_layers(len(module.layers), stage_manager.num_stages)
             stage_index = Policy.get_stage_index(layers_per_stage, stage_manager.stage)
-            method_replacement = {"forward": partial(new_forward, stage_manager=stage_manager, stage_index=stage_index, shard_config=self.shard_config)}
+            method_replacement = {
+                "forward": partial(
+                    new_forward, stage_manager=stage_manager, stage_index=stage_index, shard_config=self.shard_config
+                )
+            }
             self.append_or_create_method_replacement(
                 description=method_replacement, policy=policy, target_key=model_cls
             )
 
-        return
+        self.append_or_create_method_replacement(description=method_replacement, policy=policy, target_key=model_cls)
 
     def get_held_layers(self) -> List[Module]:
         """Get pipeline layers for current stage."""
@@ -167,13 +192,32 @@ class LlamaPolicy(Policy):
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
 
         held_layers = []
-        layers_per_stage = self.distribute_layers(len(module.layers), stage_manager.num_stages)
-        if stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-            held_layers.append(module.embed_tokens)
-        start_idx, end_idx = self.get_stage_index(layers_per_stage, stage_manager.stage)
-        held_layers.extend(module.layers[start_idx:end_idx])
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
-            held_layers.append(module.norm)
+        if stage_manager.is_interleave:
+            assert stage_manager.num_model_chunks is not None
+            layers_per_stage = self.distribute_layers(
+                len(module.layers), stage_manager.num_stages * stage_manager.num_model_chunks
+            )
+            stage_indices = Policy.get_stage_index(
+                layers_per_stage,
+                stage_manager.stage,
+                num_model_chunks=stage_manager.num_model_chunks,
+                num_stages=stage_manager.num_stages,
+            )
+            if stage_manager.is_first_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
+                held_layers.append(module.embed_tokens)
+            for start_idx, end_idx in stage_indices:
+                held_layers.extend(module.layers[start_idx:end_idx])
+            if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
+                held_layers.append(module.norm)
+
+        else:
+            layers_per_stage = self.distribute_layers(len(module.layers), stage_manager.num_stages)
+            if stage_manager.is_first_stage():
+                held_layers.append(module.embed_tokens)
+            start_idx, end_idx = self.get_stage_index(layers_per_stage, stage_manager.stage)
+            held_layers.extend(module.layers[start_idx:end_idx])
+            if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+                held_layers.append(module.norm)
 
         return held_layers
 
@@ -211,11 +255,9 @@ class LlamaForCausalLMPolicy(LlamaPolicy):
             new_item = {
                 LlamaForCausalLM: ModulePolicyDescription(
                     sub_module_replacement=[
-                        SubModuleReplacementDescription(
-                            suffix="lm_head", target_module=Linear1D_Col
-                        )
+                        SubModuleReplacementDescription(suffix="lm_head", target_module=Linear1D_Col)
                     ],
-                    method_replacement={"forward": get_lm_forward_with_dist_cross_entropy(self.shard_config)}
+                    method_replacement={"forward": get_lm_forward_with_dist_cross_entropy(self.shard_config)},
                 )
             }
             policy.update(new_item)
@@ -232,7 +274,7 @@ class LlamaForCausalLMPolicy(LlamaPolicy):
         """Get pipeline layers for current stage."""
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.lm_head)
         return held_layers
 
@@ -285,7 +327,7 @@ class LlamaForSequenceClassificationPolicy(LlamaPolicy):
         """Get pipeline layers for current stage."""
         stage_manager = self.pipeline_stage_manager
         held_layers = super().get_held_layers()
-        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
             held_layers.append(self.model.score)
         return held_layers
 
diff --git a/examples/language/bert/finetune.py b/examples/language/bert/finetune.py
index b349d7edf..aad12c9c2 100644
--- a/examples/language/bert/finetune.py
+++ b/examples/language/bert/finetune.py
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ def evaluate_model(
 
     def evaluate_subset(dataloader: DataLoader):
         use_pipeline = isinstance(booster.plugin, HybridParallelPlugin) and booster.plugin.pp_size > 1
-        is_pp_last_device = use_pipeline and booster.plugin.stage_manager.is_last_stage(
-            None if not booster.plugin.stage_manager.is_interleave else -1
-        )
+        is_pp_last_device = use_pipeline and booster.plugin.stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True)
 
         accum_loss = torch.zeros(1, device=get_current_device())
         for batch in dataloader:
@@ -136,9 +134,7 @@ def train_epoch(
     coordinator: DistCoordinator,
 ):
     use_pipeline = isinstance(booster.plugin, HybridParallelPlugin) and booster.plugin.pp_size > 1
-    is_pp_last_device = use_pipeline and booster.plugin.stage_manager.is_last_stage(
-        None if not booster.plugin.stage_manager.is_interleave else -1
-    )
+    is_pp_last_device = use_pipeline and booster.plugin.stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True)
     print_flag = (not use_pipeline and coordinator.is_master()) or (use_pipeline and is_pp_last_device)
     total_step = len(train_dataloader)
 
diff --git a/examples/language/llama2/benchmark.py b/examples/language/llama2/benchmark.py
index daf7d2fd4..a4c29b7c8 100644
--- a/examples/language/llama2/benchmark.py
+++ b/examples/language/llama2/benchmark.py
@@ -133,7 +133,9 @@ def main():
         plugin = HybridParallelPlugin(
             tp_size=args.tp,
             pp_size=args.pp,
+            pp_style="interleaved",
             zero_stage=args.zero,
+            num_model_chunks=2,
             enable_fused_normalization=torch.cuda.is_available(),
             num_microbatches=args.mbs,
             precision="bf16",
diff --git a/tests/test_pipeline/test_p2p_communication.py b/tests/test_pipeline/test_p2p_communication.py
index 1665711ce..40b6ac8eb 100644
--- a/tests/test_pipeline/test_p2p_communication.py
+++ b/tests/test_pipeline/test_p2p_communication.py
@@ -1,47 +1,80 @@
+import warnings
+
 import pytest
 import torch
 import torch.distributed as dist
 
 import colossalai
 from colossalai.cluster import ProcessGroupMesh
-from colossalai.pipeline.p2p import PipelineP2PCommunication
+from colossalai.pipeline.p2p import P2PDataType, P2PMetadata, PipelineP2PCommunication, TensorMetadata
 from colossalai.pipeline.stage_manager import PipelineStageManager
 from colossalai.testing import rerun_if_address_is_in_use, spawn
 from colossalai.utils import get_current_device
 
+WORLD_SIZE = 2
+
 
 def check_p2p_communication():
-    pg_mesh = ProcessGroupMesh(2)
+    pg_mesh = ProcessGroupMesh(WORLD_SIZE)
     stage_manager = PipelineStageManager(pg_mesh, 0)
     p2p = PipelineP2PCommunication(stage_manager)
 
     rank = dist.get_rank()
 
     tensor = torch.ones(1, device=get_current_device())
+    data = [
+        "tensor",
+        tensor,
+        [tensor],
+        {"tensor": tensor},
+    ]
 
     if rank == 0:
-        p2p.send_forward(tensor)
-        p2p.send_forward([tensor])
-        p2p.send_forward({"tensor": tensor})
-    else:
-        obj = p2p.recv_forward()
-        assert torch.equal(obj, tensor)
-        obj = p2p.recv_forward()
-        assert type(obj) == list and len(obj) == 1 and torch.equal(obj[0], tensor)
-        obj = p2p.recv_forward()
-        assert type(obj) == dict and "tensor" in obj and torch.equal(obj["tensor"], tensor)
+        for obj in data:
+            p2p.send_forward(obj)
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            recv_obj = p2p.send_forward_recv_backward(data[i])
+            assert recv_obj == data[-(i + 1)]
+    elif rank == 1:
+        for obj in data:
+            recv_obj = p2p.recv_forward()
+            assert recv_obj == obj
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            p2p.send_backward(data[-(i + 1)])
+            recv_obj = p2p.recv_forward()
+            assert recv_obj == data[i]
 
     if rank == 1:
-        p2p.send_backward(tensor)
-        p2p.send_backward([tensor])
-        p2p.send_backward({"tensor": tensor})
-    else:
-        obj = p2p.recv_backward()
-        assert torch.equal(obj, tensor)
-        obj = p2p.recv_backward()
-        assert type(obj) == list and len(obj) == 1 and torch.equal(obj[0], tensor)
-        obj = p2p.recv_backward()
-        assert type(obj) == dict and "tensor" in obj and torch.equal(obj["tensor"], tensor)
+        for obj in data:
+            p2p.send_backward(obj)
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            recv_obj = p2p.send_backward_recv_forward(data[i])
+            assert recv_obj == data[-(i + 1)]
+    elif rank == 0:
+        for obj in data:
+            recv_obj = p2p.recv_backward()
+            assert recv_obj == obj
+        for i in range(len(data)):
+            recv_obj = p2p.recv_backward()
+            p2p.send_forward(data[-(i + 1)])
+            assert recv_obj == data[i]
+
+    warnings.filterwarnings("error")
+    tensor_metadata = TensorMetadata(
+        key=None, shape=tensor.shape, dtype=tensor.dtype, requires_grad=tensor.requires_grad
+    )
+    comm_metadata = P2PMetadata(data_type=P2PDataType.Tensor, content=tensor_metadata)
+    if rank == 0:
+        recv_obj = p2p.send_forward_recv_backward(
+            tensor,
+            send_metadata=False,
+            metadata_recv=comm_metadata,
+        )
+        assert recv_obj == tensor
+    elif rank == 1:
+        recv_obj = p2p.recv_forward(metadata_recv=comm_metadata)
+        assert recv_obj == tensor
+        p2p.send_backward(tensor, send_metadata=False)
 
 
 def run_dist(rank, world_size, port):
@@ -52,7 +85,7 @@ def run_dist(rank, world_size, port):
 @pytest.mark.dist
 @rerun_if_address_is_in_use()
 def test_pipeline_p2p():
-    spawn(run_dist, 2)
+    spawn(run_dist, WORLD_SIZE)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_interleaved.py b/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_interleaved.py
index 4de50245f..0e81818eb 100644
--- a/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_interleaved.py
+++ b/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_interleaved.py
@@ -37,12 +37,13 @@ def pp_linear_fwd(
     stage_mgr: PipelineStageManager = None,
     model_chunk_id: int = None,
 ):
-    if stage_mgr.is_first_stage(model_chunk_id):
-        return {"input_obj": forward(data)}
-    elif stage_mgr.is_last_stage(model_chunk_id):
-        return forward(input_obj)
-    else:
-        return {"input_obj": forward(input_obj)}
+    with stage_mgr.switch_model_chunk_id(model_chunk_id):
+        if stage_mgr.is_first_stage():
+            return {"input_obj": forward(data)}
+        elif stage_mgr.is_last_stage():
+            return forward(input_obj)
+        else:
+            return {"input_obj": forward(input_obj)}
 
 
 def run_pp(
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ def run_pp(
     )
 
     # check loss
-    if stage_manager.is_last_stage(-1):
+    if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
         assert torch.allclose(torch_loss, pp_ret["loss"])
 
     # check gradients
@@ -119,6 +120,7 @@ def run_pp(
     # step
     torch_optimizer.step()
     pp_optimizer.step()
+    pp_optimizer.zero_grad()
 
     # check updated param
     for i in range(num_model_chunk):
@@ -126,6 +128,24 @@ def run_pp(
         assert torch.allclose(torch_model.layers[idx].weight, sharded_model[i].weight)
         assert torch.allclose(torch_model.layers[idx].bias, sharded_model[i].bias)
 
+    # forward only
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        torch_output = torch_model(input_list[0])
+        torch_loss = criterion(torch_output)
+
+        pp_ret = schedule.forward_backward_step(
+            sharded_model, iter(input_list), criterion, pp_optimizer, return_loss=True, return_outputs=True
+        )
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
+            assert torch.allclose(torch_loss, pp_ret["loss"])
+
+        for layer in sharded_model:
+            if layer.weight.grad is None:
+                assert layer.weight.grad is None and layer.bias.grad is None
+            else:
+                assert torch.allclose(layer.weight.grad, torch.zeros_like(layer.weight.grad))
+                assert torch.allclose(layer.bias.grad, torch.zeros_like(layer.bias.grad))
+
 
 @pytest.mark.dist
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("num_microbatch", [4, 12])
diff --git a/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_oneF_oneB.py b/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_oneF_oneB.py
index 1d77edc2d..5f27be396 100644
--- a/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_oneF_oneB.py
+++ b/tests/test_pipeline/test_schedule/test_oneF_oneB.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ from types import MethodType
 
 import pytest
 import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
 import torch.nn as nn
 
 import colossalai
@@ -14,21 +15,26 @@ from colossalai.pipeline.stage_manager import PipelineStageManager
 from colossalai.testing import rerun_if_address_is_in_use, spawn
 from colossalai.testing.random import seed_all
 
+DIM = 8
+NUM_LAYER = 8
+
 
 class MlpModel(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self):
-        super(MlpModel, self).__init__()
-        self.linear1 = nn.Linear(4, 8)
-        self.linear2 = nn.Linear(8, 4)
+        super().__init__()
+        self.layers = nn.ModuleList([nn.Linear(DIM, DIM) for _ in range(NUM_LAYER)])
 
     def forward(self, x):
-        x = self.linear1(x)
-        x = self.linear2(x)
+        for layer in self.layers:
+            x = layer(x)
         return x
 
 
 def pp_linear_fwd(
-    forward, data: torch.Tensor = None, input_obj: torch.Tensor = None, stage_mgr: PipelineStageManager = None
+    forward,
+    data: torch.Tensor = None,
+    input_obj: torch.Tensor = None,
+    stage_mgr: PipelineStageManager = None,
 ):
     if stage_mgr.is_first_stage():
         return {"input_obj": forward(data)}
@@ -38,34 +44,45 @@ def pp_linear_fwd(
         return {"input_obj": forward(input_obj)}
 
 
-def examine_pp():
+def examine_pp(num_microbatch: int, batch_size: int):
     """
     This test is to examine the correctness of 1F1B, compared with torch.
     Be aware it contains some hardcodes.
     """
-    world_size = torch.distributed.get_world_size()
-    local_rank = torch.distributed.get_rank()
+    world_size = dist.get_world_size()
+    dist.get_rank()
     seed_all(1453)
 
-    NUM_MICRO_BATCHS = 4
-    BATCH_SIZE = 4
-
     # create models
     torch_model = MlpModel().cuda()
 
     pp_model = copy.deepcopy(torch_model).cuda()
 
-    DP_DIM, PP_DIM, TP_DIM = 0, 1, 2
-    pg_mesh = ProcessGroupMesh(1, world_size, 1)
-    stage_manager = PipelineStageManager(pg_mesh, PP_DIM)
-    schedule = OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(stage_manager, num_microbatches=NUM_MICRO_BATCHS)
+    pg_mesh = ProcessGroupMesh(world_size)
+    stage_manager = PipelineStageManager(pg_mesh, pipeline_axis=0)
+    schedule = OneForwardOneBackwardSchedule(stage_manager, num_microbatches=num_microbatch)
 
-    for idx, (_, sub_model) in enumerate(pp_model.named_children()):
-        if idx % (world_size) == local_rank:
-            sharded_model = sub_model.cuda()
+    rank = dist.get_rank()
+    sharded_model = torch.nn.ModuleList()
+    num_local_layer = NUM_LAYER // world_size
+    for idx, sub_model in enumerate(pp_model.layers):
+        if idx // num_local_layer == rank:
+            sharded_model.append(sub_model.cuda())
+    assert len(sharded_model) == num_local_layer
 
-    sharded_model._forward = sharded_model.forward
-    sharded_model.forward = MethodType(partial(pp_linear_fwd, stage_mgr=stage_manager), sharded_model._forward)
+    def custom_fwd(self, x):
+        for layer in self._modules.values():
+            x = layer(x)
+        return x
+
+    sharded_model._forward = MethodType(custom_fwd, sharded_model)
+    sharded_model.forward = MethodType(
+        partial(
+            pp_linear_fwd,
+            stage_mgr=stage_manager,
+        ),
+        sharded_model._forward,
+    )
 
     # create optimizer
     torch_optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(torch_model.parameters(), lr=1)
@@ -73,19 +90,15 @@ def examine_pp():
 
     # create
     seed_all(1453)
-    if stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-        input_list = [torch.rand(BATCH_SIZE, 4).cuda()]
-    else:
-        input_list = [torch.zeros(BATCH_SIZE, 4).cuda()]
-    torch.distributed.all_reduce(input_list[0])
+    input_list = [torch.rand(batch_size, DIM).cuda()]
+    dist.all_reduce(input_list[0])
 
-    criterion = lambda x, y: torch.mean(x)
+    criterion = lambda x, *arg, **kwargs: (x * x).mean()
 
     # forward and backward
     torch_output = torch_model(input_list[0])
-    torch_loss = criterion(torch_output, _)
+    torch_loss = criterion(torch_output)
     torch_loss.backward()
-
     pp_ret = schedule.forward_backward_step(
         sharded_model, iter(input_list), criterion, pp_optimizer, return_loss=True, return_outputs=True
     )
@@ -95,34 +108,66 @@ def examine_pp():
         assert torch.allclose(torch_loss, pp_ret["loss"])
 
     # check gradients
-    torch_grad = []
-    for torch_p in torch_model.parameters():
-        torch_grad.append(torch_p.grad.data)
-    for idx, pp_p in enumerate(sharded_model.parameters()):
-        assert torch.allclose(torch_grad[idx + local_rank * 2], pp_p.grad.data)
+    for i in range(len(sharded_model)):
+        idx = rank * num_local_layer + i
+        assert torch.allclose(torch_model.layers[idx].weight.grad, sharded_model[i].weight.grad)
+        assert torch.allclose(torch_model.layers[idx].bias.grad, sharded_model[i].bias.grad)
 
     # step
     torch_optimizer.step()
     pp_optimizer.step()
+    pp_optimizer.zero_grad()
 
     # check updated param
-    torch_param = []
-    for torch_p in torch_model.parameters():
-        torch_param.append(torch_p.data)
-    for idx, pp_p in enumerate(sharded_model.parameters()):
-        assert torch.allclose(torch_param[idx + local_rank * 2], pp_p.data)
+    for i in range(len(sharded_model)):
+        idx = rank * num_local_layer + i
+        assert torch.allclose(torch_model.layers[idx].weight, sharded_model[i].weight)
+        assert torch.allclose(torch_model.layers[idx].bias, sharded_model[i].bias)
+
+    # forward only
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        torch_output = torch_model(input_list[0])
+        torch_loss = criterion(torch_output)
+
+        pp_ret = schedule.forward_backward_step(
+            sharded_model, iter(input_list), criterion, pp_optimizer, return_loss=True, return_outputs=True
+        )
+        if stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+            assert torch.allclose(torch_loss, pp_ret["loss"])
+
+        for layer in sharded_model:
+            if layer.weight.grad is None:
+                assert layer.weight.grad is None and layer.bias.grad is None
+            else:
+                assert torch.allclose(layer.weight.grad, torch.zeros_like(layer.weight.grad))
+                assert torch.allclose(layer.bias.grad, torch.zeros_like(layer.bias.grad))
 
 
-def run_dist(rank, world_size, port):
+def run_dist(
+    rank: int,
+    world_size: int,
+    port: int,
+    num_microbatch: int,
+    batch_size: int,
+):
     colossalai.launch(config=dict(), rank=rank, world_size=world_size, port=port, host="localhost")
-    examine_pp()
+    examine_pp(num_microbatch, batch_size)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.dist
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("num_microbatch", [4, 12])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("batch_size", [12])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("world_size", [2, 4])
 @rerun_if_address_is_in_use()
-def test_pp():
-    spawn(run_dist, 2)
+def test_pp(num_microbatch: int, batch_size: int, world_size: int):
+    assert NUM_LAYER % world_size == 0
+    spawn(
+        run_dist,
+        world_size,
+        num_microbatch=num_microbatch,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+    )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    test_pp()
+    test_pp(num_microbatch=4, batch_size=4, world_size=4)
diff --git a/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/_utils.py b/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/_utils.py
index 6acbe4ff5..87e661802 100644
--- a/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/_utils.py
+++ b/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/_utils.py
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ def check_output_hidden_state(
 ):
     org_hidden_state = org_output.last_hidden_state
 
-    if stage_manager and stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+    if stage_manager and stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
         sharded_hidden_state = sharded_output["outputs"]["last_hidden_state"]
     else:
         sharded_hidden_state = sharded_output.last_hidden_state
@@ -229,6 +229,10 @@ def check_weight(
         org_weight = getattr_(org_model, suffix).weight
         sharded_weight = getattr_(sharded_model, suffix).weight
 
+        # skip if layer is not held by this process
+        if sharded_weight is None:
+            continue
+
         if is_distributed_tensor(sharded_weight) or is_customized_distributed_tensor(sharded_weight):
             sharded_weight_list = [
                 torch.zeros_like(sharded_weight).to("cuda") for _ in range(dist.get_world_size(tp_group))
diff --git a/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_bert.py b/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_bert.py
index b38793b7c..768bd95bd 100644
--- a/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_bert.py
+++ b/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_bert.py
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
     norm_layer_for_check = ["encoder.layer[0].attention.output.LayerNorm", "embeddings.LayerNorm"]
     col_layer_for_check = ["encoder.layer[0].output.dense"]
     row_layer_for_check = ["embeddings.word_embeddings", "encoder.layer[0].intermediate.dense"]
+    weight_layer_for_check = ["encoder.layer[0].output.dense", "encoder.layer[1].output.dense"]
 
     # Save gradient tensors for comparison between the original model and the sharded model before optimizer step.
     grads_to_check = {}
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
         atol, rtol = 1e-4, 1e-3
     else:
         atol, rtol = 5e-3, 5e-3
-    if (stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage()) and booster.plugin.zero_stage == 0:
+    if (stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage(ignore_chunk=True)) and booster.plugin.zero_stage == 0:
         col_layer_grads = get_grad_tensors_for_check(
             bert, sharded_bert, col_layer_for_check, tp_group, atol=atol, rtol=rtol, dim=1, verbose=False
         )
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
     sharded_optimizer.step()
 
     # check last hidden state & loss
-    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
         if test_config["precision"] == "fp32":
             atol, rtol = 1e-5, 1e-3
         else:
@@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
         atol, rtol = 5e-3, 1e-3
     else:
         atol, rtol = 5e-3, 5e-3
-    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage():
-        check_weight(bert, sharded_bert, col_layer_for_check, tp_group, atol=atol, rtol=rtol, dim=1, verbose=False)
+    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
+        check_weight(bert, sharded_bert, weight_layer_for_check, tp_group, atol=atol, rtol=rtol, dim=1)
 
     # check grads
     check_all_grad_tensors(grads_to_check)
@@ -183,6 +184,17 @@ def run_bert_test(test_config):
             "zero_stage": 1,
             "initial_scale": 1,
         },
+        {
+            "tp_size": 2,
+            "pp_size": 2,
+            "pp_style": "interleaved",
+            "num_model_chunks": 2,
+            "num_microbatches": 4,
+            "enable_all_optimization": False,
+            "precision": "fp16",
+            "zero_stage": 1,
+            "initial_scale": 1,
+        },
     ],
 )
 def run_bert_3d_test(test_config):
diff --git a/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_llama.py b/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_llama.py
index f8f08e1d0..c7edcfb35 100644
--- a/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_llama.py
+++ b/tests/test_shardformer/test_model/test_shard_llama.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
 
     # Save gradient tensors for comparison between the original model and the sharded model before optimizer step.
     grads_to_check = {}
-    if (stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage()) and booster.plugin.zero_stage == 0:
+    if (stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage(ignore_chunk=True)) and booster.plugin.zero_stage == 0:
         if test_config["precision"] == "fp32":
             atol, rtol = 1e-6, 1e-4
         else:
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
     sharded_optimizer.step()
 
     # check last hidden state & loss
-    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_last_stage():
+    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_last_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
         if test_config["precision"] == "fp32":
             atol, rtol = 1e-5, 1e-3
         else:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def check_forward_backward(model_fn, data_gen_fn, output_transform_fn, loss_fn,
         check_loss(org_loss, sharded_loss, atol=atol, rtol=rtol)
 
     # check weights
-    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage():
+    if stage_manager is None or stage_manager.is_first_stage(ignore_chunk=True):
         if test_config["precision"] == "fp32":
             atol, rtol = 1e-4, 1e-3
         else:
@@ -179,6 +179,17 @@ def run_llama_test(test_config):
             "zero_stage": 1,
             "initial_scale": 1,
         },
+        {
+            "tp_size": 2,
+            "pp_size": 2,
+            "pp_style": "interleaved",
+            "num_model_chunks": 2,
+            "num_microbatches": 4,
+            "enable_all_optimization": False,
+            "precision": "fp16",
+            "zero_stage": 1,
+            "initial_scale": 1,
+        },
     ],
 )
 def run_llama_3d_test(test_config):